=Paper=
{{Paper
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|storemode=property
|title=Interactive Configuration of High Performance Renovation of Apartment Buildings by the use of CSP
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1128/paper4.pdf
|volume=Vol-1128
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/confws/VareillesTFA13
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==Interactive Configuration of High Performance Renovation of Apartment Buildings by the use of CSP ==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1128/paper4.pdf
Élise Vareilles, Christian Thuesen, Marie Falcon, Michel Aldanondo 29
Interactive Configuration of High Performance Renovation of Apartment
Buildings by the use of CSP
É. Vareillesa , C. Thuesenb , M. Falcona,c and M. Aldanondoa
a
: Toulouse University, Mines Albi-Carmaux - France
b
: Technical University of Denmark - Denmark
c
: TBC Générateur d’Innovation, Colomiers - France
Corresponding author: elise.vareilles@mines-albi.fr
Abstract it is a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national
and international levels.
This paper is a prospective study which looks at the In several countries, research works are carried out on the
possibility of configuring high performance reno- efficient measures to take to reduce energy consumption of
vation of apartment buildings by the use of con- the building stock. Most states set regulations to improve the
straint satisfaction problem (CSP). This study is energy performance of new buildings. However, the annual
one part of a project called CRIBA which aims rate of construction of new dwellings is only 1.1% in Europe
to industrialize high performance thermal renova- [Poel et al., 2007]. It is therefore very important to renovate
tion of mid-rise (up to seven stories) apartment the existing buildings to really reduce their energy consump-
buildings. The renovation is based on external tion and to assist the retrofit process by the development of
rectangular panels, always comprising insulation decision support systems [Juan et al., 2010].
and cladding, and sometimes including, in addi- This study is one part of a research project called CRIBA,
tion, doors, windows or solar modules. The pan- which aims to industrialize high performance thermal renova-
els can be fixed directly onto the walls or onto a tion of apartment buildings. In this project, a very innovative
metal structure around the whole building. With the renovation system based on large timber frame panels will be
new thermal envelope and equipment, the building designed. Moreover, all the tools needed to industrialize the
must achieve a really low energy performance of renovation process will be developed:
25 kW h/m2 /year. A configuration system, based
on CSP approaches, will simultaneously enable the • a new method for three-dimensional building survey and
interactive definition of the renovation, the associ- modelling,
ated bill of material (BOM) and the building site • a configuration system for the design of the buildings
assembly process. In Section two, we set out the new thermal envelope (bill of material and assembly pro-
industrial problem of residential buildings renova- cess),
tion and explain how a configurator can support it. • a working site planning model with resource constraints.
Then, in the third section, the renovation configu-
The aim of this paper is to present a prospective study on
ration process is described. In the fourth and final
the development of the interactive configuration system for
section, we present how the renovation configura-
the renovation of apartment buildings.
tion can be addressed with constraints, and we in-
Therefore, the remainder of the paper is organized as fol-
troduce relevant CSP approaches. Through out the
lows. In Section 2, we present the building renovation prob-
article, industrial examples illustrate our proposal.
lem and how the configurator can support apartment buildings
renovation. In Section 3, we put forward some ideas on the
1 Introduction generic renovation bill of material. In Section 4, we outline
The global contribution from buildings (residential and com- the building renovation configuration process. In Section 5,
mercial) towards energy consumption has steadily increased. we identify the different kinds of constraints that are needed
Buildings account for around 20% and 40% of the total fi- in order to make the apartment building renovation model.
nal energy consumption in developed countries: 37% in the
EU [Perez-Lombard et al., 2008], 36% in the USA [Council, 2 Building Renovation Configuration Needs
2013] and 31% in Japan [Center, 2012]. It has now exceeded In this section, we introduce the building renovation problem
the other major sectors: industry and transportation. Growth which is at the origin of our work. Then, we express what the
in population, enhancement of building services and comfort configurator is expected to generate as results.
levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings as-
sure the upward trend in energy demand will continue in the 2.1 Building Renovation Problem
future. Therefore, reducing energy consumption of the build- The industrialized high performance thermal renovation is
ing sector is one of our century’s challenges. For this reason, based on external rectangular panels, always comprising in-
Michel Aldanondo and Andreas Falkner, Editors
Proceedings of the 15th International Configuration Workshop
August 29-30, 2013, Vienna, Austria
30 Élise Vareilles, Christian Thuesen, Marie Falcon, Michel Aldanondo
sulation and cladding, and sometimes including, in addition,
doors, windows or solar modules. Although the shape of the
panels is a major limitation for the architectural creativity,
this assumption is the key of renovation industrialization and
matches most of apartment buildings.
