=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1442/paper_15
|storemode=property
|title=Supporting FrameNet Project with Semantic Web Technologies
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1442/paper_15.pdf
|volume=Vol-1442
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/ontobras/HauckVCTMD15
}}
==Supporting FrameNet Project with Semantic Web Technologies==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1442/paper_15.pdf
Supporting FrameNet Project
with Semantic Web technologies
Paulo Hauck1, Regina Braga1, Fernanda Campos1, Tiago Torrent2, Ely Matos2,
José Maria N. David1
1
Pós Graduação em Ciência da Computação
2
Projeto FrameNet Brasil – Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF)
Campus Universitário s/n – Juiz de Fora – MG – Brazil
{paulo.hauck, regina.braga, fernanda.campos, tiago.torrent, jose.david,
ely.matos}@ufjf.edu.br
Abstract. FrameNet Project is being developed by ICSI at Berkeley, with the goal
of documenting the English language lexicon based on Frame Semantics. For
Brazilian Portuguese, the FrameNet-Br Project, hosted at UFJF, follows the same
theoretical and methodological perspective. This work presents a service-based
infrastructure that combines Semantic Web technologies with FrameNet-like
databases, by considering the hypothesis that the application of technologies such
as ontologies, linked data, and web services can contribute to build and reuse
lexical resources based on Frame Semantics. The contributions are related to
enriched semantics, data reliability and natural language processing.
1. Introduction
FrameNet is a lexicography project under development at the International Computer
Science Institute (ICSI) with the goal of documenting the English language lexicon based
on the concepts from Frame Semantics in [FILLMORE, 1982]. The FrameNet-Br Project is
derived from FrameNet, and focuses on the documentation of linguistic frames in Brazilian
Portuguese [SALOMÃO, 2011].
There are several works related to the FrameNet Project. Some of them aim to
improve data reusability by using technologies that facilitate the reuse of the information
contained in the FrameNet database. Among these technologies, one of the most prominent
is related to the Semantic Web. The use of Semantic Web technologies emphasizes
characteristics such as reuse and acquisition of new knowledge. In the FrameNet context,
the Semantic Web can improve the use of lexical data because (i) the formalism provided
by ontologies allows formal detailing and definition of shared concepts and the use of
inference machines for data validation and implicit information discovery; (ii) the linked
data can promote greater integration of FrameNet data with other information bases, like
DBPedia and GeoNames and (iii) Web Services allow the integration of tools,
independently of both programming languages and operational systems.
On the other hand, the interface between lexical resources and ontologies, the
OntoLex Interface [Huang et al, 2010], has been recently explored with the aims of
understanding how the associations between lexical and formal semantics can contribute to
the improvement of machine reading, an activity that is key to data mining, automatic
translation and text summarization.
This paper presents a service-based infrastructure, named FSI (FrameNet Semantic
Infrastructure), which combines Semantic Web technologies and FrameNet structure and
data. Therefore, this work is related to the benefits that can be obtained with the application
of Semantic Web technologies in the context of FrameNet, both in the documentation
process and in frame-based searches.
The main objective is to build an infrastructure based on Semantic Web concepts to
support the development of FrameNet-like resources, as well as their use and applications.
This infrastructure aims to provide two interactive interfaces, one focused on the interaction
with other software tools, through a service layer, and another one to support direct user
interaction. It allows the maintenance of data, also taking advantage of the benefits of using
ontologies for this task.
The specific goals, derived from the main objective are: (i) to provide greater
formalism to the FrameNet data, by using ontologies to describe their structures; (ii) to
promote the use of FrameNet data by external tools through Web Services; (iii) to provide
tools that help in frame documentation and also in sentence annotation; (iv) to reduce the
probability of human errors during sentence annotation, using validations based on
inference machines; and (v) to provide the user with a new experience on querying
FrameNet data, by using linked data and, hence, enabling the discovery of new information.
These goals are fully explored by Hauck [2014]. This article particularly focuses on goals
(i), (ii) and (v).
This paper is organized into the following sections, besides this introduction.
Section 2 briefly presents the main concepts related to frames and the FrameNet Project.
Section 3 discusses related work. Section 4 presents the FSI infrastructure and a case study.
Finally, section 5 presents the conclusions.
