=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1105/paper3
|storemode=property
|title=Legal Knowledge Framework for Identifying Water, Energy, Food and Climate Nexus
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1105/paper3.pdf
|volume=Vol-1105
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/jurix/Rahman13
}}
==Legal Knowledge Framework for Identifying Water, Energy, Food and Climate Nexus
==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1105/paper3.pdf
Legal Knowledge Framework for Identifying Water,
Energy, Food and Climate Nexus
Md Mizanur RAHMAN1
Erasmus Mundus Doctoral Fellow, LAST-JD program, CIRSFID, University of Bologna
Abstract. The paper inclines to briefly articulate major problems and critical
questions exist in water, energy, food and climate (WEFC) nexus from artificial
intelligent and law perspective. Then a legal knowledge framework, based on
computational ontology, Akoma Ntoso and LegalRuleML standard, is proposed
to identify WEFC nexus. It also presents a brief use case on the existing
legislations of quality standard of drinking water from EU and UK that covers
WEFC nexus, where the proposed framework will be used. At the end, it states
briefly fundamental methodologies for the proposed framework and their
strengths, related tools for environmental decision support systems and their
limitations, and other related works like “Fill the Gap” project in order to
rationalize the degree of innovativeness and necessity of this proposed legal
knowledge framework for identifying WEFC nexus.
Keywords. Legal knowledge framework, WEFC nexus, artificial intelligent
and law, Akoma Ntoso, LegalRuleML.
Introduction
Traditionally water, energy and food regulations are managed in separate legislative branches due to their sectorial
approach [1]. Therefore it is not easy to detect the implications that a legal textual provision of one domain could have
over the others. Additionally the collective approach of mutli-sectorial legal rules of WEFC nexus is often neglected
in the public policy analysis, particularly in the case of favoring technical requirements (e.g. soil characteristics, energy
plant requirements) of one domain to others [2][3]. Similarly when a policy of one domain is adopted and
implemented, it is also difficult to maintain aligned policies of same or other domains within the legislative system in
order to not create paradoxical situations in other legislative areas (e.g. taxation policy) that could be against the
WEFC nexus’s approach [3][4]. Besides, when once it is possible to detect WEFC nexus and make evident the
relationships, the next further difficulty is to resolve the conflicting rules that exist within WEFC domain in order to
decide the best policy to adopt. For these reasons, a legal knowledge framework might be useful to understand and
manage WEFC nexus in a better way as well as to simulate multi-sectorial scenarios of WEFC domain, these all
scenarios are equally legally valid in scope and nature but depending to a specific expert interpretation or operative
implementation.
Considering this context, the paper presents a comprehensive legal knowledge framework for detecting
WEFC nexus based on the possibility to use original legal texts and to formalize the legal knowledge of WEFC domain
for permitting legal reasoning among different rules (normative, social, technical, ethical, cultural) with the help of
the legal knowledge engineer.
In definitional point of view, legal knowledge framework encompasses the scope for utilizing legal
knowledge formalization by implementing three indispensable chronological technological requirements: (a) to
systematically documentize the content of legislations in such a way that makes machine to understand the process,
e.g. implementing Akoma Ntoso standard [5], (b) to use computational ontology [6], that is legal, social, ethical and
scientific-information based ontology, in order to make machine to understand meaning of the prescribed content or
1
Corresponding Author: Erasmus Mundus LAST-JD program, CIRSFID, University of Bologna, Via Galliera, 3 IT – 40121 Bologna, Italy; E-
mail: mdmizanur.rahman2@unibo.it.
document, and (c) to use operational-rules-based-logic, e.g. implementing LegalRuleML standard [7], expecting
machine to apply legal logic for enhancing evidence-based-hybrid-reasoning.
The fundamental aspiration beyond the legal knowledge framework is that, from the rule of law perspective,
nothing is above the rule of law [8]. Everything that happens within the WEFC domain must be comply with the rules
prescribed in some forms of legal instruments. In contrast, if there is any legal structural constraints within WEFC
nexus, it must be first detected and resolved before further proceedings in order to make system effective and efficient
with sustainable efficacy within WEFC domain by avoiding consequential loops of disorder. Therefore under WEFC
nexus discourse it is very crucial to detect how existing rules of each domain, e.g. water or carbon tax, affect and
reinforce other domains.
