=Paper= {{Paper |id=Vol-1364/paper8 |storemode=property |title=SemanticHPST: Applying Semantic Web Principles and Technologies to the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology |pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1364/paper8.pdf |volume=Vol-1364 |dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/esws/BruneauGGLL15 }} ==SemanticHPST: Applying Semantic Web Principles and Technologies to the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology== https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1364/paper8.pdf

SemanticHPST: Applying Semantic Web
Principles and Technologies to the History and
Philosophy of Science and Technology

Olivier Bruneau1 , Serge Garlatti2 , Muriel Guedj3 ,
Sylvain Laubé4 , and Jean Lieber5
1
University of Lorraine, LHSP-AHP, 91 avenue de la Libération, BP 454, F-54001
Nancy cedex, France
2
Telecom-Bretagne, LabSTICC, CS 83818, F-29238 Brest Cedex 3, France
3
University of Montpellier 2, LIRDEF, 2 place Marcel Godechot, BP 4152, F-34092
Montpellier Cedex 5, France
4
University of Bretagne Occidentale, Centre François Viète (EA 1161), 20, rue
Duquesne, CS 98 837, F-29 238 Brest Cedex 3, France
5
University of Lorraine, LORIA, Campus scientifique, BP 239, F-54506
Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France

Abstract SemanticHPST is a project in which interacts ICT (especially
Semantic Web) with history and philosophy of science and technology
(HPST). Main difficulties in HPST are the large diversity of sources and
points of view and a large volume of data. So, HPST scholars need to
use new tools devoted to digital humanities based on semantic web. To
ensure a certain level of genericity, this project is initially based on three
sub-projects: the first one to the port-arsenal of Brest, the second one is
dedicated to the correspondence of Henri Poincaré and the third one to
the concept of energy. The aim of this paper is to present the project,
its issues and goals and the first results and objectives in the field of
harvesting distributed corpora, in advanced search in HPST corpora.
Finally, we want to point out some issues about epistemological aspects
about this project.
Keywords: HPST (history and philosophy of science and technology),
modern history, Semantic web, RDFS annotations, HPST ontologies,
exact search, approximate search, harvesting distributed corpora,
epistemology

1 Introduction
The application of computer science to research in history has existed for a long
time [1],[2] though it can be noticed that the recent research domain of “Digital
Humanities” (DH) is growing as result of a digital “revolution” at work that im-
pacts the whole society at the international level. In France, tools and utilities
dedicated to DH like the very large facility Huma-Num (http://www.huma-
num.fr) have been created in order to favor “the coordination of the collective
production of corpora of sources (scientific recommendations, technological best

65
practices).” It also provides research teams in the human and social sciences
with a range of utilities to facilitate the processing, access, storage and inter-
operability of various types of digital data.” The Dacos and Mounier report [3]
shows that the French research is active, however the authors recommend the
creation of “Centers of Digital Humanities”. The research network Semantic-
HPST is based on a strong coupling of laboratories in History and Philosophy
of Science and Technology (HPST) and in Computer Science (LHSP–AHP, LO-
RIA in Nancy) and (CFV, LabSTIIC in Brest) with research questions about
the use of semantic web for HPST. The SemanticHPST project takes part in the
emerging issues at the French and international levels in the domain of HPST.1
Actually, the Semantic Web technology appears as efficient in order to generate
tools adapted to the need of production and diffusion of distributed “intelligent
digital” corpus in history [4].The objectives of the project are: (i) to integrate
the existing technologies to manipulate digital contents of large volume by mod-
eling knowledge as ontologies (annotation, request) for History and Philosophy
of Science and Technology; (ii) to extent these technologies. The goal of this pa-
per is to present the SemanticHPST project: its history, its objectives, the first
results according to the information retrieval aspect and some epistemological
issues. Because the methods in History of science and Technology are covering
some elements of others domains in humanities (for example in history or in
archeology), another goal of the SemanticHPST group is to share questions and
results with the scientific community.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the main goals of the
SemanticHPST project and its three French HPST sub-projects for which se-
mantic web technologies are useful. Section 3 presents some requirements and
corresponding tools supporting different resource retrieval processes according to
the researchers’ practices. Section 4 presents some issues from an epistemological
viewpoint. Section 5 concludes the paper.

