OCCIware - A Formal and Tooled Framework for Managing Everything as a Service

Abstract

The OCCIware project aims at building a comprehensive, coherent while modular model-driven toolchain for managing any kinds of cloud resources, especially Data Center as a Service, Deployment as a Service, Big Data as a Service, and Linked Open Data as a Service. Leveraging the Open Cloud Computing Interface (OCCI) and its core model, the OCCIware toolchain applies a model-driven engineering approach based on a formal model of cloud resources and systems. This approach allows for better modularity, clear separation between functional (cloud resources) and non-functional concerns (security, scalability, reliability, etc.). The project brings together ten French partners - academics, SMEs, associations - and is supervised by a Strategic Orientation Committee of eleven top industrial and academic experts. The OCCIware project has been selected by French Ministry of Industry and funded by French Banque Publique d'Investissement (BPI).

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Support: Five French competitive clusters supporting the project (Systematic,

Minalogic, PICOM, Images & Reseaux, Solutions Communicantes Securisees). Strategic Orientation Committee: The complete list of members is available at http://www.occiware.org/bin/view/About/Strategic_Orientation_ Committee Open Source Software Resources: https://github.com/occiware

Project Overview

Objectives

While cloud computing has become a reality in most IT domains, migrating existing software to the cloud or developing new innovative added-value cloud resources still require important R&D e orts. Indeed, cloud computing is plagued by heavy partitioning between cloud layers, technical implementations and business domains. For instance, while actual as well as \de facto" market standards have appeared in cloud computing, they are still tied to a particular layer: infrastructure (IaaS), platform (PaaS) or application (SaaS) [ 22 ] - actually mostly IaaS, and hardly SaaS.

The aim of the FSN Investissements d'Avenir (Cloud & Big Data 4) OCCIware project is to lower cloud computing adoption costs and break up barriers between its various layers, implementations, domains, by bringing to Open Cloud Computing Interface (OCCI) from Open Grid Forum (OGF) the power of formal methods, model driven engineering (MDE), and [e-mail], in order to design, model, analyse, simulate, develop, deploy and execute every cloud computing resource as a service.

The OCCIware project aims at providing a comprehensive, coherent while modular model-driven toolchain for managing any kinds of cloud resources, especially Data Center as a Service, Deployment as a Service, Big Data as a Service, and Linked Open Data as a Service. By using a simple resource-oriented metamodel, the OCCIware toolchain will allow to address any kind of resource-based software, drastically reducing development time by using [e-mail] approach [ 16 ] and/or code generation while improving overall quality and nonfunctional aspects of developed software, thanks to the separation of concerns.

Technically, the OCCIware toolchain is extending the Open Cloud Computing Interface from Open Grid Forum, by turning its core model [24] into a formal resource-oriented meta-model and designing new models addressing different domains. It also provides an Eclipse engineering framework for designing, testing and simulating cloud resources. Finally, the OCCIware toolchain includes a generic runtime for executing such designed cloud resources. In its architecture, the runtime implements the separation of concerns allowed by the meta-model, bringing security, reliability and scalability at no cost to developers of cloud resources.

The OCCIware project will be showcased in four demonstrators targetting Data Center as a Service, Deployment as a Service, Big Data as a Service, and Linked Data as a Service. The OCCIware project will be disseminated through Open Source communities (OW2 Consortium, Eclipse Foundation) and standardization bodies (OGF, DMTF) with help from eleven top international industrial and academic experts of the OCCIware's Strategic Orientation Committee. 2.2

Innovations Beyond the State of the Art

Formal methods have been used succesfully in a large variety of domains like processor checking, embedded and critical systems. Aeolus ANR [ 13 ] and Mancoosi FP7 [ 21 ] projects have delivered the most comprehensive formal model of complex distributed systems. Their project leader is a member of the Strategic Orientation Committee. The OCCIware project aims at describing these models thanks to a single formal meta-model. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, formal methods have not been used in the domain of cloud computing. The OCCIware project aims at proposing the rst formal model for designing and analysing every kind of cloud-based resource-oriented systems.

This formal model will be based on the rst-order relational logic and will be encoded with the Alloy lightweight speci cation language de ned by Pr. Daniel Jackson from MIT [ 20 ]. Thanks to Alloy Analyser [ 14 ], we will analyse both the OCCIware meta-model and models of cloud resources in order to check their consistency, verify their properties and generate model instances automatically.

Several research projects such as FP7 REMICS [ 9 ], FP7 MODAClouds [ 3 ], FP7 SeaClouds [ 10 ], FP7 PaaSage [ 8 ], SINTEF CloudML [ 1 ], Eclipse Winery [ 12 ], StratusML [ 11 ], to cite a few, tackled the provisioning and deployment of multi-cloud applications on existing IaaS and/or PaaS resources through a model-driven engineering approach. These work do not tackle the design and execution of new kinds of cloud resources. Unlike the OCCIware project aims at providing a model-driven engineering approach to manage every kind of cloud computing resources.