Moreover, the paper uses a brief use case on “Quality Standard of Drinking Water of EU and UK” and how
proposed legal knowledge framework will be useful to detect WEFC nexus within that problematic context.
1. Brief State of Art
During last five years, responsive citizens, researchers, environmentalists, lawyers and policy makers have
demonstrated a great level of importance to understand dynamics and complex relationships between WEFC nexus
[1] [9]. On December 10, 2012, the National Intelligence Council (NIC) of USA mentioned in its report “Global
Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds” that growing food, water and energy nexus is one out of four megatrends in coming
transformative world, which will be responsible for major power shifts, human insecurity and geopolitical risks [10].
European report on Development 2012 recommended that a radical transformation is needed to cope with nexus’s
requirements [11]. As a result, EU has already taken a number of initiatives in order to support activities related with
nexus [12].
Rules of these three sectors, water, energy and food, interact and reinforce each other. Water, for example, is
used for fuel extraction, refining and production. It also generates electricity and cools power plants. Scarcity of water
affects food processing, generating electricity, crop and livestock yields. The overuse of water also affects negatively
quality of crop, soil and other elements of social and environmental interaction. Energy is required for water transfer
and treatment. Food prices increase as fuel, fertilizer and transportation costs rise [13]. In order to understand better,
however, the concept of nexus, following statistics might be helpful:
Global population has been increasing by some 80 million in a year. By 2030, it is expected that the total
global population would be 9 billion. That will need 30% more water, 40% more energy and 50% more food
in order to survive [14].
To manage the demand of global drinking water, energy and food, the human community will face 40%
water gap by 2030 [15][16].
1.1 billion people have lack of clean drinking water, 1.3 billion are living without electricity, and more than
one million are hungry [17].
20% of world’s electricity comes from hydroelectric power, e.g. 99% in Norway and 50% in developing
countries. 70% of global freshwater withdrawals accounts for agriculture [18]. 32 million to 54 million barrels
of oil was used to generate energy to produce amount of bottled water consumed in US in 2007 [19].
The number of middle class consumer will increase from 1.8 billion to 3 billion by 2030 [20]. That will
reinforce water, energy and food market.
The water is required for producing food is 70% times greater than the water is used for domestic uses like
drinking, bathing and washing [21].
However, it is very little that policy makers or citizens know about this nexus’s complexities, specially how
rules and/or legislations of each domain affect and reinforce other domains [22][23][24]. It is also noteworthy to
mention that in the current state of art of WEFC nexus there is no such constructive case yet has been developed in
line with examining utility and efficacy of the legislation of one sector of WEFC over the others and using artificial
intelligent and law.
2. Major Critical Problems and Questions in WEFC Nexus
2.1. Major Critical Problems of WEFC Nexus
Traditional way of formulating policy documents, legislative, administrative and institutional rules within WEFC
domains, as a resource of policy, are still segregated and sectorial wise [1] [3]. The substantive and institutional rules
of respective sector of WEFC that help to install the political administrative programing and arrangement for
implementing public policies are isolated too [3], as in Figure 1. However, in the context of WEFC nexus, from
artificial intelligent and law perspective, the following major problems have been detected in order to framing a legal
knowledge framework:
2.1.1. Lack of Detection Mechanism for Revealing Legal Textual Implications of One Domain over the Others
The implication of legal textual provision of one domain of WEFC nexus, generally, affects and reinforces other
domains, which is not easy to detect [25].
2.1.2. Difficulties to Maintain the Rules of Policies and/or Legislation of One Domain with Aligned Polices and/or
Legislation of Other Domains
There are always a number of rules of one policy documents and legislations have legal relationship with other aligned
policy documents and legislations. But generally these rules are subject of different institutions to implement and to
prepare necessary financial allocations. That plays an important role to make difficulties in the process of detecting
WEFC nexus. So, in order to simplify the process, it is essential to maintain linked-rules of different policy documents
and legislation [26].
2.1.3. Lack of Mechanism for Integrating between “Related Institutional Rules” and “Rules Coming from Policy-
based Legislations” of WEFC Domain
The rules of game of WEFC domains are not only determined by policy documents and legislations, rather institutional
rules play an important role in determining ideas, interests, process, content and what need to be done at the ground
time to time of WEFC domains [27]. Hence making functional links between institutional rules and rules coming from
policy documents and legislations may help to coordinate legal knowledge of WEFC domains more efficiently.
