HOXDE Y S KVDPH HKYD QE OR SGL J LV R SUWXVD . OHGQJ Z WDOLQ OHGQJRNZ SXGRFWVHU QLWR WEX WHVD
JUHLVD )Y$/Q6W (7&25$*,1
DUK2&L RPW s s a a n n t t a a f f e e c c o o n n i i c c e e t t . .
g g o o v v . .
a a r r SUHVQ WK H ROXYLQ H WK UODLR V Q EH W Z SR O L KQ Z HUFRVWDL Q I K S \ NOG Z J R)U LV W HD USR OIXZ W R V S X UW D OHG RQ. JZ 0 D WDHLQY G LQDO XYV VRXKOG
EHWQ Z H WRLQSDKPZUJ] HG OR16WSVU$DZ KFLQI\J FLDO HQV WKZ G DOUMXVR 6FL HW1 Z ,Q UHFW G D V $16 K E HFRP D OUI\ WVL b s t r a c t . OHGQJRNZ A SQDLHVRFP Z G\W )R U OD YHV GF QWRL]UJ L HJWVUD WR QJDH P OHGQJRNZ LWK Z UGHRLFVY\K 7 SXWDOQ P H Y LWF OHGQJRNZ LV OR\FHV GWL R K HW 6RLDOUNFVWZQH1 $\ E X S I R O W HQ0JPD 0. HDLYQ W QXVLTH WK LQZ 0. SVURHF WK H LV RWLFOHQ G QD SVWLRUH E OHPU GKVD E \ R WK WK LV UHS D WR H]QD O\ RJ W Q HUN Z O IX V W0VUX.DOHLGFQJ$1RNKZ6 I QHWJPD X OSUWLFD QODLRVUH K e y w o r d s I N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I O
N Q R ES OURHP I GWD QVHLWDY K 7 LD P R I V N - URXDO Q I 6FL W H GDQ R V Q RVIDUWH Z FL8Q G D RFV L DOLQV \$ O $ GHY O DHWVLRLHVQPGYWKDWZ FLT Q X D Y RQF XED G Q OLFWHGKP Z R D GHUQDLYW \ VHVUYX\ G XVWU\ HV I LDOZK L Q EH SURYRHGVFDO FRWGXQ 7UHDW QULNOIZV X RUI SWLHVOHWVTKXLRDUGQ FQ \ RU NZ EHVP ¶ DF WK LH P GDQ RIU GLHVVDQL]WRRKWWKKDQUIJ GLW KOFUHIZ V LWHUDFDUQRHGVDW K WRVH WK VGD QLF \P V K Z RSGHQNRQUIRFHVX DE]WWRDQUXJO HV K N DLQWHUDFVR DV K QH Z D P Q\ DO R Z GDW GDQ K LWVRX F P OH J QZ DQR0.IL\WHUYOGS K ZPV FGWUXRDLVSQVHRQHGV 7H WK K W]HGRGOODQQJUYESJ\D PN IUZ R L S HV NHQORJIV 16ZZ$OD U \ HGH6FWLI RIQ WKLV WK WH USLQWDRUJHVQ D 6 1 L$Y . 0 H6FWLRQ WH ULQDRJ SFROWLUHVQGDX I K J HW Q RZVUN HULIJQ D
ODQV \L I WUDFLQ VR HWRQU Z N HR+U Y Z GSVLW K FQ J RI H UNZV D WK 16 $ D K HVR+U Y Z G H P SRLUWQ F VEX D ULHWY \ R 16 $ WHF QVLTKX RHI WK EDLV F STUX
RNOQHG JZ Z RI SLUHYXV N Z ODWG R 0. HWVR DQLPUJ KOG NZ SUR HGV DHPJ QW ERWK DWHU LQO LH VRU FDQO W SJP H LUQRY PW F ODE ILWH U
D V RUI R+ H UZY GXHQWDLVJ FR OHWLQ I H PWQ GHY WOR QSP DS OLFWRQ I LH OGV FX Q J S RLH P RI WHF K UHFR P SURFHV DS KLVJ Q LWHO QDFX FLWDO H K QZ D PJ UWLOHVDQ P KS REG IF 7 RHUIK LW V RWQ USXVL J D WK HU LV URJ Z J LQ D G ] O \ YLQV X H R EDUK LV XQ > @ OV XQI HV XOQI UHFQRLWJ 16 $ WHFKLTXQV 16 $ VDR LWX Q LV FO GLXJ OHD RNOHQG JZ D RDWUI LQP UHODWLRV QKS EHW Z LV I