2 The SemanticHPST Project

In November 2010, the main topic of a European workshop was the uses of ICT
and history of science and technology in education.2 To improve research in
HPST on one hand, and to promote dissemination of the HPST in the field of
education on the other hand, some participants were convinced by the necessity
to use new ICT tools [6], [7], [8], [9].

1
See the 18th session organised by some authors of this paper during the last
meeting of SFHST (French society for history of science and technology), April
2014 (http://sfhst2014lyon.sciencesconf.org/resource/page/id/5), and the last meet-
ing of the international consortium DigitalHPS at Nancy, September 2014,
(http://dhps2014.sciencesconf.org).
2
After this workshop, an extensive book written by participants and others has been
published in 2012 [5].

66
In 2012, some historians of science and technology and computer scientists
have created a consortium called SemanticHPST.3
The main goal of SemanticHPST project is to enrich the practices of re-
searchers and communities in HPST. According to the specificity of the practice
as historians of science, three main issues were tackled:
1. The management of large quantities of data especially for the most recent
periods (xixth , xxth centuries up to the present day). Knowing that the
historical approach involves to integrate relevant elements from the context
of production of these data into metadata.
2. The heterogeneity of sources and corpora constituted from these sources.
3. The production of new relevant digital corpora from several available digital
historical collections.
To address our main goal and the three previous issues, our project is based on
the Semantic Web principles and technologies. Thus, it has three main sub-goals:
(i) Building intelligent digital corpora, that is to say corpora with primary and
secondary sources having semantic metadata and their corresponding ontologies;
(ii) Designing tools to access and enrich existing corpora and to create new ones;
(iii) Evaluating the resulting practices and building an epistemological viewpoint
about the use of TIC in HPST.
To achieve these goals, it is necessary to ensure a certain level of genericity
for metadata, ontology, computer-based tools and practices.
To deal with genericity and the diversity of sources, the project is applied in
three different use cases or sub-projects with the aim to cover different methods
and approaches that are typical in the domain of HPST. Those approaches are
covering only partially the methods used in history and archaeology. These sub-
projects are described in the following paragraph.

2.1 The port-arsenal of Brest
This sub-project takes part in the research programs “History of marine science
and technology” and “Digital Humanities for History of Science and Technology”
developed in Brest in the Centre F. Viète. One topic concerns the comprehension
of the scientific and technological evolution of the port-arsenal in Brest (France)
on a large period (xviith to xxth century) with a methodological approach con-
sidering this military-industrial complex dedicated to shipbuilding as a large
technological system [10]. The objectives are:
1. To compose and publish a digital library (based on semantic web) about the
material culture of the port-arsenal of Brest associated to several projects
3
Participants at this consortium came initially from LaB-STICC (Telecom Bretagne,
Brest), Centre François Viète (University of Brest), LIRDEF (University of Mont-
pellier), LHSP-Archives Poincaré (University of Lorraine, Nancy) and later LORIA
(University of Lorraine, Nancy). During the years 2012-2014, the INSHS (a French
national institute of human and social sciences), the national network of Maisons
des Sciences de l’Homme and University of Lorraine supported this consortium.

67
about 3D replications of artifacts and to cultural mediations dedicated to
science and technology heritage.
2. To develop digital tools (based on semantic web) dedicated to a comparative
history of science and technology of the port on a large area and a large
period (since ancient times until now).

The hypothesis is to consider the large technological system of the port-
arsenal as a large spatiotemporal and multi-scale artifact which is possible to
decompose in elements of smaller scale (which are also artifacts) like industrial
workshops, shipbuilding areas, storage areas, etc. Each of these elements are
themselves composed by elements/artifact of smaller scale. The system has to
be seen as the sum of all these artifacts and of all the relationships between them.
The research in Brest [11], [12] has shown the interest to propose an historical
evolution model of the port (inspired by works in geography [13]) where “sim-
ple” artifact like cranes, quays, dry docks are efficient indicators to characterize
the cycle of evolution of the port-arsenal during a large period. This method is
used in a comparative research [14] between Brest (France) and Mar del Plata
(Argentine) in a thesis in progress by B. Rohou (directed by S. Garlatti and S.
Laubé).4 From these works, the contribution in the SemanticHPST group is to
produce a methodology and a knowledge model efficient to produce a generic on-
tology where an artifact is a material object (made by human beings) associated
to a “life cycle” with at least three steps:

1 design and construction of the artifact;
2 the artifact in use;
3 the disappearance of the artifact.