Water Energy Food
WEFC nexus
Figure 1. WEFC nexus in political administrative arrangement
2.1.4. Lack of Mechanism for Cross Compliance Check among Rules (Legal, Institutional, Social, Cultural, Ethical
and Technical) of WEFC Domain
Cross compliance check between and within policy documents and legislations of WEFC domains is not enough.
Besides, it is also very crucial to have integrated mechanism for cross compliance checking among rules coming from
different sources such as legal, institutional, social, cultural, ethical and technical perspectives of WEFC domains [28].
These two types of cross compliance checking jointly are very requisite not only for detecting the WEFC nexus as
well as for legal reasoning in favor of WEFC domain.
2.1.5. Unresolved Conflicting Rules within WEFC Nexus
Detecting of conflicting rules within WEFC nexus adds another degree of efficiency in order to adopt most appropriate
set of rules for WEFC domain [29].
2.1.6. Lack of Collective Approach based on Multi-sectorial-Linked-Legal-Rules of WEFC Nexus
Legal rules of one particular domain of WEFC might create goal-conflicts to the legal rules of the others. Hence it is
necessary to have collective approach based on multi-sectorial-linked-legal-rules for detecting WEFC nexus in a
synchronized way [30].
2.1.7. Absence of Implication of Technical Rules of One Domain over the Others and Detecting Contradicting
Technical Rules
Generally, but not always, technical rules are guided by legal rules within a specific domain of WEFC. Hence
traditional way of applying technical rules is limited to the respective domain. But, in order to detect WEFC nexus
cautiously, technical rules of one domain must need to apply to the others in its appropriate scope and context.
However, in the case of not having appropriate technical rules within the policy documents and legislations of one
specific domain of WEFC, it is necessary to include technical rules from scientific investigations [31]. Moreover,
detecting of contradicting technical rules is too essential for detecting WEFC nexus in most appropriate way.
2.1.8. Absence of Standardized and Systematized Documentation of Contents and Rules (Legal, Institutional,
Social, Ethical and Technical) of WEFC Domain
Policy documents, legislations, authoritative reports and other legal documents of WEFC domains are not
systematically documentized in according to any international standard such as Akoma Ntoso. Hence it is very difficult
to process mechanically the contents and rules of WEFC domains, which can be considered as a fundamental obstacle
for detecting WEFC nexus automatically.
2.1.9. Lack of Formalization of Legal Knowledge of WEFC Domain Using Computational Ontology and
Standardized Legal Reasoning Approach
Once standardized and systematized documentation of contents and rules of WEFC domains are processed, it is
required to formalize legal knowledge of WEFC domains using computational ontology and standardized legal
reasoning approach in order to detect the WEFC nexus spontaneously in real time application and with legal reasoning
for legitimizing detection of WEFC nexus.
2.1.10. Lack of Legal Knowledge Network for detecting WEFC Nexus
Existing networks of WEFC nexus’s initiatives are neither based on Akoma Ntoso and LegalRuleML standard nor
use computational ontology. These networks are merely preserving information in pdf or html format and also not
independent from technology, language, machines and platform. Most importantly these networks are not designed
for formalizing legal knowledge of WEFC domains. Therefore, usages of these networks are very limited.
2.1.11. Lack of Rule-based Simulation of Multi-Sectorial Scenarios of WEFC Nexus
Existing simulation techniques for Environmental Decision Support Systems (EDSS) are mainly based on
mathematical models [32], but the rules of the game for WEFC domains are based on mostly legal and institutional
rules including other relevant rules such as social, cultural, ethical and technical. Therefore, in order to simulate WEFC
nexus pragmatically with legal reasoning, it is required to simulate based on all available exiting and legally valid
rules.
2.1.12. Lack of Change Management within WEFC Nexus
Existing WEFC domains, on the one hand, are mainly closed and non-adaptive in nature towards the changes
transported by new rules coming from new legislation, institutional, social, cultural, ethical and technical
requirements. On the other, there is no the best solution for detecting the WEFC nexus, but the most appropriate one
based on available open-linked-data. Because rules of game for WEFC domains get changes over time to time.
