=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1152/paper65
|storemode=property
|title=Impact of Cultivation Technology On Yield and Fodder Value of Winter Triticale Grain
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1152/paper65.pdf
|volume=Vol-1152
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/haicta/JaskiewiczP11
}}
==Impact of Cultivation Technology On Yield and Fodder Value of Winter Triticale Grain==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1152/paper65.pdf
Impact of cultivation technology on yield and fodder
value of winter triticale grain
Bogusława JaĞkiewicz, Grazyna Podolska
Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation_ National Research Institute of Pulawy,
Poland,
e-mail: kos@iung.pulawy.pl
Abstract. In 2008-2010 grain yield and fodder value of winter triticale cv.
Kitaro were assessed. The level of plant protection covered three technologies
with various production intensity. Grain yield of winter triticale cultivated on
the higher agro technical level was 7,56 t/ha and was respectively almost 36%
higher than the yield obtained from standard technology. The intensity of plant
protection agents application influenced the increase of protein and fat content
but decreased the content of crude fibre and sugar.
Keywords: fodder value, cultivation intensity, grain yield, winter triticale.
1 Introduction
For many years we have seen a growth in the share of cereals in the crop structure.
They occupy over 70% of the acreage of crops. In some areas even up to 90%. This
large saturation rotation poses a problem of ensuring appropriate positions on the
farmland. This causes a number of environmental changes leading to reducing yields.
Triticale has a greater tolerance to weak soil conditions, a high yield potential in
comparison with wheat. It is also characterized by a high value of feed grains
(JaĞkiewicz et al. 2008, Smagacz and Dworakowski 2004, Stankiewicz 2005).
Therefore, triticale harvest is almost entirely used for animal feed. The value of feed
of triticale grain in animal nutrition is determined by the nutrients it contains, high
digestibility and biological value of protein.
Studies show that the quality of triticale grain does not only depend on the variety,
but also on other elements of technology such as sowing, fertilizing and applying
pesticides.
There are no conclusive research results on the impact of technology on the quality
of the grain of triticale (Grabinski et al. 2008, Stanley et al. 2002, Stanley 2005,
Kiely et al. 2009).
The aim of the study was to determine the yield of Kitaro winter triticale and a
laboratory evaluation of grain quality depending on cultivation technologies.
_________________________________
Copyright ©by the paper’s authors. Copying permitted only for private and academic purposes.
In: M. Salampasis, A. Matopoulos (eds.): Proceedings of the International Conference on Information
and Communication Technologies
for Sustainable Agri-production and Environment (HAICTA 2011), Skiathos, 8-11 September, 2011.
749
2 Materials and Methods
The study was conducted in 2008-2010 within the strict field experiments at the
Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant -National Research.
Institute in Osiny under cereal crop rotation (100% grain) in the soil of good wheat
complex.
The study involved three techniques differing in the intensity of production, which
was determined primarily by the use of differentiated means of production. A factor
which clearly differentiated technologies was the level of plant protection (Table 1).
In all the technologies, Kitaro variety was grown,. The study was conducted on plots
with a harvesting area of 22m2.
Table 1. Consumption of seed, fertilisers, and pesticides in the winter triticale
cultivation technologies.
Technology Technology
element Standard Integrated Intensive
Seeds kg/ha 205 180 156
Fertilisers
kg/ha:
N 55 108 141
P2O5 35 64 90
K 2O 50 90 135
Herbicides Glean 75 WG Maraton 375 SC Maraton 375SC
25g/ha 4 l/ha 4 l/ha
Starane 0,5 l/ha Starane 0,5 l/ha
Fungicides Baytan Baytan Universal Baytan Universal 200
Universal 200 200 ml + Galmano ml + Galmano 200
ml + Galmano 200 ml/100 kg seeds ml/100kg seeds
200 ml/100 kg Tilt Plus 1,0 l/ha Tilt Plus 1,0 l/ha
seeds +Unix 0,7 l/ha +Unix 0,7 l/ha
Prosaro 1,0 l/ha
Retardants - CCC 1,0 l/ha CCC 1,0 l/ha
Moddus 0,3 l/ha
In the phase of full maturity, the yield of winter triticale was determined, and grain
samples were taken for the implementation of the laboratory determinations. Dry
matter content was determined by a weight method at a temperature of 105oC. Then,
in the process of mineralization of samples by a wet method (H2SO4 + perhydrol)
nitrogen was determined by a spectrophotometry flow, crude fiber by a weight
method, sugars by G.
Bertrand method, crude fat by weight method by Soxhlet - and ash by weight method
at a temperature of 580 oC.
750
The obtained results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. The
significance of differences in the results was determined using Tukey's test with
confidence level P = 0.95
3 Results and discussion
Technologies of plant cultivation modified the level of crop yield and nutritional
value of the grain of Kitaro winter triticale (Table 2).
