=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1152/paper78
|storemode=property
|title=Orhtological Management of Hydrological Runoff Basins of the Prefecture of Drama (Current Situation - Protective Actions - Perspectives)
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1152/paper78.pdf
|volume=Vol-1152
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/haicta/KirkenidisKS11
}}
==Orhtological Management of Hydrological Runoff Basins of the Prefecture of Drama (Current Situation - Protective Actions - Perspectives)==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1152/paper78.pdf
ORTHOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF
HYDROLOGICAL RUNOFF BASINS OF THE
PREFECTURE OF DRAMA (CURRENT SITUATION
– PROTECTIVE ACTIONS – PERSPECTIVES)
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!"#$%&#'(This paper presents the torrential environment of the torrents
of the area of the prefecture of Drama. Firstly, the torrents of the area
and their morphometrical and hydrological characteristics are
imprinted. At the same time, the torrential environment (potential) is
specified with the analysis of the basic torrential factors (climate, relief,
geological base, vegetation). After that takes place the calculation of
the maximum expected water discharge and sedimentary flow with the
use of empiric and analytical types. The constructive and operational
characteristics of the most important hydrological constructions of the
area are synoptically described. According to these data, the present
situation is defined, the water potential of the area is evaluated and
some further solutions are proposed for the best possible utilization of
the water environment. These data were gathered and digitized in a
geographical database.
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Water is a valuable and renewable natural resource, the misuse of which may
lead to deterioration of its quality and reduction of its reserves. From the total
amount of water of the planet, a very small part is drinkable (potable) water, which
can be consumed by the man in his activities. From this quantity a 83 - 87 % is
consumed by agriculture through irrigation and a 10 – 12 % for water supply.
In addition to the fulfillment of the human needs, an evaluation of the possible
disasters that can occur by water fluids which derive from mistaken interferences in
the torrents’ beds is also necessary. From the above we see the importance of proper
management of the water and the general aquatic environment, which consists not
only in the proper use of water, but in full knowledge of water resources in the
region.
The knowledge of the water resources of the area requires the identification of
the basic torrential factors (climate, relief, geological base and vegetation) for every
______________________________
Copyright ©by the paper’s authors. Copying permitted only for private and academic purposes.
In: M. Salampasis, A. Matopoulos (eds.): Proceedings of the International Conference on Information
and Communication Technologies
for Sustainable Agri-production and Environment (HAICTA 2011), Skiathos, 8-11 September, 2011.
879
torrent of the three hydrological runoff basins of the prefecture of Drama and the
calculation of maximum expected water and sediment discharge of each torrent. This
data is used in order to determine the effectiveness of the existing constructions and
also propose possible new ones.
'
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The prefecture of Drama is located on the eastern edge of Macedonia. It belongs
to the region of Eastern Macedonia - Thrace, occupies an area of 3.468 Km2 and a
population of 103,975 residents (census 2001). It is bordered by the Nestos River and
the western Rhodope Mountains to the east, the mountains of Lekani in the
southeast, the swamps of Philippi in the south, the Aggitis River and mountain
Menikio in southwest, the Vrondou mountains to the west and the Greek-Bulgarian
border in the north. The highest elevation occurs at Mount Falakro (2232 m). It
extends from latitude 23ο 54’ to 25ο 04’and longitude of 40ο 57’ to 41ο 34’. The
prefecture of Drama is divided administratively into 5 municipalities (used to be 8
municipalities and 1 community).
From hydrological point of view, the prefecture of Drama is divided into three
major hydrological runoff basins: Drama (hydr. bas. 1), Kato Nevrokopi (hydr. bas.
2) and Nestos (hydr. bas. 3) (Fig. 1). The capital of Drama is almost in the center of
the respective basin at south of Mount Falakro, just 160 km from Thessaloniki. It is
built on the ruins of the ancient town of Dyrama or Ydrama from which it is clear
that its current name originated (Dyrama - Ydrama - Drama), referring, probably, to
the rich aquatic potential of the area, which characterizes the city of Drama even
today.The largest basin of Drama (1) consists of agricultural land which is crossed
by a large number of irrigation canals. Other major settlements in the region (cities,
towns) are Prosotsani, Kalambaki, Doxato etc.
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880
The closed basin of Kato Nevrokopi (2) is surrounded by mountains which limit
it (Mount Falakro, Vrondou Mountains, Granitis, etc.). The largest settlement is Kato
Nevrokopi and other major settlements are Volakas (located near the ski resort of
Mount Falakro), Lefkogeia (with the namesake dam) etc. The whole basin is a
plateau (minimum altitude of 540 m) with well developed agriculture.
The hydrological runoff basin of Nestos (3) contains the Greek part of the
catchment of the Nestos River. The area is dominated by forests and woodlands.
Major settlements are Paranesti, Temenos, Sidironero, Papades, Potamoi etc.
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In order to complete this study, were used topographic maps of the GSA
(Geographical Service of Army) of a scale 1: 50,000, geological maps of IGME
(Institute of Geological and Mining Researches) and the vegetation map of Drama of
a scale 1: 200,000 of the Ministry of Agriculture (NSSG – National Statistics Service
of Greece). Then, the maps were scanned and stored in electronic form. In this
format they were edited with programs like AutoCAD and ArcGIS, leading to the
creation of maps and other data.
The maps contain various levels of information, structured in a personal
database (Personal Geodatabase), classified as files of the .mxd format, in such a
way that will give every time the desired result.
The meteorological and hydrological data used were taken either by the Drama’s
Office of Land Reclamation or the Laboratory of Mountainous Water Management.
