SHAPES 2.0 The Shape of Things Workshop held at the World Congress and School on Universal Logic April 3-4 2013 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Editors Oliver Kutz Mehul Bhatt Stefano Borgo Paulo Santos PREFACE Shape, Form, and Structure Shape, Form, and Structure are some of the most elusive notions within diverse disciplines ranging from humanities (literature, arts) to sciences (chemistry, bi- ology, physics etc.) and within these from the formal (like mathematics) to the empirical disciplines (such as engineering and cognitive science). Even within do- mains such as computer science and artificial intelligence, these notions are re- plete with commonsense meanings (think of everyday perception and communi- cation), and formalisations of the semantics and reasoning about shape, form, and structure are often ad hoc. Whereas several approaches have been proposed within the aforementioned disciplines to study the notions of shape, form and structure from different standpoints, a comprehensive formal treatment of these notions is currently lacking and no real interdisciplinary perspective has been put forward. The workshop series SHAPES provides an interdisciplinary platform for the dis- cussion of all topics connected to shape (broadly understood): perspectives from psycho-linguistics, ontology, computer science, mathematics, aesthetics, and cog- nitive science, amongst others, are welcome to contribute and participate in the workshops. We seek to facilitate a discussion between researchers from all dis- ciplines interested in representing shape and reasoning about it. This includes formal, cognitive, linguistic, engineering and/or philosophical aspects of space, as well as their application in the sciences and in the arts. We also welcome contributions on the relationship of shape representations at different levels of detail (e.g. 2D, 3D) and in different logics, and with respect to different qualitative and quantitative dimensions, such as topology, distance, symmetry, orientation, etc. Form and Function in Natural and Artificial Systems Within the philosophy and practice of design, the ontological notions of shape, form and structure have a further role of constraining function, malfunction, and behaviour of things. In this perspective, the decision-making process in design is a trade-off between physical, logical and cognitive laws and constraints that intertwine shapes and functionalities. Here, the spatio-linguistic, conceptual, for- mal, and computational modeling of shape serves as a crucial step towards the realization of functional affordances. This line of thought extends to several other disciplines concerned not only with the design of technical systems, but also with the understanding of biological as well as socio-technical systems. For instance, in biochemistry the shape of molecular entities (proteins, small molecules) has a direct effect on their interactions which give rise to the capacities they can man- ifest and, in turn, to the processes of life and death. Representing and reasoning about the shapes and realizable functionalities of these entities is essential to un- derstand basic biological processes. Of special importance, in this as well as other contexts, is the understanding of shape complementarity, that is, categorising the shapes of holes as well as the shapes of the entities that can fit into those holes, which can either facilitate or block the functionality of the overall system. The results of this workshop will stimulate and facilitate an active exchange on interdisciplinary applications, ideas, approaches, and methods in the area of mod- elling shape, form, pattern and function. The format of the workshop combined invited speakers, peer-reviewed full contributions, as well as short position and demo papers, and allowed ample time for open discussions amongst the partici- pants. Topics covered included: Linguistics / Philosophy shape and form in natural language; differences between shape, form, structure, and pattern; shape in natural and artificial objects. Cognition shape perception and mental representation; gestalt vs. structuralist understanding of shape cognition; perception and shape (e.g. identifying objects from incomplete visual information); affordances, dispositions, and shape. Logics, Spatial Representations formal characterisations of shape and form; log- ics for shape: e.g. fuzzy, modal, intensional; logics for topology, symmetry, shape similarity; design semantics, spatial semantics; shape and 3D space; shape and space in cognitive assistance systems. Ontology ontologies and classifications of shapes; ontological relations among shape, objects and functions; patterns as shapes of