That “life cycle” involves the elaboration of fives categories of entities: time
entities, actors (individuals or social groups), concepts/theories, location and
artifacts. The analysis of the important ontology in the domain of cultural her-
itage named CIDOC-CRM (that “provides definitions and a formal structure for
describing the implicit and explicit concepts and relationships used in cultural
heritage documentation”)5 shows that this ontology could be a first reference
to help and build our own ontologies because some concepts and relationships
about “temporal entities” and “actors” can be reused. But if the concept of
“Thing” exists in the CIDOC-CRM, we consider that the concept of “Artifact”
and the associated relationships have to be elaborated first from our historical
model and by considering of course the possibility of equivalent concepts in the
CIDOC-CRM. A work is in progress in Brest about this topic from concrete ex-
amples of artifact as crane, quays and seawalls. A second step will be to examine
others methods to produce ontologies well-adapted to our HPST problems in
the domain of marine history [15].
This work is coupled with examples of typical requests (when and where
were positioned all the cranes in the port of Brest since 1650 until 1970? In the
4
See http://brmdp.hypotheses.org/.
5
http://www.cidoc-crm.org/.

68
port of Mar del Plata? Which firms were in charge of the construction of the
quays/cranes in the port of Brest since 1800 until 1900? What are the engine
power of all cranes in the world since 1850 until 1970? Etc.).

2.2 Henri Poincaré’s correspondence
The platform Henri Poincaré papers. In 1992, the laboratory of history of
science and philosophy Archives Henri Poincaré was created to promote Henri
Poincaré’s manuscripts and to publish his correspondence. For more than 20
years, this long-term project has produced three volumes of letters: the first
one is devoted to the Poincaré - Mittag-Leffler letters [16], the second one is on
the correspondence with physicists, chemists and engineers [17], the third one is
with astronomers and, in particular, geodesists [18]. Two other volumes are in
preparation, one devoted to the letters from or of mathematicians and the other
one consists of administrative and personnal correspondences.6
The corpus consists of more than 2000 letters, 1046 sent by Henri Poincaré
and 949 received by him.7 All known letters are digitalized8 and around 50%
of them are in plain text (in LATEX and XML versions). Lots of letters contain
mathematical and physical formulae. In Henri Poincaré Papers website,9 the
correspondence is available. In this platform, each known letter is indexed with
Dublin Core extended metadata.10 This enables to query the corpus by e.g.

Q1 = “Letters sent by Henri Poincaré in 1885”
Q2 = “Letters received by Eugénie Launois between 1882 and 1894”

There is also the possibility of plain text search for the letters already tran-
scribed.

Towards more HPST-adapted search. Now, consider the following queries:

Q3 = “Letters from an astronomer”
Q4 = “Letters in reply to a letter of Mittag-Leffler”
Q5 = “Letters about the n-body problem”
Q6 = “Letters of the late xixth century”

These queries cannot be executed in the current platform. They require addi-
tional data and knowledge:
6
This correspondence is partly online http://henripoincarepapers.univ-lorraine.fr.
7
About 50% of this letters are with scientists. Original letters come from 63 different
archive centers and libraries from 14 countries.
8
Due to copyright laws, some are not available online.
9
http://henripoincarepapers.univ-lorraine.fr.
10
It exists different projects devoted to scientific correspondences for example the
CKCC project (http://ckcc.huygens.knaw.nl) [19] or Mapping the Republic of Let-
ters (http://republicofletters.stanford.edu).

69
– Q3 requires to know that an individual is an astronomer, possibly using
deduction (for instance, Rodolphe Radau was a geodesist and every geodesist
is an astronomer).
– Q4 requires to know relationships between letters (including lost letters).
– Q5 requires semantic annotations about the content of the letters (Poincaré
worked on the three-boby problem).
– Q6 raises the problem of modeling “late xixth century”: the boundaries of
interval of time are imprecise.
The possibility to take into account such queries using semantic web princi-
ples and technologies, are examined in the SemanticHPST consortium.

