-
The consensus-oriented approach is standing in the tradition of the critical linguistic
approach [
3
], [
4
], [
5
] which is also referenced by other related approaches to
conception modeling [
7
], [
11
], [
15
]. Figure 1 provides an overview of its most important
elements and their dependencies. The approach aims to create a linguistic community.
Against the background of IS-development, this community facilitates information
system designers and business personnel to overcome communicational problems.
[
1
], [
13
].
At first, we assume that there is a real world existing independently from human
speech and thinking processes. Thus, we assume the ontological realism. Secondly,
the approach aims to create a linguistic community. Against the background of
ISdevelopment, this community facilitates information system designers and business
personnel to overcome communicational problems [
1
], [
13
]. Linguistic communities
can be created through the (re)construction of an ortho-language. First parts of the
language can be formed by the alignment of individual (real world) objects to
nominators. In the context of IS-development important nominators are terms such as
‘customer Meier’, ‘product 4711’ etc. Based on nominators, predicators (in our
context, for instance, ‘customer’ and ‘product’) are introduced in order to expose and
communicate similarities of individual objects. A language is hence a basic
instrument for each subject to gain knowledge about the real world. Language has in this
case immense impact on a subject’s perceptional processes. It defines the very basic
perception and differentiation system. Shared language means shared
conceptualizations about the real world among the members of a particular linguistic community.
By designing but especially using certain language(s), the (researching) subject has
great influence within the process of gaining knowledge. Thirdly, an extensive
discussion on conceptual modelling in the move of information systems can be found in
the literature [
13
]. Thus, in the move of the consensus-oriented approach, two distinct
languages come into play: particular conceptual modelling languages as well as
natural languages. Following Tarski [
12
] the creation of the linguistic community takes
place on two levels. On the first level (here named T* object language) conceptual
model statements are expressed. For instance, using Entity Relationship Models
(ERM) members of the linguistic community have to agree upon the term ‘entity
type’; in the case of Event Driven Process Chains (EPC) they have to agree upon the
term ‘event’. Moreover, a distinction between a) the language of model instances and
b) the language of the modeling method and technique has to be made. On the second
level (here named T* meta language) members of the community have to agree on a
language which facilitates them to debate about the truth and nontruth of the
statements represented in a model (including for instance German or English). In the next
step, the meta language T* is used to discuss the modeling system which is
formulated on the first level using the T* object language until a consensus of a group of
experts is achieved. Afterwards, the results can be evaluated within the scope of the
interpersonal verification [
3
], [
4
]. The formalized linguistic statements contained in a
conceptual model are logically decomposed (deduction) until they are accessible as
elemental statements for purposes of truth verification. This takes place by means of a
group of experts who obtain a consensus. The main instruments are observation,
experiments, interviewing and the interpretation of texts [
3
]. The validity of
statements in the model can be confirmed, for example, in the case of business specific
models, with a single case. In case of a pattern or reference model, however, the
generalized abstraction of different individual verifications (induction) is necessary.
Here, research methods such as field experiments, surveys, case studies or action
research can be applied. Based on these results a revision of the conceptual model is
required.
Elements of the consensus-oriented approach
Furthermore, the consensus-oriented approach takes the following epistemological
positions: Where does cognition derive from? (Source of the cognition capability).
Both empirical statements [
4
] and a priori statements can be made, which may form
the basis of conceptual models. Conceptual modeling therefore derives its results via
theoretical reflection of the model contents, as well as from the implementation of the
model in information systems and through observation. How does cognition emerge?
(Methodological aspect). Conceptual models are one form of artefacts of a formalized
language and can contain both empirical and a priori knowledge. Inductive, deductive
as well as hermeneutic conclusions can be accessed firstly in the context of the model
creation and secondly in the context of truth verification.
The information models developed contain formalized linguistic statements to be
tested for validity in combination with additional (empirical) research methods. This
is done through members of a linguistic community in order to obtain consensus.
Therefore, elements of the semantic theory of truth and the consensus theory of truth
are considered and used.
IS research takes place in a multi-disciplinary and international context. As a
consequence, the IS field can be described as a rich tapestry of different
methodological approaches. Underlying assumption often vary fundamentally. Thus, we
analyzed the epistemological assumptions to the consensus-oriented interpretivist
approach to conceptual modeling. Interdependencies between distinct epistemological
theories, namely the semantic theory of truth and the consensus theory of truth, have
been discussed intensively. For future research, the discussion of interdependencies
between certain epistemological questions and answers has to be carried out in
greater extend. Here, a differentiation of distinct types of relations/interdependences –
such as ‘logically necessary’, ‘product of the historical philosophical debate’ or ‘can
be found in most dominant epistemological paradigms’ – can be very helpful.