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https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1149/bd2014_venkatesh.pdf
ABSTRACTS : scientific
HealthMap: A visual platform for patient
suicide risk review
Santu Ranaa, Wei Luoa, Truyen Trana, Dinh Phunga, Svetha Venkatesha, Richard Harveyb
Centre for Pattern Recognition and Data Analytics, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
a
Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
b
SUMMARY
Misjudging suicide risk can be fatal. Risk assessment is complicated by multiplicity of risk factors, none
of which individually can reliably predict risk. This paper addresses the need for better clinical support,
visualising risk factors scattered in raw electronic medical records. HealthMap is a visual tool that helps
clinicians effectively examine patient histories during a suicide risk assessment. We characterise the
information visualisation problems accompanying suicide risk assessments. A design driven by visualisation
Prof Svetha Venkatesh principles was implemented. The prototype was evaluated by clinicians and accepted into daily clinical
work-flow.
Professor
Deakin University INTRODUCTION
“More British soldiers commit suicide than die in battle.” “Suicide: Leading cause of Death among middle age
Americans surpass car accidents, says CDC report”. These are some recent headlines showing the severity
of suicide in our modern society. Although most people have sought clinical help before committing suicide1,
svetha.venkatesh@deakin.edu.au
the help they received is often insufficient. Intensive intervention, no matter how costly, is needed for the right
people at the right time. To identify patients at risk, mental health practitioners rely on assessment organised
through a list of questions covering major risk factors such as suicide attempts, suicide ideation, family history
and sense of hopelessness2. Answers to the questions are based on interviews with the patient or the family
Prof Venkatesh is the chair in Complex Pattern Analysis at members in combination with patient history. But the task of collecting relevant patient information is so
Deakin University and heads the strategic research centre complex that it is a “source of apprehension for clinicians”3. This complexity reflects the Variety dimension
for pattern recognition and data analytics. Venkatesh of big data. The bottle neck of retrieving patient information is, to a large degree, due to badly designed
and her team have tackled problems in autism, security
user interface. We need a computer tool for clinicians to quickly understand the psychosocial context and
and aged care. The outcomes include three award
life experience of each patient4. In this talk, we present HealthMap, a visual tool supporting suicide risk
winning start-up companies: Virtual Observer, iCetana
assessment. We chart our journey from concept to acceptance of HealthMap in a large Australian hospital.
and Tobyplaypad.
METHODS
HealthMap (see Figure 1) exploits the routine information from Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to reconstruct
a comprehensive picture of patients’ mental history. By organising information around the patient, we facilitate
optimal information retrieval. Coupled with machine learning predictions, the system presents data that
address-“Is this patient is at risk?” and “Why?”
Development and implementation
HealthMap aims to present two types of information: the raw patient records and the summarised patient
suicide risk based on machine prediction, which is generated through a data mining system previously validated
and published in5. The design follows Sedlmair et al’s 9-stage framework6. Tasks involved identification and
subsequent filtering of Electronic Medical Records and other specialised databases to extract factors critical
to suicide risk, prioritising to visually discriminate moderate and high risk elements, and finally presentation
of that information during a risk assessment. We describe the interaction, feedback and evolution of the
visualisation, conducted in 3 phases, with final adoption into clinical practice. Feedback collection is through
presentation of the prototype at clinician meetings and following questionnaires.
In the final design, we organise raw patient data by their relevance to suicide risk. We borrow several ideas
from5. They considered a wide range of variables that can be extracted from electronic medical records
and found the most predictive variables are recent ED visits, recent admissions, and certain demographic
information. We classify each patient event into three risk levels, in part through the ICD-10 codes generated
from each event.
42 #bd14 | big data conference
To achieve click-free navigation, we classified patient information into two tiers: event dates and risk categories are on the top tier; detailed diagnoses and clinical
notes are on the bottom tier. Two tiers were mapped to two views: the left view shows temporal overview and enables event selection; the right view displays
contextual information for the selected event. The layout/navigation design and visual encoding in HealthMap center around a two-tier information hierarchy that
align with the mantra of “overview first; details on demand”.
Figure 1. HealthMap, a visual tool for interactive overview of patient mental health history. Easter Bunny is a hypothetical patient.
Machine prediction uses the same colour scheme as (clinician) risk assessment.
RESULTS
HealthMap has been deployed in an Australian tertiary hospital after initial positive response from mental health clinicians. The main scientific contributions of this
work include:
1. Characterisation of the information visualisation needs for suicide risk assessment, a daily task in mental healthcare. The social significance of improved suicide
risk assessment is immense, as errors can be fatal.
2. Implementation of a visual tool to assist suicide risk assessment, iteratively refining the visualisation to fit the needs of clinicians.
3. Validation of the visual tool through clinical interactions and acceptance into clinical practice at a large Australian hospital. These factors are used as the basis
to “gather a comprehensive picture of each individual patient”7.
CONCLUSIONS
We describe the visual design challenges in producing HealthMap, a supporting tool for suicide risk assessment. We present the journey from problem identification
to specification and visual design, and finally, iterative refinement of prototypes. Our final prototype was accepted for adoption in clinical practice. Our experience
yields interesting lessons for utilising EMR more effectively, and for introducing machine predictions into clinical practice.
1
The Telegraph, 14/07/2013.
2
International Business Times, 06/05/2013.
REFERENCES
1. Luoma JB, Martin CE, Pearson JL. Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(6):909-16
2. Hawton K. Assessment of suicide risk. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 1987;150:145-53
3. Hughes CW. Objective assessment of suicide risk: significant improvements in assessment, classification, and prediction. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168(12):1233-4 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11091362[published Online First: Epub Date]|.
4. Chehil S, Kutcher SP. Suicide risk management: a manual for health professionals: Wiley. com, 2012.
5. Tran T, Phung D, Luo W, et al. An integrated framework for suicide risk prediction. Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining. Chicago, Illinois, USA: ACM, 2013:1410-18.
6. Sedlmair M, Meyer M, Munzner T. Design study methodology: reflections from the trenches and the stacks. Visualization and Computer Graphics, IEEE Transactions on 2012;18(12):2431-40
7. Ryan CJ, Large MM. Suicide risk assessment: where are we now? The Medical journal of Australia 2013;198(9):462-3
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