The building sector is very dependent on hand-made meth-
ods which are not always synonymous with quality guaran-
tee [Falcon and Fontanili, 2010]. Therefore, the aim of the
CRIBA project is to prefabricate all the panels needed for a
renovation, in a correct order, then to deliver them directly
to the working site and finally to hang them on the faades.
Therefore, the renovation process enables thermal renova-
tions:
• at low cost, considering all the positive elements, fixed Figure 1: CRIBA Panels
cost, logistic, etc,
• in a short time,
panels or to provide wind bracing of panels), their
• of high quality,
load bearing capacity and the distance between the
• in a good environmental balance, structural elements of the present facade and the
• without rehousing the inhabitants during the renovation panels,
works. – the metal profiles, which are used when the struc-
Depending on the building strength of materials, the panels tural elements of the present facade cannot support
can be fixed directly onto the faades or onto a metal skeleton the load of the new envelope. They are fixed onto
around the whole building. With the new thermal envelope the metal fasteners and the panels are hung on them.
and equipment, the building must achieve a really low energy There is only one type of metal profile but its length
performance of 25kW h/m2 /year. In order to reach such has to fit the facade height.
a low energy performance, the new thermal envelope has to The assembly process consists in a set of tasks to be car-
wrap the whole building. All the faades are covered by non- ried out in order to assemble the new frame and envelope all
overlapping panels and are space-partitioned. around the building. It comprises some tasks that have al-
2.2 Building Renovation Configuration ways to be carried out, such as positioning and fixing metal
fasteners, and some that are optional, such as fixing the metal
The interactive configuration system for the renovation of profiles onto the metal fasteners.
apartment buildings will simultaneously enable the interac-
tive definition of the renovation thanks to the associated bill At least, the configurator will give an idea of the renovation
of material [Felfernig, 2007] and the building site assembly global cost which includes the costs of raw materials, trans-
process. portation, labour and lifting devices.
The bill of material is a list of the components and On the first hand, in the configuration community, many
sub-components, sub-assemblies, and the quantities of each authors (among them [Sabin and Weigel, 1998], [Soininen
needed to manufacture an end product. It can have multiple et al., 1998]) have shown that product configuration could
options and variants. In our case, we consider: be efficiently modelled and aided when considered as a Con-
straints Satisfaction Problem (CSP) [Montanari, 1974]. On
• the new thermal envelope as the end product; the other hand, in the civil engineering community and in
• the facade new envelopes as the sub-assemblies; the constraints community, many authors ([Honda and Mi-
• the complete panels as sub-components; zoguchi, 1995], [Junker, 2006], [Medjdoub and Yannou,
2001], [Zawidzki et al., 2011] or [Regateiro et al., 2012])
• the configurable components as leaves of the bill of ma- have shown that spatial layout can be solved with CSP. Con-
terial (BOM): sequently, we address the building renovation configuration
– the panels, which are placed on the faades, include with constraints and filtering algorithms.
wood structure, insulation and cladding (three or
four types at the moment), as shown in Fig. 1,
– the angles, which make the junction between two 3 Generic BOM Model
faades. An angle is a specific type of panel which In this paper, we focus on the interactive definition of the ren-
cannot include other components, ovation bill of material. In this section, we highlight the main
– the windows, doors, solar modules and balconies, variables of the configurable components of the renovation
– the metal fasteners, which are used to fix either BOM. We focus in this paper on the panels and the angles.
metal profiles or directly the panels onto the faades. At the end of the configuration, all the configurable compo-
There are several types of metal fastener depending nents variables have a single value, given either by the user or
on their type (fasteners to fix metal profiles, to hang deduced by the configurator.
Michel Aldanondo and Andreas Falkner, Editors
Proceedings of the 15th International Configuration Workshop
August 29-30, 2013, Vienna, Austria
Élise Vareilles, Christian Thuesen, Marie Falcon, Michel Aldanondo 31
3.1 Panels 4 Building Renovation Configuration Process
The panels are rigid 2D rectilinear rectangles. That means The building renovation configuration is a top-down and
that their sides are parallel to the facade reference axis. Let multi-step process, which progressively converges from the
us consider one facade. All the panels covering it belong to working site to the configurable components. The user has
a unique vertical plane. They are adjacent (they are at least to input some information and data in order to configure the
one side in common) and are not overlapping themselves. By renovation. After each user input, the configurator removes
the way, they have all the same orientation. They cover com- inconsistent values and guides progressively the user to a con-
pletely the facade and make a partition of it. sistent solution. The user has to follow this process and gives
The main variables of a panel refer to: information on:
• its width [minw , maxw ], • the whole working site. The working site description
• its length [minl , maxl ], has an impact on the panels dimensions. Let us focus on
the working site accessibility and its local atmosphere.