Therefore, flexibility and adaptability must be ensured towards the new rules in order to update the detection of WEFC
nexus.
2.2. Major Critical Questions of WEFC Nexus
Two major questions is expected to resolve are: (a) How is it possible to use artificial intelligent and law using Akoma
Ntoso and LegalRuleML standards, and computational ontology for performing a legal knowledge framework for
detecting WEFC nexus? And (b) what functionalities or systems or sub-systems should be designed in order to resolve
following major problems?
3. Legal Knowledge Framework for Identifying WEFC nexus: Main Pillars and Features
The proposed legal knowledge framework for identifying WEFC nexus is based on three main pillars:
Akoma Ntoso standard, that is a machine readable and technology neutral XML standard for digital
representation of substantive and institutional regulations and policy based legislation and documents. It is
for systematizing documentation of related legal documents of WEFC domains.
on a Computational Ontology, that is to represent the main concepts and relationships of the WEFC domains,
and
LegalRuleML standard, that is for modeling rules for formalizing legal knowledge related with WEFC
domains using logic-based theory of legal and evidence-based hybrid reasoning. It is also intended to use for
legitimizing the identifications of WEFC nexus by proving legal reasoning.
This framework is also intended to provide the following features:
A Knowledge network, that is for connecting legal texts relevant in WEFC domains aiming to create a
knowledge network that could help the legislator and policy makers to maintain updated legal knowledge of
WEFC domains over time in a coordinated way;
Identification of WEFC nexus, that is by modelling rules for detecting WEFC nexus not immediately explicit;
Evidence based Hybrid Reasoning [33] that is for using non-monotonic logic reasoning (defeasible logic) in
order to manage the conflicts among the above mentioned rules and to provide different scenarios where the
decision maker and the policy maker could use for evaluating the impacts on the WEFC.
4. Use Cases on Legislations of Quality Standard of Drinking Water in EU and UK and identification of its
WEC nexus
4.1 Brief Background Information
UN Water’s statistics inform that the fresh and drinkable water is only 3% of total world’s water. Out of which, over
2.5% is frozen and not available to human being and rest .5%, equivalent to 200,000 square km, is for the survival of
humanity [34]. Generally, however, the legal rules related with quality standard of drinking water dominate the
massive market of bottle water as well as water treatment and reuse that typically ingests 1 to 2% of GDP [35]. Energy
is required for water transport and treatment and carbon is released when water is supplied to where the demand is.
There are particular enforced legislations in EU and UK in order to guide the water industry, market and
community people to be aware about it. However, these legal rules of these legislations do not concern about energy
consumption and related carbon emissions in order to water transfer, treatment and reuse.
4.2 Major Functionalities
There are two major functionalities, as it is showed in Table 1:
Twofold legal compliance checks – (a) between EU’s directive and UK’s legislation related with quality
standard of drinking water, and (b) between the legal quality standard of drinking water and the water citizen
uses to drink from market,
Simulation based on non-binding technical rules of (a) the energy and drinking water transfer and treatment
nexus, (b) water-energy nexus, when water required for producing electricity in order to water transfer,
treatment and reuse, (c) simulation of supplied water-carbon nexus.
Table 1: Quality Standard of Drinking Water and its Energy-Carbon Nexus
Stages Functionality Legal and technical Rules Rule’s type
First Legal Compliance EU Quality Standard of Drinking water Legal rules based
checking on legislation
UK quality standard of Drinking water
Second Source of drinking water and required energy [36]
Simulation of required When water comes from Then required energy
energy for water transfer lake/Water .37 kWh/m3
and treatment Ground water 0.48 kwh/m3
wastewater treatment 0.62 to 0.87 kwh/m3
Waste water reuse 1.0 to 2.5 kwh/m3
Sea water 2.58 to 8.5 kwh/m3
Third Types of energy plant and required water [37] Technical rules
based on social
and scientific
When energy comes from Then required water
Simulation of water investigation
Solar plant with dry cooling 80 gallons Mwah/m3
required to produce Nuclear plants (with closed-loop cooling) 700-1100 gallons Mwah/m3
electricity for water Nuclear plants (with open-loop cooling) 25,000-60,000 gallons Mwah/m3
transfer and treatment Coal-fired plants (closed-loop) 500-600 gallons Mwah/m3
Coal-fired plants (open-loop) 20,000-50,000 gallons Mwah/m3
Biomass (crops grown for the purpose of 40,000 to 100,000 gallons
fuel) Mwah/m3
Natural gas fracking 2-10 million gallons per well
Fourth Simulation of carbon
emission responsible for Carbon emission of every litter of water supplied 0.29 g/co2 [38]
maintaining and delivery
of drinking water
4.3 Targeted Legal Documents
Target legal documents and rules for the use case are: (a) Article 5 and Annex 1 (Part A and B) of European Council
Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption [39], (b) Schedule
2 of the Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2000 of UK [40].