T
E
G
R
A
T
I O
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
R W OHG JZ 3 HX' WR K DG YF QH P I W L JQ P HFKTX V HU OD \ RQGHV GDQ FROPQ\ XHGV UI R Q GHWFL OYV K GFRL SHURVQ LW KZ H[ W 7 U K DH R W Z L Q P DS URFK H WK DVUF RI Q P W K DUH L GFWRQ \ > @ SVDWHUQ R H WK FR Q GD HFVW Q UX WR L VWHUQ GD OLJXQWFV HU D VOX \ E LW DHVG F XVK D UHTI Q \ R W [ D G S LQV WH K [ D QHGRWLIP V1 6NX> @ RQ.OHG JZ RLOYHGQ LQ RDUJL]W Q O GDLQRV P WR LQUHSKJX VOG NZ F P \ W R DOSVHFLI\ HGV X E \ D GDR L PQ GD R OHQG NZ J OHG J LWRFODV I Q FDQ EH RSUHO\ FR PQ FRHSQWV DUH RGHO P E\ D UHQDOJ RGHO P E \ DLQ WRHOJ V G FS DUHK E UHODWLRVSEQKF Z G I JP V$ LW DV Z LG Q H6FWLR WLV K RU NZ FXIHV R Q W HU OD \ 7R FDU \ WRX H K GLVJQ D GWORHYQSP I W DV K EHQ S OLG JX H21 7 W ONR LV K SDUFX HGX WR 21Q > @ DV K EHQ XOF I \ GV WR LOEX DL VGQRP ES\H OW K U YZ FNJX I LQ HSORP W \ > @ LQ HGFDWRX > @ LQ UWRVXP > @ H21Q FD EH DG S WH WR HUV X HGQV ROYHGLQ GORHYSLQJ WRO J\ H QU V NZ R)OLJ Q TFWHQRVL\X K> @ UO J UR(Q &VSX > @ LV XHG DV RWLQUI P FHVX WR WRLHVOQJ 7 KU( R&VSX FWDL Q HV DJ P WRUDOLHVKI X QF G Y'S HV OLQ GD RU Z 7 V K F SX FR UVSIX HDLO E PY\ W HRV P HWRQU Z N FODV LIHG K
N
O
W L
E
D
G
E
L
A
Y
E
R D
E
S
I G
N . 1 WLV K DWLQIRUP VS XRUW WR GHO P RUI P D HWLFVQ P RUI J K RNOHQG Z EM F GDW RHELQ W K UR(Q & VSX , WHU P R I FVS USRJHGX W LQ K OI ZJ GDRVP Q ( HU \ LF Y HWDJQ P UV LF Y D G Q UH*O DWSRVFQLI 7 H K ODV DUWKHFR Q IP LVYS \ HQ PWG L :2 / S WDLFRXPO QH V GDLR Q P E \ RWK ( URQ D G Q HLU WK UHQ*DO SRX "LVFH LV QK"WFYHRU\
RUN Z GDQ FWH V L Y T X$ WH K ELJ QX\GD V O R I SU FW URI P FHSQWV HWRDKQ OVJE\GYS URHJXSV Z LGIQ H OFWU L \ D G Q H PJ ( URQOLH2 R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d
I n t e n d e d u s e r s / u s e s i d e n i e d .'TSWQXFLUORHV*DI\([P 4 "VSRG LIOWKHDU : O"V ZS QR ( WKHDU : O" ZS YVLXUHQWKFDR : S\ GXLITOV PR WKHDU : SRHW& FPQ \ TXLV U Z HGDQ E \ SRLHUIQJP D VSX E \ V XLQJ XDSWR $ P HLU WK VDQZ FWLJRX UHTI Q \ R H WK LU RFXQ UHSWG VQLRK OJ\NE D PZ F I SUR HWLV OD5 SQK SD FR QP\ SHURVQ HUWK LQV SUR HWLV .
.LD' UH±P\WR*JOQ2 h a s
GDQ y e e S a l e s
S FRHSQW L WK Z u p p l i e r S a C le o s n t m o e n r GDQ t FRHSQW V G LJ WD K H SORP V\ DU LV D r e R e p o r t
Cont mp an r y c t FR HSQW
GRHQLUPIWKXJS V O S KDWLRV Q FH WUD(G[ V HP U Z RDO I\ P FHSWDV LUE XG QOR WH[ L PJQ RI WH K U(Q R& 7 HUP r k e t
P e r s o n G a e l UHSW VQ c t er 7 H K Cl a s s O f u s t o t GRHQWV D WK D O n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i g 3 .NUH1 ZQ\WRJO2 DWLR QKVS OH2 IP\ S(R D0HJ QPW WROQJ\ GDLR Q P DQ WLF,GHOX> \ @ SUR HWLV SUR HWLV WROQJ\ UHODWV OR J\ DUH OWG L K Z H W * Q
HUYL FV WROQJ\ % U DG E V LFHUY UHSW VQ LV5N USX RHV LFHUVY R SQW GHO P E \ SHOR (P\ FRHSQW D Q PJ H RQWOJ\ D G Q L5NV V LFHUY I n v e s t m e n C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I O
N
S
A
N
D F
U
T
U
R
E
W O
R
K HUVYLF RGHO P 160. $ ULQDRWHJ WROQJ\ LWSKHRZ GODQN JEM FV LWUDHJV RIKEM GFQO P NQR OHG JZ MREHFWV 0 DULQJRWH ³, WQRJL DU & WR HGI WK SUR HGV WK P RUI R OQHG NJZ
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
M RHFWV D K OY LQ U( S RGX V LFHUY u s e s S y m b o l s O f P r o c e e d i n g s o f
X X X I X ti n
A m e r i c a n
C o m p u t i n g
C o n f e r e n c e ( , &/ T h e
S A G
E
H a n d b o o k o f
S o c i a l
N e t w o r k
A n a l y s i s [ H a r d c o v e r ] & U RI e
KHW a S ± S H6 A c a d e m y o f m a n a g e m e n t j o u r n a l± S Q O R Y h e
D y n a m i c s o f I n n o v a ti o
S 3 VW\QHL8GYU RI [2 n o f S o c i a l N e t w o r k
A n a l y si s G L YUSHX QV8 ³ e t w o r k
A n a l y s i s .XEO *$ VL( J & UQ3GDWFR -6 6 lli g e n c e sti g .±S QO R Y I E E E C
S
J t.
C o n f.
D i g it.
L i b r .± S E p e RIU EHLPRO 2 WVPLRQUYH Q , 0 $ ( E
S y]GHQ/ 7K H n g n z n c e c K w e g
M n g m n t± S Q´KVJLDU Y $ S o c .
N e t w o r k s T h e
K n o w l e d g e C r e a ti n g
C o m p a n y : H o w
J a p a n e s e
C o m p a n i e s
C r e a t e L e c t u r e
N o t e s i n
C o u t e
S c i e n c e :
A d v a n c e s i n
A rtifi c i a l T H a n d b o o k o f S o c i a l P r o c .
4 t h L i n g v i s ti c a e B o o k
C h a p t e r i n
O n t o l o g y i n e e r i n g i n a
N e t w o r k e d
W o d E p r S s A p o n f e r e n c e o n K n o w l e d g e
E n g i n e e r i n g e P t FXKQDO ) r LGU0HD c e e d i n g s o f t h e
I n t e r n a ti o n a l W o r k s h o p o n
C I n f o r m a ti o n a n d
O n t o l o g i e s ( C
I A O 7
W o r k s h o p o n
B e n c h m a r k i n g T h e o a n d
P r a c ti c rt o
M e n d e l z o n
I n t e r n a ti o n a l
W o r k s o n
F o u n d a ti o n s o f
D a t a
M a n a