2.3 The concept of energy
One part of the SemanticHPST project is dedicated to the concept of energy.
Our aim is to create an ontology of energy for researchers working in the field
of HPST as well as for science teachers.
For researchers, the ontology aims at making available a methodical body
of knowledge that allows previously unseen connections to be made. For exam-
ple, correspondence between two authors or the presence of a specific term or
concept in a text will allow researchers to put forward hypotheses regarding the
emergence of an idea or the cross-fertilization of ideas.
For teachers, the ontology aims at acting as a resource, allowing educators
to find historical information relevant to school curricula as well as ideas for
specific activities to carry out in the classroom.
The content consists of reference texts in the field of HPST, contemporary
scientific texts and a database of historic scientific instruments and documents.
This content is currently being selected and developed and will be enhanced as
the research progresses.
To date, the following three steps have been undertaken on the project:
– The first step was to identify the presumed ways the ontology will be used,
for example, the type of requests that a researcher or teacher might make in
a search. To this end, one ‘persona’ for a researcher and one for a teacher
have been created. Analyzing the theoretical queries from these two personas
helps in the selection of a relevant body of work and is also a useful guide
for indexing.
– The second step was to begin indexing the reference texts. Duhem, Poincaré,
Mach and Meyerson have been selected for a first approach in order to pro-
duce keywords and common references and to outline an embryonic model.
Using the shared scientific knowledge of the physicists involved in the project,
a sort of ‘cloud’ of concepts related to describing energy was defined and
classified. These elements led to the structure of an initial mind map.
– Finally, based on this mind map (created with Docear), we used Protégé
software to create a first draft overview of the project. The next steps require
documenting these three steps in detail to refine the data and then build the
ontology.

70
During the stages of the project carried out so far, various problems have been
identified that must be resolved. One of the main problems concerns the modeling
of time. How can an event be modeled? Moreover, how can knowledge be modeled
in a way that avoids immobilizing the knowledge? How should knowledge be
contextualized? What approach should be adopted when modeling concerns a
concept or an object? How can a coherent and logical body of content be created
and how can its coherence be assessed? It is clear that the question of time as
well as how to approach the treatment of objects and works are issues to be
investigated in the semanticHPST project.

3 The SemanticHPST tools and requirements

According to the three described sub-projects, the main goals of researchers in
HPST are to access and retrieve relevant resources in existing primary and sec-
ondary sources or corpora, to produce new resources in existing corpora, to enrich
existing digital corpora or to create new ones, for answering research questions
in the history of science and technology. Existing digital corpora come from li-
braries, information holdings, digital libraries or others like Gallica (http://galli-
ca.bnf.fr), Internet Archive (http://archive.org), Google Books (http://books.g-
oogle.com), etc., and CMS (Content Management System) (blogs, wikis, Drupal,
Omeka, etc. more generally social media tools) have been used by the com-
munity11 and digital AHP (http://www.ahp-numerique.fr/). Some heritage and
bibliographic resources have already been described by several institutions, asso-
ciations and/or project (BNF, Gallica, British Museum, Europeana, Amsterdam
Museum, LODLAM, ...). The creation of new corpora or resources can be made
on social media tools distributed on Internet (as well as other digital corpora).
The design of tools for HPST researchers has to integrate and/or aggregate
the existing heterogeneous tools and to ensure interoperability among them.
Thus, the goal is not to build a single new environment, but to design a plat-
form which integrates existing tools selected for their relevance according to the
practices of researchers and provide an agile architecture able to model and/or
support the processes involved in the research work and enrichment.
This platform will be mainly based on the Semantic Web and Linked Data
approaches (RDF Triple Store, ontologies, OWL 2, RDFS, SPARQL, etc.). Nev-
ertheless, the platform will also provide access to non-semantic resources. A
network of ontologies dedicated to HPST will be designed to meet the inter-
operability and open access requirements for corpora. Some existing ontolo-
gies and standards will be reused and integrated in the ontology network, like
CIDOC-CRM, FRBRoo, FRSAD, Dublin Core, etc. and those available at LOV
(http://lov.okfn.org/dataset/lov/).
In this paper, we focus our attention on the resource retrieval problem that
we can divide into two different aspects : advanced search in HPST corpora and
harvesting distributed corpora. The former focuses on advanced search function-
11
The alambic numérique (http://alambic.hypotheses.org/4924) is based on Omeka.