5 Methodology
The methodology for proposed legal knowledge framework for identifying WEFC nexus can be compartmentalized
into following three major segments, where each of these segments has its own objectives and desired tools and
languages to be used, as it is illustrated in Table 2:
5.1 Documentation Stage followed by Akoma Ntoso Standard
In order to documentize systematically the targeted legal documents of quality standard of drinking water of WU and
UK followed by Akoma Ntoso standard, following tools is preferred to be used:
Functional requirements for bibliographic records (FRBR) system based URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
is intended to be used to identify a uniform name of a web resource of each targeted legal documents, e.g.
article, section, which will enable interactions between content of each resources over the proposed
knowledge network using specific protocols of World Wide Web (WWW) [41].
XML (EXtensible Markup Language) [42] that is to transport and store data and its related metadata of
respective targeted legislations in a software-and-hardware independent and machines understandable way,
and XML schema [42] that is to describe the structure of the targeted legislation.
RDF (Resource Description Framework) that is to describe resources of target legislative documents on the
web written in XML, and RDF schema (RDFS) [43] that is to extend RDF vocabularies in order to allow
describing taxonomies of classes and properties of targeted legislative documents.
Table 2: Methodology for proposed Legal Knowledge Framework for identifying WEFC nexus
Major Stages Objectives of the methodology Desired Tools and Languages to be used Expected Outcomes
Documentation To documentize systematically the specific content URI, XML, XML Schema, RDF, RDF
stage based on of legislations of Quality Standard of Drinking Schema, Akoma Ntoso, LIME editor
Akoma Ntoso Water of EU and UK following Akoma Ntoso
Standard standard.
Computational To represent main concepts and relationships within OWL (Web Ontological Language) Cross compliance
Ontology stage specific legal rules of Quality Standard of Drinking check and
Water of EU and UK, and other related technical simulation of water-
rules. energy-carbon
Hybrid To model defeasible logics of legal rules, coming SPINDLE engine for hybrid reasoning and nexus
Reasoning from specific content of legislation of Quality simulation and RAWE (an editor for rule
stage Standard of Drinking Water of EU and UK, and markup of legal texts)
non-binding technical rules, coming from scientific
communities, following LegalRuleML standard.
LIME, that is an open source based the Language Independent Markup Editor developed by CIRSFID at
University of Bologna, will be used to structurize the targeted legislations maintaining Akoma Ntosao
standard [44].
Akoma Ntoso 3.0 Schema will be used as the standard for documenting targeted legislations in an XML
based document format.
5.2 Computational Ontological Stage
OWL (Web Ontology Language) Full [45] will be used for legal and technical knowledge representation of related
terms and concepts of targeted legislations. That will help to use the predefined relevant vocabularies stored in RDF.
Even through the state of art of computational environmental ontology is very new and on-growing, there is
no such computational ontology for WEFC nexus has been yet developed. In recent literature, following types of
ontologies have been evolved for expressing environmental terms and concepts, but it is noteworthy to mention that
all of these ontologies are based on specific purpose or sectorial wise which are far behind the WEFC nexus’s terms
and concepts:
XeO (XEML Environmental Ontology) expresses terms and concepts related with plant in order to help
plant scientists [46].
Ontologies for Energy Efficiency is dedicated exclusively to the terms and concepts of energy supply chain
[47].
In EcoLexicon, the terms and concepts are structured by terminological knowledge base (TKB) which is
hosted in a relational database. The basic environmental conceptual underpinning are taken from the
environmental event (EE) which represents the location of conceptual sub-hierarchies [48].