The necessary calculations were made in order to determine the maximum expected
water and sediment discharge (Qmax) by using the above data, and the
morphometric and hydrographic features which derived from the digital processing
of maps, and identified the torrential types of river basins.
Finally, the hydrological projects and interventions in the three (3) hydrological
runoff basins of Drama were recorded.
Given the torrential environment (potential) of each basin are proposed the
necessary projects for their rational management.
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From the processing of topographical maps and identification of morphological
and hydrographical characteristics, came out the following for the three basins of
Drama.
In the hydrological basin of Drama (hydr. bas. 1) appear seven (7) torrents with
the larger, in terms of area of basin, being the Aggitis. The first three (3) streams
emanating from the Mount Falakro have a very high maximum altitude (2.232 m)
and maximum torrential altitudes. The average slopes of riverbed and basin vary
with the highest values appearing in the torrent Monastiraki (10.12% - 35.64%) and
the smaller in torrents Doxato (3.94% average bed slope) and Kyrion (19.76%
average basin slope ). The drainage network densities are ranging from 1.51 to 2,75
881
Km/Km2, while the average altitudes do not exceed 860m (Aggitis 855,3m) with the
exception of Monastiraki (1013,4m). It is obvious that this is an area with torrents
that have an intense relief but not respectively great average bed and basin slopes.
The Kato Nevrokopi hydrological basin (hydr. bas. 2) contains three (3) torrents
with the larger being the Kato Nevrokopi (Mylorema). The maximum altitude
reaches 2.100m and the minimum 540m. For this reason, and despite the fact that
they are torrents with high torrential and average altitudes, this area does not have
very high bed and basin slopes. (Kato Brontous: 36.58% and 6.46%). In addition, the'
density of the drainage network is greater than those of the previous basin,
approaching in two of the three torrents the 3,0 Km/Km2.
Finally, the hydrological basin of Nestos River (hydr. bas. 3) contains 53
torrents with the larger, in terms of area of basin, being the Diavolorema. These are
torrents of lowland, semi–mountainous and mountainous areas. The average basin
and bed slopes range, respectively, with maximum basin slope in torrential stream
Mandra Panteli (57.18%) and the maximum bed slope in torrential stream bed
Mavrorema II (27.16%). The drainage network densities for most torrents take
values greater than 3,0 Km/Km2 and reaching up to 5,3 Km/Km2.
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The torrential environment of the streams of the three hydrological basins is
determined by four physical torrential factors (Kotoulas 2001) i.e. climate,
topography, geological base and vegetation.
'
G<4>%#*'( The meteorological data were obtained from 24 stations that operate or
have operated in the prefecture of Drama. The nine (9) of them are in the
hydrological basin of Drama (1), seven (7) in the hydrological basin of Kato
Nevrokopi (2), eight (8) in the hydrological basin of Nestos River (3) and one (1) is
in the prefecture of Xanthi, but very close to the limits of the basin 1. The highest
average annual rainfall in the basin 1 occurred at station Panorama (1044,7 mm) and
the lowest at station Kalambaki (572,63 mm), in basin 2, the highest value was at the
station Granitis (978,82 mm) and the lowest at station Lefkogia (696,17 mm), while
in basin 3, the highest value appeared at station Volakas (881,51 mm) and the lowest
at station Mesochori (670,66 mm).
It is interesting to note, however, that from all the stations of the prefecture of
Drama, the 15 have average annual values of rainfall greater than 700mm. This
means that the prefecture of Drama receives significant rainfall.
The average annual rainfall in the entire prefecture of Drama, which is
739,05mm, is estimated by using the method of Thiessen. The values for the
individual basins are as follows: Drama 713,91mm, Kato Nevrokopi 766,53mm and
Nestos 751,26mm.
'
H*:*#%#4-2(C(I%2.(J"*"'(In the hydrological basin of Drama (1), the 36.7% of the
area is covered by forests and shrubs. The largest part is covered by deciduous
broad-leaved trees (except those listed separately) (14.6%), broadleaf evergreen
shrubs (10%), pure and mixed beech forests (5.3%), and pure and mixed oak forests
(4.6 %). The hydrological basin of Kato Nevrokopi (2) is occupied by forests and
882
shrubs at 75.5%. In this area, the largest part is occupied by pure and mixed oak
forests (25.2%), pure and mixed beech forests (10%), evergreen broad-leaved (8.1%)
and deciduous broadleaf (7.9%). Finally, the hydrological basin of Nestos River (3)
is mainly covered by forests and shrubs (95.2%) including pure and mixed oak
forests (51.4%), pure and mixed beech forests (15.2%), pure and mixed forests of
forest pine (9.6%), evergreen broad-leaved (7.9%). Special mention should be made
for the rare in Greek area spruce forest (Picea Abies) which in pure form occupies
0.6% while mixed with forest pine occupies 3.7%.
Regarding land use, in basin 1 there are many agricultural lands (43.45%) and
forests (25.95%), while important is the extent of grassland (17.21%). Basin 2 is
dominated by forests (64.79%), but there are many agricultural lands (21.8%).
Finally, basin 3 is completely dominated by forests (86.94%), as shown in Table 1:
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The whole of the prefecture of Drama is dominated by forests (60.1%), followed
by agricultural land (21.9%), shrubs (9.6%) and pastures (7.1%). Thus, basin 1 is
dominated by agricultural lands (43.45%), forests (25.95%) and pastures (17.21%).
In basin 2 a large area is occupied by forests (64.79%), agricultural land (21.86%)
and shrubs (10.75%). Finally, in basin 3, there was almost complete dominance of
forests (86.94%) and shrubs (8.30%), with small areas of agricultural lands (3.80%).
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igneous, metamorphic etc.). These formations are (Kotoulas 2001, Stefanidis 1990):
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