2. Frame Semantics and FrameNet
Frame Semantics proposes that human knowledge is not composed of isolated pieces of
information, but is rather based on a set of related concepts. This knowledge is specified in
complex structures, called frames. These frames constitute a complex system of related
concepts so that in order to understand one of them it is necessary to understand the
structure in which the entire frame fits [FILLMORE, 1982].
FrameNet [RUPPENHOFER et al, 2011] is a lexical resource for the English
language, based on the theory of Frame Semantics. As a lexical resource, it focuses on
lexical units, concepts or scenes evoked by theses units (represented by frames), and
relations among these frames. The whole project can be seen as an information base, used
successfully in applications such as information extraction, machine translation and valence
dictionaries. It is also being expanded to other languages such as German1, Japanese2,
1
http://www.laits.utexas.edu/gframenet/
2
http://jfn.st.hc.keio.ac.jp/
French3 and Spanish4. A version for Brazilian Portuguese has also been developed, called
FrameNet-Br [SALOMÃO et al., 2013].
A frame is a structure composed of Frame Elements (FE), which are the participants
and props of the scene described by the frame. If a scene is expressed by a sentence, it is
said that a specific word in the sentence is the "target", which evokes the frame. Each part
of the sentence that is part of the syntactic locality of the target word expresses a Frame
Element. The process of defining which part corresponds to each Frame Element is called
"annotation" and is, together with frame creation, the main task involved in FrameNet
development. According to Ruppenhofer et al. [2010], there are factors that call for the
creation of a new frame, such as differences in perspective, variation in the argument
structure, causative-inchoative alternation and ontological distinction of FEs. In order to
assist the latter factor, FrameNet adopted the definition of Semantic Types for some FEs.
The Semantic Type assigned to a FE aims to indicate the type of filler expected to that FE
and, on an annotated sentence, one can expect the filler of a FE to be a instance of the
assigned Semantic Type.
3. Related Works
Some previous works were discussed during FSI specification, including the use of
ontologies to formalize the structure of frames and their relationships [MOREIRA, 2012]
[NUZOLESE et al, 2011] [SCHEFFCZYK et al., 2008]; the construction of a service-
oriented infrastructure combined with a formal model for the description of their data
[VEGI et al, 2011; 2012]; and the development of a tool to support the documentation of
frames and the annotation of sentences [LEENOI, 2011].
Scheffczyk et al. [2008] proposes the construction of ontologies in OWL-DL from
the transcription of information expressed by FrameNet frames. The ontologies are used to
formally describe the structure of a frame. FSI is also based on the idea of creating an
ontology to formalize the structure of the frames and their relations, in order to obtain a
higher level of data reliability, and to allow other tools to take advantage of these data,
considering their formalism. However, we aim to increase the use of ontologies, not only
validating the structure of a frame, but also the relationship with other frames and also
between FEs. To tackle this issue, we consider that the semantic definition of frames points
out that a frame also depends on its relations with other frames, and not only on its
components such as FEs and Lexical Units (LU).
In Nuzolese et al. [2011], data from FrameNet were semi-automatically transformed
into linked data, using ontologies. According to the authors, this transformation enables
greater data integration with other related databases. Similarly to Nuzolese et al. [2011],
FSI also uses linked data. However, FSI uses a vocabulary already available in FSI,
provided from the data integration, from annotated sentences with data and from other
related databases. The advantage of FSI in this case, besides the expressive power of
ontologies to define the formal vocabulary of these data, is also in the use of domain
3
https://sites.google.com/site/anrasfalda/
4
http://sfn.uab.es:8080/SFN/
ontologies to allow greater expressiveness, as well as the use of external resources
connected through linked data, forming a richer knowledge network.
Moreira [2012] revisits some of the limitations that Ovchinnikova el al. [2010] had
already pointed out in FrameNet, such as low lexical coverage, incompleteness of the
network of relations, inconsistencies in the sets of inherited properties, lack of
axiomatization, as well as the fact that FrameNet poses no explicit distinction between roles
and types, an important feature for ontologies. Moreira [2012] then proposes that elements
of FrameNet structure be formalized so as to avoid mistakes in using them. FSI extends
Moreira’s [2012] work, by creating an ontology for those elements and also for the data
derived from annotation.