processes; forms and patterns in ontology. Applications Biology & Chemistry: molecular shapes, shape in anatomy and phe- notype definitions, shape complementarity between objects and holes, shape in medical image analysis and annotation. Visual Art and Aesthetics: shape in Film and Photography; shape in com- putational creativity. Naive Physics and Geography: e.g. qualitative classifications of shapes of geographic objects. Design & Architecture: shape grammars; CAD, symmetry and beauty in architectural design. Engineering: formal shape analysis in engineering processes. The workshop SHAPES 2.0 followed a successful first event held at CONTEXT 2011 in Karlsruhe, Germany.1 SHAPES 2.0 grew significantly in its second installment2 , running as a full two- day workshop, and attracting a total of 23 contributed submissions of which we selected 14 for presentation at the workshop, with an additional 5 invited contributions. We thank all the speakers for their great presentations, and the audience for generating very lively and fruitful discussions. 1 See http://cindy.informatik.uni-bremen.de/cosy/events/shapes/ for the workshop website. The proceedings have been published as Vol. 812 of the CEUR workshop proceedings, edited by Janna Hastings, Oliver Kutz, Mehul Bhatt, and Stefano Borgo, see http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-812/. 2 See http://cindy.informatik.uni-bremen.de/cosy/events/shapes2/ for the workshop website Acknowledgements We would like to thank the program committee members and the additional reviewers for their timely reviewing. We thank our invited keynote speakers—Roberto Casati, Roberto M. Cesar Jr, Simon Colton, Antony Galton, and Barbara Tversky—for their support and contributions. We also thank the UniLog conference, in particular Jean-Yves Béziau, for hosting the second edition of SHAPES, and for generously providing free conference registration to our keynote speakers and workshop organisers. SHAPES 2.0 has been generously sponsored by the following organisations: • CAPES – Coordination for the improvement of Higher-level Personnel (www.capes.gov.br) • CNPq – National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (www.cnpq.br) • International Association for Ontology and its Applications (IAOA) (www.iaoa.org) SHAPES is an initiative of the IAOA Special Interest Group: Design Semantics (www.designsemantics.org) Mehul Bhatt and Oliver Kutz acknowledge support of the German Research Foundation (DFG) via the Spatial Cognition Research Center (SFB/TR 8) co-located at the University of Bremen, and the University of Freiburg, Germany (http://www.sfbtr8.spatial-cognition.de). Shapes 2.0 – Organisation Programme Chairs Oliver Kutz Spatial Cognition Research Center (SFB/TR 8) University of Bremen, Germany Mehul Bhatt Cognitive Systems (CoSy), and Spatial Cognition Research Center (SFB/TR 8) University of Bremen, Germany Stefano Borgo Laboratory for Applied Ontology (LOA), ISTC-CNR, Trento, Italy Paulo Santos Artificial Intelligence in Automation group, Centro Universitrio da FEI Sao Paulo, Brazil Programme Committee Colin Batchelor Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK John Bateman University of Bremen, Germany Thomas Bittner SUNY, Buffalo, USA Walter Carnielli State University of Campinas, Brazil Hannah Dee Aberystwyth University, UK Christian Freksa University of Bremen, Germany George Gkoutos University of Cambridge, UK Michael Grüninger University of Toronto, Canada Giancarlo Guizzardi University of Espı́rito Santo, Brazil Janna Hastings University of Geneva, Switzerland Shyamanta Hazarika Tezpur University, India Roberto Hirata Jr. University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Ingvar Johansson Umea University, Sweden Joao Kogler University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Kai-Uwe Kühnberger University of Osnabrück, Germany Frieder Nake University of Bremen, Germany Susanna Siegel Harvard University, USA Achille Varzi Columbia University, USA Pieter Vermass Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Additional Reviewers Pawel Garbacz The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland Torsten Hahmann University of Toronto, Canada Valquiria F. Pereira University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Vinicius Romanini University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Flávio Soares Corrêa Da Silva University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Marcio Lobo Netto University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Nicolau Leal Werneck Geekie Software, Brazil Carlos da Silva dos Santos Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil Yossi Zana Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil