=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper33
|storemode=property
|title=Evaluation of an Irrigation Water Treatment Technology (MAXGROW) on its Effects to Vegetable Species Yield
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper33.pdf
|volume=Vol-1498
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/haicta/GertsisZV15
}}
==Evaluation of an Irrigation Water Treatment Technology (MAXGROW) on its Effects to Vegetable Species Yield==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper33.pdf
Evaluation of an Irrigation Water Treatment
Technology (MAXGROW) on its Effects to Vegetable
Species Yield
Athanasios Gertsis1, Konstantinos Zoukidis2 and Christos Vasilikiotis2
1
Department of Environmental Systems Management, Precision Agriculture Laboratory,
Perrotis College, American Farm School, Thessaloniki, Greece, e-mail: agerts@afs.edu.gr
2
Department of Environmental Systems Management, Precision Agriculture Laboratory,
Perrotis College, American Farm School, Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract. Irrigation water quality became worst in terms of increasing its
salinity and causes severe problems in many cultivated crop species, resulting
in lower yield. In addition, the scarcity of irrigation water due to overuse or
runoff is another limitation for increasing food and feed production. Saline
water treatment technology offers potential solutions; however this technology
is yet expensive and not cost effective for large scale. This study evaluates a
water treatment technology (MAXGROW) using ultra sound for treating saline
water, for its potential to minimize effects of saline irrigation water and its
possible effects of crop productivity. A greenhouse study in pots was
undertaken using two substrates (a sandy loam soil and a mixture of pumice
and a composted material), four vegetable species (green onions, spinach,
radishes and arugula) which were irrigated with two qualities of irrigation
water (a highly saline and a regular irrigation water) treated and untreated with
the MAXGROW technology. The results showed an increased yield caused by
the treated saline water in almost all species and in both growth substrates. The
potential of this device was shown to be promising and it is currently under
continuous evaluation using more species and higher salinity level irrigation
water. Irrigation water efficiency is a potential deliverable from the system.
Keywords: saline water, desalinization, MAXGROW system, vegetables,
irrigation efficiency
1 Introduction
The scarcity of fresh water in arid and other regions necessitates use of saline water
as a valuable alternative input for crop irrigation. Saline water has an agricultural
potential but it is necessary to develop special management techniques and use of
special water technologies, to obtain optimal yield and maintain high quality of
commercial products. Field experiments, which were carried out in a pear orchard,
have shown that by using saline water through subsurface drip irrigation (SDI)
reasonable yields can be obtained (Gideon et al., 2002). Saline water use for
agricultural production offers several additional benefits: (1) re-use (instead of
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disposal as with fresh water) during the entire year, with minimal environmental risk
of groundwater deterioration (Oron, 1993); and (2) a premium market price for the
fruits and vegetable products because of a high content of total soluble solids and an
extended shelf life, due to the adaptation of the plant to the stressful growing
conditions (Mizrahi & Pasternak, 1985)
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect crop productivity
and quality. About 20% of irrigated agricultural land is adversely affected by salinity
(Flowers and Yeo, 1995). Progress in breeding for salt-tolerant crops has been
hampered by the lack of understanding of the molecular basis of salt tolerance and
lack of availability of genes that confer salt tolerance. Most crop plants are
susceptible to salinity even when ECe is _3.0 dS m which in terms of osmotic
_1
potential is less than –0.117 MPa (osmotic potential =0.39 x ECe). At these salinity
levels, the predominant cause of crop susceptibility appears to be ion toxicity rather
than osmotic stress (Chinnusamy et al., 2005) Throughout the world, water scarcity
is being recognised as a present or future threat to human activity and as a
consequence, a definite trend to develop alternative water resources such as
desalination can be observed. The most commonly used desalination technologies are
reverse osmosis (RO) and thermal processes such as multi-stage flash (MSF) and
multi-effect distillation (MED) (Fritzmann et al., 2007). Little information is
available about the ability of horticultural crops to detoxify reactive oxygen species
and to synthesize compatible solutes and hence on the potential contribution of these
mechanism to induce salt tolerance in horticultural crops (Paranychianakis and
Chartzoulakis, 2005). The U.S. Geological Survey (8) Gleick, 1996) found that
96.5% of Earth’s water is located in seas and oceans and 1.7% of Earth’s water is
located in the ice caps. Approximately 0.8% is considered to be fresh water. The
remaining percentage is made up of brackish water, slightly salty water found as
surface water in estuaries and as groundwater in salty aquifers. Water shortages have
plagued many communities, and humans have long searched for a solution to Earth’s
meager fresh water supplies. Thus, desalination is not a new concept; the idea of
turning salt water into fresh water has been developed and used for centuries
(Greenlee et al., 2009(). Most of the technologies used to treat saline irrigation water
are expensive. There is not adequate information on simple and yet effective
technologies to utilize saline water and sustain crop productivity. The objective of
this study is to evaluate in a long-term and in various crop species and substrates, the
efficiency of the MAXGROW technology system, using highly saline irrigation
water (treated and untreated) and its effects in crop productivity and changes in
substrates chemical properties, mainly pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC).