• its coordinates (abscissa and ordinate),
Concerning its accessibility, if you can access the work-
• its insulation thickness [mini , maxi ], ing site with special convoys, the panels can be as wide
• the insulation type (mineral wool or cellulose), and long as needed. Otherwise, the dimensions of the
panels are constrained by the size of the trucks which
• its weight, which depends on its dimensions, the insula-
can access to the working site. Concerning the local at-
tion type, and the components that are included in itself.
mospheric, if the working site area is very windy, wind
If the panel includes other components (windows, doors or speed peaks ≥ 80 km.h−1 , the panels have to be smaller
solar modules), we need to know exactly for each of them: in order to be fixed onto the faades, and the renovation
• its width [minw , maxw ], lasts longer because of nonworking periods.
• its length [minl , maxl ], • the block of apartment buildings. The block description
• its relative position on the panel (x and y), has directly an impact on the hoisting equipment and in-
directly on the panels dimensions. If the block cannot
• its type and reference code. be accessible with a tower crane, the panels have to be
A minimal distance is required between the sides of the smaller in order to be conveying to the faades with an
panel and the position of other components: the distance can- other suitable hoisting equipment, such as a telescopic
not be lower than 90 mm in order to preserve the panel stiff- boom lift.
ness. • the apartment building. The apartment building descrip-
3.2 Angles tion has an impact on the panels dimensions. Let us con-
sider only the apartment building height. If the apart-
The prefabricated angles are rigid 3D L-polyomino tetracubes
ment building height is lower than twelve meters (four
which are placed at the building corners. The corners are at
stories), the height of the panels can be the same as the
the intersection of two consecutive and perpendicular facade
building one so that the panels are fixed vertically on the
planes. We assume then that the angles are right. Otherwise,
faades.
a specific design task must be carried out in order to design
the relevant angles. • the faades. Let us focus on a facade.
Let us considering a corner. All the angles covering it be- 1. First of all, the user has to describe precisely the
long to a unique vertical row. They are adjacent (they are structure and the geometry of the facade. Consider-
at least one side in common) and are not overlapping them- ing the structure of the facade, (s)he needs to input
selves. By the way, they have all the same orientation. They where the metal fasteners can be fixed on the fa-
covered completely the corner and make a partition of it. cade. A structural study has to be done in order
The main variables of an angle refer to: to characterize the load bearing capacity of every
• its width [minw , maxw ], area of the facade. Considering the geometry, the
• its right length [minrl , maxrl ], positions of windows, doors and balconies have to
be known precisely. Only a topographic survey can
• its left length [minll , maxll ], provide these information.
• its coordinates (abscissa and ordinate), 2. Regarding these areas and their characteristics, the
• its insulation thickness [mini , maxi ], decision of fixing the panels directly on the facade
or on the metal profiles can be made. This decision
• the insulation type (mineral wool or cellulose), has an impact on the BOM (metal fastener type and
• its weight, which depends on its dimensions and the in- optional metal profiles) and on the assembly pro-
sulation type. cess (tasks devoted to metal profiles, such as deliv-
For the first version of the BOM, the prefabricated angle ery, assembly and adjustment).
cannot include other components. The angles dimensions di- 3. Having information about the working site, the
rectly depend on the sizes of their adjacent panels, with a block, the apartment building and the facade and
minimal length (right and left) equal to 90 mm in order to the impact on the panels dimensions, the drawing
preserve the angle stiffness. of the facade layout can start. The user has now to
Michel Aldanondo and Andreas Falkner, Editors
Proceedings of the 15th International Configuration Workshop
August 29-30, 2013, Vienna, Austria
32 Élise Vareilles, Christian Thuesen, Marie Falcon, Michel Aldanondo
indicate what the aesthetic effect she/he wants for 5.2 Groups and Multi-instances of Constraints
the facade. For instance, she/he can want continu- In the renovation configuration, we have to cope with several
ous vertical joints, which means that the panels are instances of the same configurable components. For instance,
fixed vertically or she/he can want a checkerboard in order to cover a facade with its new envelope, we need to
effect with a lot of similar panels. configure x times a panel (such as described in Subsection
4. Knowing the facade layout, each panel has to be 3.1). We do not know in advance how many panels will be
configured. If the panel is solid, one can decide to necessary, as it depends on a lot of data (working site descrip-
add solar modules or to add an exit door. If the tion, block description, etc.). Therefore, we need to group
panel has to include windows, doors and/or bal- variables and constraints into sets or classes, which can be
conies, the suitable reference code has to be se- instantiated as much as needed.
lected for each of them.