Considering the proposal of Leenoi et al. [2011], ontologies were used to formalize
part of the data from Thai FrameNet, and they also built tools to support the documentation
of frames and the annotation of sentences. For FSI, we also developed tools to support the
documentation of frames and the annotation of sentences. Our major differential is that we
use semantic information to assist the user in documentation and annotation, ensuring
greater data reliability, since, by using inference techniques, the ontology allows the user to
notice data inconsistencies.
Vegi et al. [2012] propose an infrastructure for managing and sharing design
patterns using metadata descriptions based on a formal vocabulary, and a communication
interface to be used by external tools. As Vegi et al. [2012], in FSI formal vocabularies for
data representation were created, but with greater expressiveness, by the use of OWL and
SWRL rules. In addition, FSI also uses the SOA protocol, thereby promoting greater
availability for integration with other tools.
4. FrameNet Semantic Infrastructure
In this section, we present the FSI architecture. FSI is based on SOA principles, and uses
Semantic Web concepts together with FrameNet data in order to contribute to the
maintenance of FrameNet and the applicability of these data to other activities related to
NLP (Natural Language Processing).
Two ontologies were created for FSI implementation: i) FrameNet metadata
ontology, named ONTO-FRAME-BR, which semantically describes the data structure that
makes up the frames and the semantic relations between them, and ii) ONTO-
ANNOTATION-BR, to cover sentence annotation.
FSI aims to reuse existent domain ontologies, which serve as a source for definition
of the Semantic Type of Frame Elements. This provides a semantic expressiveness to the
fragments of the scene referenced by each Frame Element. The linked data approach
[BERNERS-LEE et al, 2001] is also exploited by FSI, for connecting each fragment of a
scene, represented by an FE, to a Web resource, so it is possible to get new information
from these resources.
4.1 Ontologies
The Copa 2014 FrameNet Brasil Project (COPA2014) [TORRENT et al., 2014] is a frame-
based domain specific trilingual electronic dictionary built to be used by tourists, journalists
and the staff involved in the organization of the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil.
COPA2014 uses the whole FrameNet infrastructure. We used COPA2014 as a basis to
implement and validate FSI. The domain ontologies used for this validation were the
PROTON ontology [TERZIEV et al., 2005], which covers various domains but details the
tourism domain in depth, and the SWAN Soccer Ontology [MÖLLER, 2004] that covers
the soccer domain.
The Onto-Frame-BR aims to provide a semantic basis for the data and metadata. It
makes FrameNet data readable by computer engines through the formalism imposed by the
ontology. It also contributes to data reliability, since the ontology ensures the semantic
validity of the data. To build this ontology, we carried out a reverse engineering process in
the COPA2014 project database. The entities that compose the database model, strictly
related to the representation of the Frame, were initially mapped as ontology classes. Each
relationship between these entities was mapped as object properties. Next, it was necessary
to refine the ontology, according to the FrameNet documentation [RUPPENHOFFER et al.,
2010]. The first step was to define existential and universal restrictions of classes, in order
to validate individuals based on the minimum requirements for their existence. As an
example, Figure 1 shows the restrictions for the ontological class FrameElement.
Figure 1: Classes and Restrictions in Protège.
The next step was the separation between frame-to-frame relations and frame
internal relations, since in the COPA2014 database, they were grouped together. This
separation was made in order to avoid that relations were assigned incorrectly, and also to
ensure that the semantic definition of these relations be consistent with that by
Ruppenhoffer et al. [2010]. However, some semantic definitions could not be fully
specified using only OWL. Thus, SWRL rules were used with the aim of either classifying
individuals or identifying implicit relationships that would not be possible only by using
OWL.
Figure 3: Rule to verify the
inheritance of causative
frame.
Figure 2: Perspective_on restrictions.
Ruppenhoffer et al. [2010] and Leenoi et al. [2011] describe seven possible frame-
to-frame relations and their restrictions. Considering this documentation and in order to
adequately represent the structure of FrameNet, the semantics of these relations were
defined in FSI. To help in the identification of frames that violate these or any other
restrictions defined by SWRL rules, we created a InvalidFrame class for those
individuals. As an example of one of relations defined in the ontology, we have the
Perspective_on relation, which is described as a relation between a neutral frame and
another non-neutral frame. This relation occurs when a neutral frame can adopt more than
one viewpoint. Thus, FEs may vary according to the viewpoint adopted, and the two or
more viewpoints can not coexist in the same frame. To explain this restriction, an
equivalent property of this relation in the ontology was described as non-reflective, without
the need to create SWRL rules (Figure 2).
