Many developers are shifting their attention to the mobile world as smartphones are becoming the information hub for people's daily lives [1]. The pervasiveness of smartphones has led to the ubiquitous consumption and generation of data on them. Smartphones can derive contextual information from their environment, enabling applications that provide great value both to individual users and to society. For example, context-aware applications can recommend products, services, or connections to others based on people's surroundings. People can also use social applications to report their status and the situation around them in cases of emergencies, such as floods or earthquakes.
Most mobile applications create or consume data stored in standalone databases without the potential of being "interlinked" with data from other applications or organizations. The Web community has advocated the use of Linked Data technologies to address this data interoperability issue in Web-based applications. Although we have seen some success from content publishers in using or publishing Linked Data, few examples exist for mobile platforms [2].
Our goal is to bring support for Linked Data to mobile platforms by allowing developers to build mobile applications that consume and publish Linked Data automatically. We will demonstrate a framework that allows developers to accomplish this on Android devices through modular components, as well as cloud scripts aimed at enabling quick deployment of companion web services to interact with streams of Linked Data. We believe that this framework will reduce the burdens of mobile developers to work with Linked Data and open up many opportunities for building applications that interact with and contribute to the Linked Data world.
Our framework1 extends MIT App Inventor,2 an open source, web-based environment for developing Android applications. Though primarily designed for pedagogical use, App Inventor has found great success in many domains and boasts about 87,000 users weekly, 1.9 million total users, and over 4.9 million applications ranging from tracking rainfall in Haiti3 to teaching U.S. Marines how to destroy weapons. 4App Inventor is structured around components: discrete blocks that provide functionality and user interface elements that developers connect together to create an application. App Inventor provides a designer view for laying out an application's user interface and a blocks view where users define their program logic by connecting method blocks, associated with components, together (as shown in Fig. 1).
We will demonstrate several components that we've developed powered by Apache Jena5 , including forms to generate Linked Data, maps for visualizing geographic data, web services for cloud messaging, web services for exploring Linked Data, and sensor components for context awareness. We will also demonstrate companion web services that provide cloud functionality for mobile phones such as providing messaging services to integrate streaming RDF content.
WeReport allows people to report (e.g. through a photo) the situation on the ground during an emergency, hence enhancing situational awareness with respect to the emergency [3]. The application demonstrates the capacity to generate and consume Linked Data, as well as integrate with different public datasets.
Consider a scenario where a hurricane has hit a city, and Joe, a volunteer citizen reporter, notices a series of potential hazards in his neighborhood, e.g. fallen trees blocking an intersection. With WeReport, Joe can take a picture of the hazard and upload it, along with a tag and description, to warn others in the area. An example of this report can be seen in Figure 2a. When creating a report, WeReport consumes Linked Data via pre-defined SPARQL queries that search for popular landmarks near Joe's location, so that those places can be tagged if hazardous. At the same time, the mobile application enables him to transparently produce structured data through our Linked Data-enhanced components. The generated data can be published to SPARQL 1.1 compliant endpoints, which enables data re-use by others.
WeReport also supports real-time streaming of user-submitted disaster reports. In this scenario, Bob and Anna are both relief workers heading towards the affected area. Using WeReport, they have subscribed to the hurricane disaster feed and they continuously receive push notifications as reports on the disaster area are submitted by users like Joe. While Bob wishes to be continuously notified on every newly submitted report, Anna chooses to receive an alert only when there are at least 3 reports of a certain type in a given location, a custom limit she had previously specified. Whenever Bob and Anna want to view the newest reports, WeReport provides a "Browse Reports" interface which automatically displays the received reports, as show in Figure 2b.
There has been some work in Linked Data use for smartphones, however, they do not provide a comprehensive solution to mobile app development as our framework does. [4] propose a lightweight general-purpose RDF framework for Android to share application data inside the phone. Our framework focuses on obtaining external RDF sources and consuming them and not necessarily application data integration using RDF. Spinel [5] is a plug-in architecture and a set of web configuration tools for Android that enable new datasets to be added to mobile phones without programming. We provide both a plug-in architecture and support for adding new datasets using program blocks that can be configured easily. Another notable platform for creating mobile Linked Data applications is the "RDF on the go", an RDF storage and query processor library for mobile devices [6]. Our framework not only allows storage and querying of RDF data, but more importantly makes it much more user friendly to manipulate the data, be it contextual data from the phone or data from a remote endpoint.
Unlike applications such as Cinemappy [7] and DBPedia Mobile [8], which require developers to have extensive knowledge of both Linked Data and mobile programming, our target audience is Linked Data developers who want to develop mobile applications but do not have mobile programming experience.
Though mobile devices have become the primary computing and communication platform for users, the number of Linked Data apps available for these devices is insignificant because developing them is currently extremely time consuming.
In this demonstration, we show a mobile application platform that enables mobile Linked Data applications to be quickly and easily developed. Along with leading to applications that are able to leverage structured data, these mobile applications will help get around the classic "chicken-or-egg" situation by being both generators and consumers of Linked Data. The current implementation contains a few limitations including scalability, which our team will be working on. We will also be conducting further user studies to evaluate the usability and usefulness of the platform.