71
alities in a single corpus. The latter studies the resource retrieval on distributed
corpora. These two aspects will be integrated.

3.1 Advanced search in HPST corpora
In order to perform advanced searches in a HPST corpus, we have to build
intelligent digital corpus: corpus with primary and secondary sources having
semantic metadata (RDF Triples) and their corresponding ontologies using a
fragment of OWL (actually, RDFS will be sufficient for the following examples).
These ontologies are domain ontologies related to the corpus. A domain ontology
for Henri Poincaré letters has already been designed. Finally, some tools will have
to be developed for answering some of the queries.
This section presents the advanced search using the query examples Q3 -Q6
introduced in Section 2.2.
Q3 requires some additional data and knowledge to get satisfactory answers,
as stated in Section 2.2. In particular, if the annotation file contains the following
RDFS triples:
(letter1 isSentBy rodolphe radau)
(rodolphe radau rdf:type Geodesist)
(Geodesist rdfs:subClassOf Astronomer)
then the execution of the following SPARQL query on an engine supporting
RDFS
Q3 = select ?` where {?` isSentBy ?a . ?a rdf:type Astronomer}
will return letter1.
Q4 , similarly, can be answered by a SPARQL engine supporting RDFS with
the following query:

?` isAnAnswerTo ?`2 .
Q4 = select ?` where
?`2 isSentBy mittag-leffler
It can be noticed that this query can give a letter of the corpus that answers a
lost letter: the missing letter cannot be found, but its answer can.
Q5 , for being executed, requires the use of annotations about the scientific
content of the letter:

?` hasForTopic ?t .
Q5 = select ?` where
?t rdf:type N-body-problem
The n-body problem is a topic having sub-topics, in particular, the 3-body prob-
lem is a problem more specific than the n-body problem. For this reason, we have
chosen to model these two problems by two classes, the former being more gen-
eral than the latter. Therefore, a letter of the corpus about the 3-body problem
will be returned by the execution of this query.12
12
We could also have chosen to model the 3-body problem as an instance of the n-
body problem, but first, it is more homogeneous to consider every topic as a class,

72
Q6 can be modeled by a SPARQL query based on the assumption that “the
late xixth century” corresponds to the interval 1881 − 1900:

?` sentDuringYear ?y .
Q6 = select ?` where
filter(?y >= 1881 && ?y <= 1900)

However, this solution is debatable: the modeling of the fuzzy period of time by
a crisp interval raises the problem of the choice of the boundaries. Indeed, some
events before 1881 or after 1900 can be considered by historians to be related to
the end of the xixth century. In order to address this issue, some approximate
search is planned. How to put this idea in practice is an ongoing work.

3.2 Harvesting distributed corpora

Harvesting distributed corpora at semantic level (according to Linked Data prin-
ciples) require to solve two different problems. The first one is to queries several
triple store by means of federated queries to linked distributed sources. The
second one is to get RDF triples from social media tools.
Most of social media applications are data silos. In other words, data are
unavailable on the web. Only people may have access to data, not computers.
Reuse and exchange of data among social media tools are only possible by means
of API – that is to say manually by mean of one API per tool. Some social media
tools like Drupal, Semantic media wiki may have their own triple store exposing
data to others.
A toolkit, called SMOOPLE for Semantic Massive Open Online Pervasive
Learning Environment, has been designed to solve these two problems. It was
firstly dedicated to the technology-enhanced learning domain [20]. The core part
of the toolkit can be reused for HPST. It fulfills the needs of researchers in
HPST, that is to say it enables us to federate distributed sources and tools.
SMOOPLE has semantic services which are in charge of managing incor-
porated semantic models, extracting and storing the data produced on social
media tools, making and answering to semantic queries against one or several
distributed sources (federated queries). The Semantic Web server (semantic ser-
vices) is based on Jena 2. When the social media tools do not have a triple
store and a SPARQL endpoint, content and corresponding semantic metadata
can be extracted on the fly from social media applications, by means of plugin
(similar to sioc export) and stored in a RDF repository. Several light ontologies
(SIOC, FOAF, DC, RDF, RDFS, etc.) are used to acquire semantic metadata
automatically. It will be necessary to define the interlinkage among distributed
sources (triple stores) to support federated queries.

second, this way, it is always possible to consider a more specific topic, e.g., the
restricted 3-body problem for which the mass of one of the 3 bodies in considered
to be negligible.

