=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1230/paper-02
|storemode=property
|title=Situation Detection Based on Knowledge Fusion Patterns
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1230/paper-02.pdf
|volume=Vol-1230
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/bir/LevashovaSSS14
}}
==Situation Detection Based on Knowledge Fusion Patterns==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1230/paper-02.pdf
2nd International Workshop on Ontologies and Information Systems
Situation Detection Based on
Knowledge Fusion Patterns
Tatiana Levashova2, Kurt Sandkuhl1,3, Nikolay Shilov2,3, Alexander Smirnov2,3
1
The University of Rostock, Institute of Computer Science
Chair Business Information Systems, Albert-Einstein-Str. 22, 18059 Rostock, Germany
Kurt.Sandkuhl@uni-rostock.de
2
St.Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, 39, 14 Line,
199178 St. Petersburg, Russia
3
ITMO University,
49, Kronverkskiy pr., 197101
St. Petersburg, Russia,
Abstract. With the increasing use of sensors and actuators in technical systems
and knowledge-intensive services the need for processing the information
captured by these sensors and “making sense” out of it increases. Knowledge
fusion is supposed to contribute to this field since it aims at integrating
knowledge from different sources. Development of knowledge fusion solutions
is a complex task which can be compared to systems and software development.
As in other development areas there is a need for efficient development
processes which can be supported by reusing solution parts, such as patterns or
components. The paper brings together experiences from knowledge fusion sub-
system development and from design of knowledge fusion patterns. The main
contributions of this paper are (1) a real-world application scenario presenting
typical requirements to knowledge fusion systems, (2) application of knowledge
fusion patterns from context-based decision support to situation recognition, (3)
recommendations from this application case.
Keywords: knowledge fusion, knowledge fusion pattern, situation, situation
detection, knowledge logistics.
1 Introduction
With the increasing use of sensors and actuators in technical systems and
knowledge-intensive services, like in cyber-physical systems, preventive maintenance
or intelligent information logistics, the need for processing the information captured by
these sensors and “making sense” out of it increases. Knowledge fusion is supposed to
contribute to this field since it aims at integrating knowledge from different sources.
The development of knowledge fusion solutions and systems usually is a complex
task which can be compared to systems and software development projects. As in
other development areas there is a need for efficient development processes which can
be supported by reusing solution parts, such as patterns or components. The aim of this
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paper is to bring together experiences from knowledge fusion sub-system development
and from design of knowledge fusion patterns. We will analyze applicability and
pertinence of knowledge fusion patterns in a past project from civil security and derive
recommendations from this analysis for future projects aiming at using fusion patterns.
The main contributions of this paper are (1) a real-world application scenario
presenting typical requirements to knowledge fusion systems, (2) application of
knowledge fusion patterns from context-based decision support to situation
recognition, (3) recommendations from this application case.
The remaining part of the paper is structured as follows: section 2 gives an
overview to the field of knowledge fusion and discusses related work. Section 3
presents the application case constituting the frame for this research. An overview to
the basic concept of knowledge fusion pattern is given in section 4. Section 5 discusses
the applicability of fusion patterns in the given application case and derives
recommendations. Conclusions and future work are discussed in section 6.
2 Knowledge Fusion
Techniques for data, information and knowledge fusion from different sensors,
services and components have received much attention during the last decade. This
section will give a brief overview to the field which starts from data fusion since this
often lays the ground for higher level fusion activities, like knowledge fusions.
The process model for data fusion suggested by Joint Directors of Laboratories
(JDL) which later became the Data Fusion Group (DFG) is the most popular of the
fusion models. First proposed in 1985, the JDL/DFG model was revised several times
(see [1] and [2]) due to observed shortcomings [3]. Currently, the levels with the
JDL/DFIG model are: Source Pre-processing/Subject Assessment (level 0), Object
Assessment (level 1), Situation Assessment (level 2), Impact Assessment / Threat
Refinement (level 3), Process Refinement (level 4), and User Refinement / Cognitive
Refinement (level 5). Through its different levels, the model divides the processes
according to the different levels of abstraction of the data to be fused and the different
problems for which data fusion is applicable (e.g. Characteristic estimation vs.
situation recognition and analysis). The model doesn’t prescribe a strict ordering of the
processes and the fusion levels, and the levels are not always discrete and may overlap.
The model was initially proposed for the military applications but is now widely used
in civil domains as well, such as business or medicine. The JDL/DFIG model is useful
for visualizing the data fusion process, facilitating discussion and common
understanding and important for systems-level information fusion design [4].
Other fusion models include the Boyd loop [5], the Waterfall model [6] and the
Endsley model [7], which focus on different perspective of the fusion task and propose
refined structures or processes. The Omnibus model [8] is an attempt to achieve a
unified model by merging different fusion models. It reflects the cyclic nature of the
Boyd loop, and carries the finer structure of the Waterfall model, of the JDL model,
and of the Endsley model.
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Two main groups of knowledge fusion approaches are commonly distinguished:
knowledge fusion based on knowledge representation technologies and semantic
integration for federated systems. Semantic integration will not be discussed in detail,
since it primarily focuses on applications in information systems and database context,
i.e. fusing schemata of the information sources. Knowledge Fusion approaches based
on knowledge representation techniques, like semantic nets or ontologies, have been
subject to research during the last 20 years and resulted in a number of methodology
and technology approaches. The most cited and used approaches include the following
ones.
The KRAFT [9] architecture for knowledge fusion and transformation: knowledge
fusion is defined as a combination of knowledge from disparate sources in a highly
dynamic way. In order to do this, data instances need to be associated with knowledge
concerning their context, such as how they should be interpreted and how they can be
used. Two main kinds of operations are recommended in a distributed knowledge
fusion system: knowledge retrieval (to find out everything the organization knows
about something) and problem solving (to use the combined knowledge to solve a
particular problem).This leads to a number of services required by the system:
knowledge location services (to find the relevant knowledge on the network),
knowledge transformation services (to translate the knowledge into a common
representation language), and knowledge fusion services (to combine and process
knowledge).
The Knowledge Supply Net approach KSNet [10]: the goal of the KSNet approach
is to complement insufficient knowledge and obtain new knowledge using knowledge
from different sources. The technologies involved spans from ontology management
and intelligent agents to constraint satisfaction and soft computing. Knowledge as a
set of relations, such as constraints, functions, or rules, that can be used by a user or
expert in order to decide how, why, where, and what to do with the information in
order to meet a goal or a set of goals within a clear context and time. The knowledge
fusion process structure has several steps, including translating knowledge from
different knowledge sources into a unified form, acquiring knowledge from external
sources, select the relevant knowledge producing new knowledge by discovering or
deriving it from the existing knowledge, internalization of knowledge, and knowledge
fusion management.
The general idea to capture the domain under consideration in a domain ontology,
the tasks to be supported in task ontologies being a part of the domain ontology,
integration the knowledge sources by using these ontologies and fusing the relevant
knowledge on-demand is suitable for the planned project. A commonality between
these approaches is that industrial scale application and support by off-the-shelf
products so far is quite sparse.
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3 Application Scenario
The content of this paper is based on work from the FP7-Security-IP Integrated Mobile
Security Kit (IMSK) project6. IMSK was addressing the continuously evolving threat
of unpredictable terrorist activity, which demands the application of existing and
developing technology for the protection of citizens. More concretely, IMSK combines
technologies for area surveillance, checkpoint control, CBRNE detection and support
for VIP protection, into a mobile system for rapid deployment at venues and sites
which temporarily need enhanced security. The project’s approach is to design a
system (IMSK) that will integrate heterogeneous information to provide a common
operational picture. This includes to employ legacy and novel sensor technologies, and
to adapt the system to local security forces.
Data, information and knowledge fusion have major roles within the IMSK system.
IMSK integrates different kinds of sensors providing observations of the sites to be
protected. The data provided by physical sensors, as well as pieces of information
provided by human observers and open sources, have to be combined in order to
provide an overview of the ongoing situation. Within this work, we are particularly
interested in knowledge fusion and fusion of high level information. We decompose
the fusion process into several phases of fusion. First, entities of the world are
represented using detailed observations provided by different kinds of sensors. This is
the attribute fusion phase. Then, the recognized entities are combined and relations
among them are observed. The situation fusion phase aims at reconstructing a more
global view of the observed situation that contains both the entities recognized in the
attribute fusion phase and the relations that have been observed among them by other
information sources providing information of a higher level. Both the attribute and
situation fusion, rely on the same approach. The two phases differ only by the level of
detail of the observations that are processed. Once the representation of an ongoing
situation is achieved, the situation recognition aims at deciding whether the ongoing
situation is one of the “critical situations” preliminary defined by the end users. Last,
the event correlation phase allows for combining the different static critical situations
recognized in order to detect the occurrence of complex critical situations. The event
correlation phase allows taking into account time and space issues of the critical event
detection process.
Several scenarios were defined within the IMSK project that aim at showing the
adaptability of the platform to different types of environments and events. One of these
scenarios is the protection of VIPs7 during an EU summit. The events of the summit
take place in three different locations of a city. The participants have thus to go from
one place to another one. One of the tasks to be supported is the protection of VIPs
when crossing a bridge when going from the congress center to the dinner place.
Several sensors are deployed in order to detect CBRN8 threats, fireworks, approaching
vehicles, etc. Our aim, within knowledge fusion, is to combine observations acquired
through the different sensors (and potentially already fused at a low level), with
6 http://www.imsk.eu
7 VIP = Very Important Person
8 CBRN = chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear
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information coming from other sources. We then have to detect potential critical
situations and events, according to the ones that are specified by the end users of the
IMSK system. Our example here focuses on the detection of a vehicle approaching a
VIP while he/she crosses the bridge. We use the vehicles tracking system observations,
the schedule of the summit and observations provided by people on the site.
The requirements to the functionality of a knowledge fusion sub-system derived
from this scenario are defined as “capabilities”, i.e. desirable functionalities to be
supported by knowledge fusion. Examples for capabilities are:
• Area surveillance: Area control: airspace, Area control: land, Area control:
waterways, Protection of public infrastructure, Protection of buildings and
Protection of property.
• Command & control (C2): Situation awareness, Decision support,
Deployment support and Communication management
• Communications: Emergency communication, secure communication and
communication in buildings.
• Access rights: verification of access rights, enforcement of access right
restrictions, crowd monitoring, identification if unwanted behavior, VIP
assault prevention, identification of wanted people.
4 Knowledge Fusion Patterns
Knowledge fusion patterns were developed to generalize knowledge fusion processes
in relation to sources involved in these processes. For this, the knowledge fusion
processes ongoing in a context-aware decision support system (CADSS) were
investigated [11].
In the CADSS a situation is modeled by a two-level context. Abstract and
operational context represent the situation at the first and second levels, respectively.
The abstract context is a non-instantiated ontology-based situation model. This
context is created for a specific situation. It captures knowledge relevant to this
situation from an application ontology. The ontology combines domain and task
knowledge needed to describe situations happening in the application domain.
The operational context is the result of an abstract context instantiation for the
actual circumstances. Data and information from various sources (sensors, humans,
etc.) is fused within the abstract context structure to produce the operational context.
This context is a near real-time schematic picture of the ongoing situation.
The operational context is the basis for decision making. The system supports the
decision maker with a set of decisions feasible in the current situation. This set is a
result of solving tasks specified in the abstract context as a constraint satisfaction
problem.
The investigation of the processes ongoing in the CADSS results in the following
knowledge fusion patterns:
Selective fusion: integration of multiple knowledge pieces from various ontologies of
different types into a new ontology. The pattern is used for application ontology
creation.
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Simple fusion: integration of multiple knowledge pieces from a single large
multipurpose ontology into a new knowledge piece intended to restricted purposes.
The pattern is used for abstract context building.
Extension: inference of new knowledge as a result of knowledge integration. The
pattern is used for abstract context building.
Instantiated fusion: fusion of data/information from multiple (possibly, heterogeneous)
sources to create a representation that may be used by the CADSS, decision makers,
and other humans as the basis for problem solving and decision making.
Flat fusion (see Fig. 1): fusion of knowledge from multiple knowledge sources during
problem solving. The pattern is used for generation of a set of feasible decisions.
Adaptation: gaining new capacities/capabilities by units (knowledge sources, source
network, actors, etc.) as a result of their adaptation to new circumstances or new
scenarios. The pattern is used for adaptation of an existing knowledge source network
to new scenarios and for adaptation of decision executives to changing settings.
Historical fusion: revealing new knowledge from hidden knowledge based on the
accumulated one. The pattern is used to inductive inference of new relations between
the entities presenting in different contexts.
The knowledge fusion patterns are formalized in terms of preservation/change of the
structures and autonomies of the initial and target sources, and in terms of the results
the knowledge fusion processes produce in the CADSS. The reasons of choice the
states for structures and autonomies as a measure are as follows.
Name: flat fusion
Problem: providing the decision maker with a set of alternative decisions
Solution: solving the problems, to which the decision maker has to find solutions
in the current situation, as a constraint satisfaction problem
Initial source: operational context
Target source: a knowledge source fusing operational context and the set of
alternatives
Autonomy pre-states: initial source target source
non-autonomous n/a*
Result in CADSS: a new knowledge source of a new type
Result in ontology terms: a new knowledge source representing the result of
fusion of the dynamic ontology with the set of alternative decisions
Post-states: initial source target source
Structure: changed n/a
Autonomy: n/a autonomous
Schematic representation: Fig. 2
Phase of CADSS functioning: generation of a set of alternative decisions
*
n/a means the source does not exist
Fig. 1. Flat fusion
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2nd International Workshop on Ontologies and Information Systems
Operational context
New knowledge source
c1
c4 S3 c1
S1 c2 c4 S3
c3 c41 S1 c2
c3
c21 c41
c31 c32 c21
c31 c32
S2
d1 d2 S2
Sn – source
cn – internal units in representations of sources
dn – feasible decision
– relationship
– link between the knowledge source and the unit being instantiated
– reference to the unit to be instantiated
– new knowledge
Fig. 2. Flat fusion: schematic representation
Knowledge fusion involves multiple sources in the integration processes. In the
context-aware systems integration of data/information/knowledge refers to the process
of integration of their conceptual structures. Therefore, source’s structure is an
obligatory concept taken into account by the integration.
Autonomy creates awareness of the reliability of data/information/knowledge
represented in the sources. The CADSS operates in dynamic environments.
Information and knowledge represented in the environmental sources that are related to
the internal system sources (i.e., the environmental sources and system ones are non-
autonomous) are considered to be more reliable than information/knowledge
represented in the autonomous environmental sources. An argument in favor of this is
any changes in the linked (non-autonomous) environmental sources are reflected in the
system sources.
An example of patterns specification is given in Fig. 1; a schematic representation in
Fig. 2. Flat fusion patter is used in this example.
5 Knowledge Fusion Patterns for Situation Detection
Within IMSK, the domain modeling and knowledge representation is based on
ontologies [12]. They are used as the core representation paradigm and formalism. The
knowledge representation for the fusion module includes two main categories of
knowledge: (1) knowledge specifying fusion tasks and (2) knowledge forming the
input for these fusion tasks. The fusion tasks to be supported are attribute and
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observation fusion, critical situation recognition and event correlation. In this paper,
we will focus on situation recognition and the attribute and observation fusion forming
the basis for it. An ontology-based formalization of the situation model is available in
[12].
Within the attribute fusion, the different features acquired through the various
sensors of IMSK are combined so to determine the identity of the objects and entities
taking part of the external situation. As opposed to kinematic information (i.e. position,
velocity and acceleration), attribute information provide descriptive information about
an entity’s characteristic or quality. The ID-tag, color, width or acoustic signature on
an entity all make plausible attributes. Attributes are, by many means, useful within
systems such as IMSK. In crowded spaces, attributes can facilitate a tracker to
associate observations to correct tracks. A rich set of attributes can also support in the
situational- and behavioral analysis, e.g. by determining the identity of entities, by
establishing their relations, and by indicating odd attribute combinations.
The aim of the attribute fusion module is to build a more precise and complete
description of the entities taking part in an observed situation. This is made by
continuously trying to extend and refine the flora of attributes associated with each
entity. For this task, we use heterogeneous sensors and take advantage on their
different qualities and the kind of attributes they can deliver. During the situation
fusion phase, the focus is on the relations that exist between these different entities.
Finding these relations allow having a more coherent representation of the ongoing
situation. The representation goes from a set of observed entities to a structured
observed situation in which the previous entities take part, with specific roles. When
two observations (at least partially) overly, the information fusion sub-processes builds
an unique view of the observed object or situation from them. The fusion phase
confronts several points of view on the state of an object or a situation. This
confrontation leads to a conflict resolution phase. A major stake of information fusion
is to automate the conflict resolution phase.
Fig. 3 describes the general information flow used for situation recognition. IMSK
smart sensors, fusion modules and open information sources provide information
which are captured in observation graphs based on the domain model. These graphs are
used for observation fusion and create fused observation graphs. The observation
graphs are the basis of situation recognition, which essentially is based on comparison
with a-priori defined models of critical situations. In case a critical situation is
detected, alerts are generated in the command & control system.
When investigating the use of knowledge fusion patterns for situation recognition
in IMSK, the following process was used: we first matched the decision support
process forming the ground for knowledge fusion patterns onto the situation
recognition flow in IMSK. Afterwards the matching phases were investigated in more
detail in order to identify potentially suitable patterns. The potentially suitable patterns
then were mapped onto the IMSK ontology in order to finally decide on applicability.
The first step, mapping the decision support process on the situation recognition
flow, showed a principal difference in the approaches. IMSK did not explicitly use an
abstract context which was adapted and configured for the actual operative situation
but rather applied the same application ontology, which was configured for the
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2nd International Workshop on Ontologies and Information Systems
Fig. 3. General information flow for situation recognition
application case under consideration by instantiating it. Although the approaches have
similarities, the fundamental difference is that structural changes and extensions as
supported by the knowledge fusion patterns addressing the process flow in adapting the
abstract context (abstract context creation, refinement and reuse) are not applicable. It
should be noted that the use of “context” from decision support systems in IMSK is
appropriate, since both event correlation and situation recognition depend on the actual
situation of an entity (e.g. the access control sub-systems for the EU-summit).
The knowledge fusion patterns defined for the “operative” part of the decision
support system process could be applied even for IMSK. An example is the “flat
fusion” pattern presented in section 4. This pattern would be used to create a list of
critical situations based on the representation of observations in the knowledge base. In
DSS, flat fusion creates a list of feasible solutions for a decision problem. In situation
recognition, this “feasible solution” correspond to possible situations.
Other knowledge fusion patterns considered as useful and pertinent for the
situation recognition scenario are “instantiated fusion” (for creating a real-time
representation of the current situation based on the observations), “historical fusion”
(for creating new knowledge based on archived previous critical situations) and
“adaptation” (for adaptation of the knowledge base to the detected situation). Fig. 4
gives an overview to the fusion process and usable knowledge fusion patterns in
IMSK.
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2nd International Workshop on Ontologies and Information Systems
Application ontology for
Operational
producing
EU summit
context
Near real time representation
Instantiated
of observations
fusion
Problem
solving
Flat fusion List of detected situations
implementation
Profiles of acting resources
Decision
New
Adaptation
competence
management
knowledge
Archival
Part-of relationship between
Historical
blue forces and emergency
fusion
team
Fig. 4. Usage of knowledge fusion patterns for planning fire response actions
In addition to the use of KF (knowledge fusion) patterns in the knowledge fusion
process, we also investigated possible knowledge fusion results [13 – 23]. Potential
results enhancing the knowledge base are:
• new knowledge created from data/information. Such knowledge represents
information having been processed, organized or structured in a way that may be
used by systems and humans as the basis for problem solving and decision making;
• a new type of knowledge. This result means integration of such knowledge that the
outcome is knowledge of a radically new type;
• a new knowledge about the conceptual scheme. This result concerns changes in
schemes formally representing knowledge. New relations, concepts, properties, etc.
appearing in existing schemes are examples of new knowledge;
• a new problem solving method or a new idea how to solve the problem. This is the
result of reuse and combining existing knowledge in new scenarios;
• new capabilities/competencies of a unit (a unit that produces or contains
knowledge). Like the item above, the new capabilities/competencies are the result of
reuse and combining existing knowledge in new scenarios;
• a solution for the problem. This outcome means integration of knowledge from
various sources in problem solving, which results to a problem solution;
• a new knowledge source created from multiple sources. This result is a
generalization of different knowledge fusion results. It implies origination of a new
source to represent the new knowledge.
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6 Summary and Future Work
The paper investigated the possibility of KF pattern use in situation recognition using
the example of civil security from the IMSK project. The main result was that four KF
patterns from the operative part of the knowledge fusion process were found applicable
and useful. Based on this insight, we recommend that future projects aiming at the
development of knowledge fusion systems for situation recognition should take these
patterns into account. We expect this to speed up the construction process of the
domain model and the knowledge base. Another result of this investigation is that KF
patterns designed for DSS at least on the conceptual level can be transferred to another
knowledge fusion purpose: situation recognition.
The main limitation of the research presented here is that it stays on a conceptual
level. It would be worthwhile and interesting to develop an actual knowledge fusion
solution for situation recognition based on KF patterns. During this development
process, the efforts spend would have to be documented and compared to other
projects in order to validate whether pattern use really saves efforts.
Acknowledgements
This work has been performed as part of the EU-FP7 funded project Integrated Mobile
Security Kit (IMSK) 2009-2013. This work was also partially supported by the Project
213 (the research program “Information, control, and intelligent technologies &
systems” of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)), the Project 2.2 (the Nano- &
Information Technologies Branch of RAS), projects 13-07-12095, 14-07-00345,
14-07-00427 (the Russian Foundation for Basic Research), and Grant 074-U01 (the
Government of Russian Federation).
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