As an example of SWRL rules creation, we have the Causative_of and
Inchoative_of relations. Causative frames should inherit from the
Transitive_action frame, while Inchoative frames should inherit from Event,
State or Gradable_attributes frames. As shown in Figure 3, the rule for the
relation Causative_Of checks whether that frame is defined as causative of another
frame, and also inherits from a frame that has a different name than
Transitive_action, so, the rule classifies the target frame from the
Causative_of relation, in an Invalid_Frame class.
Similarly to the frame-to-frame relations, Ruppenhoffer et al. [2010] and Leenoi et
al. [2011] also describe possible relations between FEs inside the same frame. In order to
support these relations, semantic descriptions in the ontology were also specified. In Figure
4, we can see a summary of all SWRL rules created to support frame internal relations.
Figure 4: SWRL rules.
As a result of this process, the Onto-Frame-BR was specified. This ontology differs
from the ontologies defined in Leenoi et al. [2011], Nuzolese et al. [2011 ] and Scheffczyk
et al. [2008], especially considering the detailed semantics of the relations between frames
and between FEs. In Nuzolese et al. [2011] and Scheffczyk et al. [2008] these relations are
not expressed or are expressed only as part of the vocabulary without restrictions or rules to
validate them. Only in Lenoi et al. [2011] the relations between frames are discussed. But
the authors do not make clear if they were treated in the ontology or were only informed.
Furthermore, the authors provide no means to obtain or reproduce the ontology.
A partial view of Onto-Frame-BR, presenting its main classes and relations, is
shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Onto-Frame-BR main classes and relations.
The Onto-Annotation-BR ontology was also developed with the aim of completing
the Onto-Frame-BR ontology, covering the semantic annotation, i.e., defining the
participation of fragments as FEs and identifying the frame. This ontology allows the
representation of annotated sentences carried out in the project. In order to validate the
semantics of annotations, two SWRL rules were created, as well as a
InvalidAnnotatedSentence class for classifying sentences with invalid
annotations. Therefore, a way to validate the semantics of annotations was created, using
the two (Onto-Frame-BR and Onto-Annotation-BR) ontologies defined in this work.
Furthermore, from the annotated sentences fragments identified in these ontologies, it is
possible to associate external linked data resources. These ontologies can be obtained in
http://www.ufjf.br/framenetbr-eng/projects/fsi/.
4.2 Architecture
Figure 6 shows an overview of the infrastructure with its main components. FSI is divided
into three layers: i) Data Layer, where data processed by the infrastructure, such as
ontologies, linked data resources, services annotations and access control information, are
stored; ii) Service Layer, whose purpose is to provide an interface to external software
tools (developed in any programming language); and iii) the Portal, where an interface is
provided. This paper focuses on the description of the Service Layer.
Figure 6: FSI main components.
As stated before, FSI uses a set of ontologies to provide a formal structure and
semantics for the data stored in the infrastructure. These ontologies include ONTO-
FRAME-BR and ONTO-ANNOTATION-BR, described in section 4.1. The other
ontologies are related to the domains that are represented by the frames stored in the
database. These domain ontologies allow the definition of semantic restriction on the FEs in
a way that makes it possible to evaluate if the annotations respects the semantics of the
frame that is evoked. For example, in Figure 7, considering the soccer domain, we have the
representation of the frame Play, in which their FE Squads, Squad1 and Squad2 are
related to the ontological type Squad, which was defined in the Soccer domain ontology.
This ontology also defines a restriction where instances of this FE may also be instances of
the term Country described in the ontology. The same holds for the FE Host. However,
in this case, City and Country are both ontological types that can be accepted as an
instance of this FE.
For the representation of the fragments that instantiate the FEs, we used linked data
sources [Berners-Lee et al, 2001]. Thus, each fragment is connected to at least one term,
from an external database, providing more information based on the navigation between
these connections. In Figure 8, an example of this approach is presented, considering the
annotation "The Brazilian Team faces the USA in Toronto". Where parts of annotations,
such as "The Brazilian Team" and "The USA" are connected by an equivalence relation
using a linked data external dataset that represents these teams. Based on these resources,
we can get new information from the semantic network that is formed by linked data sets.