EnvO (the Environmental Ontology) contains a comprehensive controlled and structured vocabulary of
terms and concepts related with biomes, environmental features, and environmental materials [49].
Biome articulates terms and concepts connected with particular patterns of ecological succession and
climax vegetation [50].
These above mentioned examples give a strong observational result is that it is fundamental requirement to
develop computation ontology for WEFC nexus. In the case of formalizing terms and concepts related with the above
mentioned use case of WEFC domains, the differential ontological model [51] is intended to use.
5.3 Evidence based Hybrid Reasoning Stage
Following LegalRuleML, RAEW editor [52], a web editor for rule markup in LegalRuleML, and SPINDLE engine
[53] will be used for evidence based hybrid reasoning [54].
5.4. Schema for the Legal Knowledge Framework for Ex-ante and Ex-post of Policy Life Cycle
The following, as in Figure 2, schema will be used in order to help the process each stages (analysis of the requirement,
draft of the policy, implementation of the policy, monitoring of the policy and then the refinement of the policy) of
entire policy life cycle of WEFC domains from standardized and systematized documentation to simulation of the
multi-sectorial scenarios. The simulation and evidence based reasoning are jointly expected to play a crucial role by
using norms and rules coming from various sources at every stages of WEFC domain in order to adopt the most
appropriate rules and norms for policy.
Figure 2. Schema for proposed legal knowledge framework
6 Related Works
Even though in the state of art of Environmental Decision Support Systems (EDSS), there are many useful tools, but
they are very limited in scope and their functionalities, in order to simulate scenarios of different policy decisions,
these tools can be clearly distinguished from this proposed framework in following ways:
Existing EDSS tools are based on mathematical models that does not comply with legal rules, and with other
relevant rules, of WEFC domain. In some extend, EDSS also integrates geographic information systems
(GIS), mathematical process models, monte carlo simulation, linear programing optimization, and expert
systems etc [55].
Human rules coming from legal, institution, society, culture, ethics and news scientific discoveries usually
only considered in ad hoc ways. Therefore, historically, EDSS has very limited success despite considerable
effort has been made in the development of EDSS during last 25 years [56].
They are not independent from jurisdiction, machine, language and platform. Hence these tools are not
useable as anywhere policy makers want to use [57].
They are not designed for evolutionary and evidence-based hybrid logic reasoning and creating a knowledge
network for WEFC domain [58].
They are also not designed for standardized and systematized documentation of legal documents.
However, many important learning can be shared, in the development of this proposed legal knowledge framework,
from “Fill the Gap” project organized, led and funded by CIRSFID-University of Bologna [59]. Because this project
has designed an information system based on XML standards to store, in an integrated way, legal resources and rules
in order to serve important roles for supporting legal knowledge engineers and end-users.
7 Critical Issues Encountered
The most critical issues encountered are : First, in the case of computational ontological representation of different
terms and concepts coming from legal, institutional, social, cultural, ethical and technical perspectives of WEFC
domains, the critical issue encountered is to maintain hierarchy among representations of related terms and concepts,
e.g. legally binding and non-binding terms and concepts. Second, in the case of formalizing rules, using LegalRuleML
standard, how the legal status of each rules coming from different legal and non-legal sources of WEFC domains will
be maintained in the process of applying these different rules for evidence-based hybrid reasoning.
8 Conclusion
The paper presented a very primary idea of a legal knowledge framework for identifying WEFC nexus based on
Akoma Ntoso, computational ontology and LegalRuleML standard. This proposed framework is intended to establish
a knowledge network using systematized original legal documents integrated with other relevant institutional,
technical, social, ethical rules of WEFC domains in order to simulate multi-sectorial scenarios of WEFC nexus with
evidence-based hybrid reasoning. A use case from legislations on quality standard for drinking water of EU and UK
is taken to show the possible implications of this proposed legal framework.
Acknowledgement. An especial thanks to Prof. Monica Palmirani, the Director of Erasmus Mundus LAST-JD
program and Associate Professor at Department of Law in University of Bologna and also supervisor of this doctoral
project, who has been providing a great level of aspirations to think in emergent and transformative way to solve the
most critical problems of WEFC nexus using artificial intelligent and law.
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