• the angles. The renovation configuration finishes by the 5.3 Dynamic Constraints
configuration of the angles. At this step, only the height We have seen in the building renovation configuration pro-
of angles has to be determined. cess, Section 4, that we can decide to fix the panels on a metal
envelope, or to create new openings on a facade. These de-
At any time in every step of the configuration process, the
cisions imply firstly the consideration of new components in
user can change her/his inputs and see their impact on the
the BOM and secondly, the insert of their assembly tasks in
configuration solutions.
the assembly process. Therefore, we need to take into account
the activation of configurable components as defined by [Mit-
5 Building Renovation Configuration and tal and Falkenhainer, 1990], [Sabin and Freuder, 1996] and
Constraints [Faltings et al., 1992].
Interactive renovation configuration is provided by constraint
propagation that prunes bad solutions and progressively
5.4 Geometric Constraints
guides the way to good ones. In apartment buildings reno- In order to prefabricate the panels, we need to determine pre-
vation, the range of knowledge to exploit and to model leads cisely the dimensions and the position of each component on
us to integrate into a single configurator different constraints the panels. The accuracy of the topographic measures and the
types as well as their filtering methods. In this section, we precision of the components dimensions and position are the
outline the kind of variables and constraints that are neces- crucial factors for the industrialization of the building renova-
sary to formalize apartment building renovation model. tion and the goals of the CRIBA project. Therefore, in order
to do so, we need to integrate to the configurator geometric
5.1 Classical CSP Approaches constraints (for a complete survey, see, [Dohmen, 1995] or
In building renovation configuration, we have to formalize [Fudos and Hoffmann, 1997], and for more recent work see
different kinds of knowledge relevant to: [Jermann et al., 2000], [Zawidzki et al., 2011] or [Regateiro
et al., 2012]).
• civil engineering regulations that must be followed ab-
solutely to the letter. For instance, fire barriers have to 5.5 Global Constraints
be installed between two consecutive stories in order to
As we cannot know in advance how many panels are needed
stop the spread of fire,
to cover a facade, we have to cope with constraints that de-
• civil engineering know-how that is the core knowledge pend on the number of instances of the same class. For in-
of the companies involved in the CRIBA project, stance, if the height of the facade is covered with more than
• working site assembly process that allows us to define one panel, the sum of all the panels heights has to be equal
the suitable way of assembling the new frame and enve- to the facade one. Therefore, we need to integrate and filter
lope all around the building. different kinds of global constraints [van Hoeve and Katriel,
2006].
For instance, we have seen in Section 4, that the working
site local atmosphere has an impact on the panels dimensions:
if the working site area is very windy, wind speed peaks ≥ 80 6 Conclusion
km.h−1 several times a year, the panels have to be smaller in The aim of this paper has been to present a prospective study
order to be fixed onto the faades without stopping the renova- on the development of the interactive configuration system
tion with nonworking periods. for the renovation of apartment buildings.
As the range of knowledge to model is wide, we need to Firstly, we have presented the apartment buildings reno-
use different CSP approaches and their filtering algorithms, vation problem and what the main objectives of the CRIBA
such as discrete CSP ([Montanari, 1974], [Mackworth, 1977], configurator are: the interactive definition of the renovation
[Bessire and Cordier, 1993], [Faltings, 1994]), continuous thanks to the associated bill of material and the building site
CSP ([Lhomme, 1993] or [Benhamou et al., 1994]) and assembly process as well as a first cost estimation. Then we
mixed CSP ([Gelle, 1998]) depending on the type of the vari- have focused on two configurable components that are the
ables (discrete, continuous, symbolic or numeric) and the panels and the angles and highlighted their main character-
type of constraints (compatibility constraints or mathemati- istics. In the fourth section, we have outlined the top-down
cal formulae). and multi-step building renovation configuration process. In
Michel Aldanondo and Andreas Falkner, Editors
Proceedings of the 15th International Configuration Workshop
August 29-30, 2013, Vienna, Austria
Élise Vareilles, Christian Thuesen, Marie Falcon, Michel Aldanondo 33
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