As an example, we can get the name of the coach or even the names of the players of these
teams, taking advantage of the links to external sources.
Figure 7: Use of Domain ontologies to restrict the semantic type of FEs.
Figure 8: Fragments of annotations using linked data.
The FSI functionalities are available through services, based on SOA architecture.
Therefore, four services were developed with the aim of providing a communication
interface for external tools: i) Access Service: controls the external tools accessing FSI
functionalities, avoiding changes in the ontology data; ii) Visualization Service:
responsible for several data formats that can be provided by the ontology, including the
visualization of frames and their structures; iii) Ontology and Linked Data Service:
responsible for providing an interface to access and modify the ontology data. This service
is the most important feature of FSI. It has several methods to obtain FrameNet elements
like frames, LUs (lexical units), sentences and annotations. iv) Discovery Service:
responsible for providing information about services and their methods, including semantic
annotations.
4.3. Usage Scenario
In this section we present a usage scenario considering how the interface provided by the
Service Layer can be used in NLP activities by external tools.
To illustrate this scenario, we used the Cadmos tool (Character-centered Annotation
of Dramatic Media Objects) [CATALDI et al., 2011]. It is a framework to support the
annotation of multimedia resources based on the use of ontologies and on the identification
of scenes.
During the description of a scene, terms and expressions with ambiguous meanings
and different interpretation possibilities may appear. To tackle this issue, Cadmos provides
a disambiguation process that uses various lexical resources, including FrameNet and
WordNet. In Cadmos, the generated annotations are stored in RDF triples and associated to
ontologies for domain delimitation. Since WordNet and FrameNet are supported for scene
identification, FSI may be used in the frame disambiguation process, as shown in Figure 9.
One of the advantages of using FSI in this context is the use of semantic information that
can be obtained from FEs, since these elements may be assigned to the domain ontology,
making possible to better identify the context in which the frame can be applied. In
addition, it could also be possible to take advantage of FrameNet annotation data, stored in
FSI, which are associated with external linked data sources. These connections can enrich
the media annotations, for example, by assigning an annotated sentence element from
FrameNet to a Cadmos annotation element.
Figure 9: Terms Disambiguation Figure 10: Service Flow Execution in
process in Cadmos with order to obtain FSI frames
FSI frames data. and FEs data.
Figure 10 details the interaction flow between Cadmos and the methods of the
ontology and linked data service of FSI to obtain the frames and their FEs data in the
disambiguation process.
5. Conclusions
Several authors have been contributing to improve the access to lexical resources such as
FrameNet, as well as their use in different applications and the sharing of related
information. Those efforts benefit from Semantic Web technologies, such as ontologies and
linked data. These technologies, applied to FrameNet, can provide formalization of frame
structure using both formal vocabularies and ontological classes.
This work follows this approach by combining: i) the use of ontologies that describe
the structure of frames and semantic relations between these frames associated with the use
of domain ontologies for semantic constraints of FEs; ii) the use of linked data to enrich the
annotation of sentences; and iii) the access to data through a Service Layer that enables the
integration of FSI with other services and applications.
The main contributions of the work are: i) the construction of an infrastructure,
based on Semantic Web and SOA technologies, to foster the access to lexical resources and
to promote more reliability to the documentation of frames and annotation of sentences; ii)
the construction of ONTO-FRAME-BR, which formally represent the frame structure and
deals with the semantics of the relations between frames and between their elements,
supporting the frame documentation process and providing the user with evidence of
possible errors; iii) the construction of ONTO-ANNOTATION-BR, which helps structure
the process of sentence annotation so that sentence fragments can be both related to FEs
documented in ONTO-FRAME-BR and used as linked data; iv) the possibility of using
domain ontologies to relate external linked data resources to fragments of annotated
sentences.
Some limitations may also be highlighted, both related to the technology and to the
scope adopted. Among them, we list: i) the limitations of OWL and SWRL to treat
inheritance relations between frames; ii) the fact that only the semantic aspects of sentence
annotation were accounted for in FSI. .
Despite these points to be improved, we believe that the work achieved its
objectives by providing an infrastructure that contributes to FrameNet both in regards to
maintenance issues and to the offering of semantic information that can be used by external
users and tools.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thanks FAPEMIG, CNPq and CAPES for their support.
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