A significantly highest grain yield of winter triticale was obtained using intensive
technology. The yield was about 36 and 11% higher than the yield of triticale
obtained with respectively standard technologies and integrated technologies.
Intensive technology was characterized by a high-dose and an intensive plant
protection. It also involved a substantially reduced standard of seeding.
A significant impact of the intensity of the production on increasing yield of triticale
is confirmed by the research by Wozniak (1999). Fungicides used against stem and
leaf diseases increased grain yield by 6.6%. However it must be concluded that a
lower standard of triticale seed at intensive technology has contributed to an
improvement in propagation production and increased the number of ears per area
unit. It is confirmed by the studies of Jaskiewicz (2009).
In the applied technologies, there was not a significant difference in the percentage of
dry matter and ash in the grain crops.
Protein constitutes an important component of the food grain. Triticale is a species
with a relatively high content of this component. Significantly lower protein content
in grain was found when using a standard technology. Increasing the intensity of
cultivation contributed to an increase in the value of this ratio by 4% for integrated
technology and 14% for the intensive one.
The research of Piech and Maciorowski (1998), and Stankiewicz et al. (2002)
indicate that winter triticale grain contains more protein using plant care with
herbicides compared with the grain derived from plots without a care. However,
according to Stankiewicz et al. (2002), the use of retardants reduces protein yield but
improves the digestibility index.
The content of crude fiber in the grain of Kitaro triticale was 12% higher for standard
technology compared to intensive technology. Together with an increase of the
intensity of plant protection, a decrease in the content of crude fiber and sugar was
observed. On the other hand, there was an increase in the content of fat in the grain of
triticale.
To conclude, it should be noted that the purpose of research was carried out because
we can now recommend for practice an intensive technology of triticale Kitaro, at
which the highest yield with advantageous features of feed was obtained.
Higher contents of protein and fat were obtained. Lower crude fiber content in the
grain determines a better quality of forage triticale, obtained using this technology
Table 2. Winter triticale grain yield and fodder value of feed depending on the
cultivation intensity
Technology Grain Dry Crude Crude Sugars Fat Ash
yield (t) matter protein fibre
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(% s.m.- d.m.)
5,56 91,8 10,7 1,76 10,54 1,68 1,87
standard
6,81 91,5 11,1 1,63 10,22 1,74 1,85
integrated
7,56 91,7 12,2 1,57 9,79 1,81 1,89
intensive
NIR0,95 0,651 r.n 0,34 0,123 0,564 0,092 r.n
LSD0,95
4 Conclusions
1. Cultivation technology of Ttriticale had a significant impact on the obtained
grain yield per unit area. The highest yield was obtained when using an intensive
one, then integrated, and the lowest – when standard technology was applied.
2. Intensive technology has contributed to an increase in the content of protein and
fat, however the contents of crude fiber and sugar decreased.
3. Higher value of feed grains was obtained using intensive technology of triticale
production, and lowest at the application of standard technologies.
5. Reference List
1. GrabiĔski, J., Nieróbca, P., SzeleĨniak, E. (2008) Impact of production
intensity on the yield of cereals in defective crop rotations. Issues of agricultural
economics. Institute of Agriculture Economics and Nutrition. 2, p.88-93.
2. JaĞkiewicz, B., Hołubowicz-Kliza, G., Brzóska, F. (2008) Cultivation and use
of triticale as feed. IUNG-PIB, Dissemination Instruction. 145, p.1-69.
3. JaĞkiewicz B. (2009) The reaction of new varieties of triticale to agronomic
factors. Foil of Pom. Univ. Tech. Stein. 274, Agricultura Alimentaria Piscaria et
Zootechnica. 12, p.11-19.
4. Kieloch, R., Rola, H. (2009) Chemical protection of cereals against weeds
and grain quality. Progress in Plant Protection, 49(2), p.938-945.
5. Piech ,M., Maciorowski, R. (1998) Reaction of winter triticale cultivars to
herbicides evaluated in field conditions. Biul. IHAR 2005 (206), p. 279-287.
6. Smagacz, J. Dworakowski, T. (2004) Comparing the effectivenes of winter
triticale varieties. Bulletin of IHAR. 231, p.179-184.
7.Stankiewicz Cz., Starczewski J., Steü E., Walo P. (2002) The effect of
cultivation and sowing density on yield and quality of protein in triticale grain.
Folia Univ.Agric. Stein. 228, Agricultura, 91, p.141-145.
8. Stankiewicz, Cz. (2005) Amino acid composition and biological value of spring
triticale protein depending on sowing density and herbicides. Acta Sci. Pol.
Agricultura 4 (1), p.127-139.
9. WoĨniak, A. (1999) Comparison of yield of winter triticale in three crop
rotations and monoculture. IHAR Bulletin, 212, p.142-151.
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