Perspectives in Applied Cognition Chairperson Boris M. Velichkovsky Department of Neurocognitive and Social Sciences, Kurchatov Research Centre, Moscow, Russian Federation velich@applied-cognition.org Discussant Neil Charness Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA charness@psy.fsu.edu Speakers Matthias Rauterberg Industrial Design Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Einndhoven, The Netherlands G.W.M.Rauterberg@tue.nl José J. Cañas Cognitive Ergonomics Group, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain delagado@ugr.es Sebastian Pannasch Applied Cognitive Research Unit, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany sebastian.pannasch@tu-dresden.de Thierry Baccino Cognitions Humaine et Artificielle, Université Paris 8, St Denis, France tbaccino@gmail.com Joachim Paul Hasebrook zeb-business.school, Steinbeis University Berlin, Berlin, Germany JHasebrook@zeb-bs.de “The proof of the pudding is in the eating”. This symposium Embodied cognition: How to design from a shows how results of cognitive studies could be “eaten” in phenomenological perspective? practice. The goal of basic cognitive research is the elucidation of cognitive-affective processes and their Matthias Rauterberg functional architecture at different levels of biological and social organization. On the material from several domains, In this presentation, I will address three different concepts: such as perception, attention, memory and communication, cognitive science (in particular embodied cognition), one can demonstrate that every scientifically established fact phenomenology, and design. Each of them has their own about cognitive organization has a number of practical scientific and historical roots. I will argue that the future of consequences. Up to 10 new and emerging directions in design - conscious and responsible design in particular - can development of cognitive technologies are currently known. only be based on a ‘being in the world’ perspective. Starting The list starts with attention sensitive interfaces and ends with the body as the prime reference in contact with our with applications of recent studies on neuroimaging and environment the notion of embodied cognition is essential. molecular psychology. This symposium simultaneously The design of interactive systems, which link the users with refuses the old opinion on applied research as a kind of their environment, has to mediate between the users’ body “second-hand” science. Real world applications often and the intended service. Phenomenology is an alternative demand a deeper analysis and a broader synthesis with position to establish the ontological foundation for interaction existing practices than this is common in established areas of design and to overcome the restricted self-view of modern basis research. Usually, there are also tighter requirements to science. Thoroughness into this world is the basic assumption the reliability of methods in applied context particularly on which any (interaction) design starts from a first person related to human health and well-being. In other words, one view to preserve or if necessary to change our environment in needs better methods as well as more and not less “science” a conscious and responsible manner. The idea of a third in applied cognitive research which will be demonstrated on person view (also called ‘God’s eye view’) is critiqued as a several examples provided by the speakers of this myth. Taking this position has a strong influence on the symposium. process and outcome of any design. I will try to resolve the old problem of direct access to nature versus access only through a conceptual layer by providing two main arguments: 8 (1.) humans are social creatures and have to communicate current mode of processing. Furthermore, I will discuss how with each other; this communication can only be done the knowledge about the mechanisms of eye movement through a representational layer; (2.) this representational control can be related to areas of application. Using the layer is our only way to capture our environment, and this direction of the eye gaze in virtual environments can improve can only be done through a first person perspective. the quality of interaction. Therefore, it should be considered in the design of attention-centered interfaces. In driving, where responses to hazardous events are required, the The energetic metaphor of the mind functioning analysis of eye movements can help to develop attention- reconsidered sensitive assistance systems. Using gaze as input to control of communication interfaces can provide essential support for José J. Cañas specific groups of patients (e.g. patients suffering from locked-in syndrome). The variety of possible applications Cognitive Science and the disciplines that have formed it makes it necessary to develop new forms of eye-tracking have been dominated by an assumption which is also devices which are more flexible and less obtrusive. common to all life sciences: human beings, their physical and mental functions, work thanks to the use of energy. This assumption is derived from the metaphor of the human of the Reading on screens: Constraints on the visual system human being as a machine driven by energy. Does anyone today would question that much of accidents and human Thierry Baccino & Simone Benedetto errors that cause them are due to fatigue? And is it not true that fatigue could be explained by the depletion of some sort The mass digitization of books is changing the way of mental or physiological energy? Perhaps, the most information is created, disseminated and displayed and the important example of the importance of