Several cloud computing standards already exist. The DMTF's Open Virtualization Format (OVF) standard de nes a standard packaging format for portable virtual machine images. The DTMF's Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface (CIMI) standard de nes a RESTful API for managing IaaS resources only [ 19 ]. The OASIS's Cloud Application Management for Platforms (CAMP) standard targets the deployment of cloud applications on top of PaaS resources [ 4 ]. The OASIS's Topology and Orchestration Speci cation for Cloud Applications (TOSCA) standard de nes a language to describe and package cloud application artifacts and deploy them on IaaS and PaaS resources [ 5 ]. The Eclipse Winery project provides an open source Eclipse-based graphical modelling tool for TOSCA [ 12 ] when the OpenTOSCA project provides an open source container for deploying TOSCA-based applications [ 7 ] [ 15 ]. The FP7 SeaClouds project [ 10 ] is based on both OASIS's CAMP and TOSCA standards. The OGF's Open Cloud Computing Interface (OCCI) recommendations [25] propose a generic resource-oriented model [24] for managing any kind of cloud resources, including IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. Both OVF and OCCI address orthogonal concerns and then are complementary. OCCI is concurrent to CIMI because both address IaaS resource management but OCCI is more general purpose as it can be used also for any kind of PaaS and SaaS resources. CAMP and TOSCA can use OCCI-based IaaS/PaaS resources, so these standards are complementary. The

OCCIware project is based on and extending the OCCI recommendations.

The FUI CompatibleOne [ 18 ] [27] and FP7 Contrail [ 2 ] projects have used OCCI recommendations for addressing cloud services interoperability and some partners of the OCCIware project were already involved in these projects. While these two projects have successfully achieved their functional goals, the lack of formal OCCI speci cations prevents them to be easily extensible and limits the automation of their implementations. Turning the OCCI core model into a formal meta-model then designing a set of standard models out of it is one objective of the OCCIware project. The OCCIware project will provide a formal

OCCI model supported by a model-driven toolchain facilitating the design, development, and execution of any kind of OCCI-based cloud resources. 2.3

OCCIware User Story

The OCCIware project outcomes can be illustrated through the following user story. Let a fully resource-oriented application \BeRest". It consumes the following resources through REST web services: compute and storage (IaaS), train and ight timetables (Linked Open Data) and personal calendars (SaaS). It provides the following service as resources: travel booking.

Thanks to our formal meta-model and its associated domain-speci c language (see Section 3.1), the speci cations of resources, including requirements and produced services can be expressed in an homogeneous way and can be veri ed at design time.

The OCCIware engineering studio (see Section 3.2) provides both Eclipsebased graphical modeler and textual editor to modelize cloud resources of this application. These tools are then able to expose the application's cloud resources through di erent points of view, adapted to each actor: { architects for designing the application, { developers for mapping the design onto implementation, { CIO for evaluating overall foreseen infrastructure cost.

Finally, the OCCIware runtime (see Section 3.3) is able to execute the application, ie mapping resources onto existing services (e.g. Amazon EC2 for infrastructure resources) and exposing \BeRest" services as OCCI resources. OCCIware studio tools will be able to con gure the runtime for existing features and/or generating extensions through well-known extension points, for handling new features. 3

Project Organization and Outcomes

The OCCIware project has been split up to six work packages: { Transversal activities: Management (WP1) and Communication and Dissemination (WP6), { Technical work packages: Foundations (WP2), Eclipse toolchain (WP3), and Runtime (WP4), { Use Cases and Demonstrators (WP5).

In addition to internal steering committee, a Strategic Orientation Committee has been set up to monitor the adequacy of OCCIware strategy with industrial needs and scienti c rapidly evolving state-of-the-art. 3.1

WP2 - Foundations

Theorical foundations of the project will produce scienti c and formal tools, starting from the OCCI Core Speci cation. The following outcomes are expected.

The global technical architecture of the project results in a precise de

scription of components and interfaces between the components developed in the project. It is planned to update this document with regard to feedback provided when implementing this architecture.

The OCCI formal model is a formalization of OCCI Core Model. The result is a proven meta-model and a set of constraints on this meta-model. This metamodel will be encoded with Alloy.

An OCCI dedicated language will be developed to express both static and dynamic aspects of the OCCIware models. It may be used for describing resources, manipulate them and simulate interactions between them. Various OCCI resource models will be developed to address all OCCIware use-case requirements, as well as non-functional aspects of the runtime. 3.2

WP3 - Eclipse Toolchain

The Eclipse-based toolchain must help application developers but also CIOs to embrace the resource-oriented paradigm. The Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF) is particularly suited for producing this kind of tools. The Obeo partner, as a recognized Eclipse expert and active member of the Eclipse community, will lead these tasks.