73
4 Epistemological aspects
An aim of the SemanticHPST project is to focus on the epistemological issues
raised by the development of these new tools based on semantic web. This work
in progress takes part to epistemological questions in the domain of Digital Hu-
manities.13 A first series of questions concerns the modeling of knowledge, the
main step in building ontologies so that researchers can easily identify and ap-
prehend knowledge. Therefore the creation of effective ontologies requires defin-
ing concepts and elucidating certain tacit or implicit knowledge. So the initial
questions are: How to approach these definitions? How to ensure that indexing
does not immobilize knowledge? How can the modeling anticipate how it will
be used in order to ensure that the knowledge generated is contextualized to
avoid anachronism and misinterpretation? Moreover, the wide range of works
in the collection, including texts (manuscripts, books, letters, web pages), mul-
timedia documents, 3D archaeological or historical objects and media from a
variety of sources (photographs, original texts, maps, etc.), necessitate different
approaches. This raises the question: How to approach a photograph, a scientific
instrument or a text and still obtain a unified ontology? How can the modeling
enable relationships between objects yet avoid the pitfalls described above?
In the field of HPST, the issue of modeling time is central and particularly
tricky. Modeling a long period of time, an event, a succession of events or events
that are juxtaposed requires making decisions that should be taken collectively.
Indeed, this emerging issue is shared by historians [23], [24], [25] and should serve
to feed into theoretical discussions between researchers from different disciplines.
A second series of questions concerns the researcher’s environment, which
has significantly changed with the rise of digitized data. Whatever the works
considered or their origin (libraries, archives, etc.), the massive volume of data,
its diversity and location are all part of this change. Yet this radical shift is
not exclusively the result of the accumulation of a large amount of data. The
fact that data can be ‘analyzed as well as communicated, represented, reused –
in short, mobilized for research – in a quantity and with an ease incomparable
with previous periods’ [3] is a major transformation that needs to be taken into
account. This raises new questions for researchers:
– How does one build and define a body of content that is coherent and com-
plete? Whereas ‘traditional’ methods created collections using identified,
bounded, localized archives, with the question of consistency limited in most
cases to the cross-fertilization of archives as regards the historical context,
the accessibility of multiple documents today requires a reexamination of
the very concept of a collection of works.
– How does one evaluate a body of work; in other words, how does one recog-
nize its relevance?
– In this context, the type of source and its references must be specified. Does
the wide range of sources used require more refined classification than the
13
See thematical issue “la numérisation du patrimoine” of [21] or the issue “Le métier
d’historien à l’ère numérique : nouveaux outils, nouvelle épistémologie ?” of [22].

74
standard usage of primary and secondary sources? Would a new typology be
pertinent given this broad diversity? Should the references to these sources,
particularly information concerning digital archives, lead to new codification
that allows, for example, multiple identifications for the considered source,
improving its accessibility?

5 Conclusion
The aim of this proposal is to contribute to the development of the research in
the domain of digital humanities. Based on the Semantic Web principles and
technologies, the SemanticHPST group proposes new methodologies in History
and Philosophy of Science and Technology in the framework of a strong collab-
oration between labs working in the area of computer science and humanities
(here HPST). The main goal is to enrich the practices of researcher and commu-
nities in HPST as well in science and technology heritage. To deal with such a
goal, the project has to: i) Build intelligent digital corpora, that is to say corpora
with primary and secondary sources having semantic metadata and their corre-
sponding ontologies; ii) Design tools to access and enrich existing corpora and
to create new ones; iii) Evaluate the resulting evolution of practices in historical
science and build an epistemological viewpoint about the impact of new tools
and practices in humanities based on knowledge modeling and semantic web.
Another important issue is to deal with the reuse of intelligent digital corpora.
Thus, it is necessary to build representations of the entities, people and processes
involved in producing the digital corpora. The “PROV Model Primer” from W3C
(http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-primer/) can be used to address this issue.

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