this assumption is question of interest for psychologists is to know what are the the enormous relevance that numerous Theories of Resources effects of digital devices on reading behaviors. The paper will currently have. However, all the theories are only hypothesis. present two potential sources of disruption in reading: 1) It may be a high time to reconsider the traditional assumption visual fatigue may be induced by backlit displays (television, of the use of energy as the basis of human performance. The computer screens, tablets, etc.), 2) comprehension may main reason to abandon this assumption is that it has little decrease with some modes of reading (Spritz mode) present predictive value. Empirical data show that the physical laws on small displays. For visual fatigue, the paper will present of energy are not always followed by human mind and brain two experiments in which participants performed a processes. For example, energy should be depleted over time, longitudinal study comparing prolonged reading with two last however, this is not always the case in human behavior and generation e-readers (LCD, E-ink) and paper book. Results sometime we are forced to add some extra assumptions in from both objective (Blinks per second) and subjective order to explain the good task performance when it should (Visual Fatigue Scale) measures suggested that reading on worsened by a presumable lack of energy. In this the LCD (Kindle Fire HD) triggers higher visual fatigue with presentation, some empirical evidence will be presented that respect to both the E-ink (Kindle Paperwhite) and the paper challenge the energy metaphor of the human cognitive book. The absence of differences between E-ink and paper functioning as if it would be a machine driven by some kind suggests that, concerning visual fatigue, the E-ink is indeed of energy. very similar to the paper. For comprehension, we compared traditional reading (i.e. left-to-right, top-to-bottom) with a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) application (named Mechanisms of human eye movements and their Spritz) that is available on smartphones. This reading mode significance for applied cognitive research has received a lot of media attention. RSVP consists of displaying in sequential order one or more words at a time, Sebastian Pannasch thus minimizing saccades and eye blinks. According to Spritz's developers, the elimination of saccades should reduce Human eye movements are essential for visual perception. visual fatigue and improve comprehension. In this study, we During fixations, information is extracted from the had people read on a computer screen a selected part of a environment and internally processed. Since highest visual book either with Spritz or in the traditional way. Results acuity is limited to the small foveal region, fast saccadic seem to contradict these claims. The fact that Spritz movements are required to redirect the foveal region from suppresses parafoveal processing and regressions (i.e. re- one fixation point to another. Analyzing fixation durations readings of words) negatively affected literal comprehension. and saccade amplitudes during everyday activities allows Furthermore, the important reduction of eye blinks observed understanding what details of the environment receive for Spritz might contribute to the increase of visual fatigue. attention. With a combined analysis of fixations and saccades it can be determined how such details were processed. I will discuss three recent findings. A direct relation seems to exist between patterns of eye movements and modes of attentional processing. Sudden events profoundly prolong the ongoing fixation. In the case of visual distractions, the strength of this fixation prolongation can be used as a probe to identify the 9 Why do (not enough) health care professionals work in hospitals? A cross-method analysis of employee retention and productivity in hospitals Joachim P. Hasebrook & Jürgen Hinkelmann (University Hospital Münster, Germany) Almost all European countries suffer from a dramatic shortage of health professionals, now and in the future. The European Commission estimates the gap in supply of human resources in public health domain by 2020 to be approximately 1,000,000 health workers. This means that almost 15% of the care for the EU population will not be covered. In order to optimize the organization of work for improved lifetime work perspectives, to provide a structured medical specialist training and life-long qualification possibilities for attractive careers, we recently launched the research project “FacharztPlus” in German university hospitals (medical specialist plus; see www.facharztplus.info). The first step of the project was to find reasons why medical specialists love or leave their work in hospitals. The analyses of the results of online employee surveys conducted by hospitals showed no specific reasons for leave or retention and were not sensitive to HR measures, such as improved absence planning or integration after parental leaves. Consequently, we tested a variety of questioning techniques including free and structured interviews, semantic differentials, Repertory Grids, and instruments from market research, such as Net Promoter Score (NPS). We compared the outcomes of the different techniques with regard to employee retention factors and HR measures. As a result of this project step, we developed a free survey package for hospitals which combines different psychometric techniques as well as hospital specific benchmarks. A special survey package has been launched in order to assess employee satisfaction and retention in all German university hospitals. 10