First, the OCCI meta-model will be translated into an Ecore meta-model. Eclipse tools will be leveraged to produce a text editor for the dedicated OCCI language implemented on top of Eclipse XText4. As the toolchain is dedicated not only to developers but also architects, a graphical modeler will be designed and developed on top of Eclipse Sirius5. A model-driven simulator will then be developed on top of CloudSim6 [ 17 ]. The link between the modeling environment and executed applications will be implemented with various code generators or connectors. Generators will generate runtime artifacts like code, con guration les, etc. Connectors will implement the causal link between models and running cloud resources, making OCCIware [e-mail] a reality. Finally, a decision-support tool will be developed to help evaluating the transition from legacy applications to cloud resource-based approach. 3.3

WP4 - Runtime Support

Leveraging the model-driven engineering approach, an execution platform will be able to interpret OCCI models at runtime, providing developers with nonfunctional aspects in the most transparent and e cient way. While developers can easily model their core business, turning these models into cloud resourcebased applications requires a lot more skills due to non-functional aspects: scalable deployment, security, fault-tolerance, etc. Built on top of a kernel able to interpret OCCI models, connectors to existing cloud management interfaces will be developed for monitoring, supervision and distributed deployment. A webbased administration console for OCCI resources is also expected. 3.4

WP5 - Demonstrators and Use-Cases

Four use cases will be developed in the OCCIware project with the objectives of (1) providing requirements to technical work packages, (2) validating the outcomes of the latter and (3) demonstrating the use of the OCCIware toolchain in real industrial environments. The following use cases have been de ned: Datacenter as a Service will demonstrate the use of OCCIware for datacenter management (IaaS) ; Deploy@OCCIware will o er interoperability layer above existing deployment and monitoring solutions ; 4 https://eclipse.org/Xtext/ 5 https://eclipse.org/sirius/ 6 http://www.cloudbus.org/cloudsim/ BigData and HPC will use OCCIware to propose scienti c applications execution environment as a service ; LinkedData as a Service will demonstrate the use of OCCIware tools for open linked data based applications. 4

Dissemination and Exploitation

Standardization of methodologies, languages and tools dedicated to resourceoriented software development is the objective of the OCCIware project. Their adoption by targeted audiences will then be a key indicator of the project success. A particular e ort has been planned for disseminating technical and scienti c results to following targeted communities: { Scienti c communities through publications in top journals and conferences. Our precise metamodel for Open Cloud Computing Interface is already published in [ 23 ]. { Industrial communities will be addressed through industrial events and business clusters. { All technical outcomes will be published under open source license and then proposed to most appropriate Open Source communities (OW2, Eclipse, etc.). Our open source erocci generic OCCI [e-mail] is already available at [26]. { Finally, a close relation with OGF Standards De nition Organization has been established since the beginning of the project while connections with DMTF and OASIS organizations also exist with the project organization, through OW2 partner and Strategic Orientation Committee members.

Exploitation of the results by partners di ers by their really business: { Service providers (Scalair, P^ole Numerique) intend to improve their audience by providing services of high quality, accessible through standard technologies at a lower cost, challenging big actors in their respective market. { Integrators and software editors (Linagora, Open Wide, ActiveEon, Obeo) will bene t from automated development toolchain for integrating at limited cost resource-oriented approach to their existing applications, enabling the access to the huge PaaS and SaaS market. { Research institutions will bene t from the project by establishing their expertise in the rst ever formal framework dedicated to the everything-asa-service paradigm. 5

Conclusion

As the huge majority of software industry is moving toward a fully resourceoriented delivery model, it is time to o er developers a comprehensive toolchain leveraging this convergence to lower development costs and increase the overall quality of resource-oriented applications. The OCCIware project aims at building this toolchain by bringing together existing technological and scienti c tools usually promoted in separated communities: formal methods, model-driven engineering, meta-models, [e-mail], REST architecture style, devops practices. The added value of the project being measurable through its adoption by software developers and scienti cs, a particular e ort is put to disseminate the OCCI meta-model, models and associated tooling to scienti c and industrial communities, but also open source and standardization organizations. 24. Nyren, R., Edmonds, A., Papaspyrou, A., Metsch, T.: Open Cloud Computing Interface { Core. Speci cation Document GFD-P-R.183, Open Grid Forum, OCCIWG (Apr 2011), errata update available at http://redmine.ogf.org/projects/ occi-wg/repository/show?rev=core-errata 25. OCCI-WG: OCCI Working Group Web Site, http://occi-wg.org/ 26. Parpaillon, J.: Erocci Web Site, http:///erocci.ow2.org/ 27. Yangui, S., Marshall, I.J., Laisne, J.P., Tata, S.: CompatibleOne: The Open Source Cloud Broker. Journal of Grid Computing 12(1), 1{17 (2013)

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