2 Materials & Methods
The study is a long-term assessment and the first set of yield results are presented
herein. The experiment was set in a greenhouse, using 15-liter black PE pots filled
with two “substrates”: 1.a sandy loam soil and 2. a mixture of medium size pumice
with a composted material (by BIOSOLIDS) in a volume ratio of 4:1. Within each
substrate, two irrigation water qualities treatments (each treated and untreated by the
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device) were set: a mixture of sea water with regular water with an Electrical
conductivity (EC) of ~8.0 dS/m and a regular irrigation water with an EC~0.7 dS/m.
Four lines of 20 pots each per substrate were formed, with the following
arrangement: Line A=Treated with the MAXGROW device irrigation (High salinity
water) Line B= Treated with the MAXGROW device irrigation (regular salinity
water) Line C= Non Treated with the MAXGROW device irrigation (High salinity
water) and Line D= Non Treated with the MAXGROW device irrigation (regular
salinity water). There were 160 total pots with 5 replications for each of the imposed
treatments (Figure 1).
The MAX GROW is an electronic water treatment system (Figure 2) using
multiple transmissions of low radio frequencies to tackle the problems caused by
saline water. It works by generating up to million vibrations per second and it
differentiates the mineral salts to produce safe, easily removed by-forms. The device
transmits radio waves in constantly altered frequencies, which dissolve totally the
calcium carbonate ions in water. It transmits radio waves in constantly variable
frequencies which are programmed automatically, virtually every tenth of a second
from the device itself based on a mathematic algorithm.
Four vegetable species sensitive to salinity used:
1. Green onions (Allium cepa) 2. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 3. Arugula (Eruca
sativa) and 4. Radishes (Raphanus sativus) and they all received equal and minimum
fertilizer and no pesticides were used. At maturity stage for each species, the fresh
yield was harvested and weighted. Soil properties measured included pH and ECs
(using 1:1 ratio of d. water and substrate) C electrode, in the beginning (before any
water treatment) and at the end of the first cycle of plants grown.
Means comparisons using Student’s t test was conducted using JMP 8 statistical
software (www.jmp.com), wit in each main and secondary treatment. Samples from
each substrate were analyzed for pH and EC in the beginning and at the harvesting
time.
Fig. 1. The layout of the greenhouse study with the four vegetables used.
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Fig. 2. The MAXGROW water treatment technology system used
3 Results & Discussion
3.1 Yield results
The four species used received minimum chemical fertilizer. The data analyses
for yield are presented in Table 1, pooled across all treatments and separately for
each of the two substrates and each plant species within each, and for the four water
irrigation type treatments (saline & regular water, treated & untreated).
The saline water treated with the MAXGROW device increased statistically the
yield in many cases, while it was in all cases of the higher yielding types. The only
crop that was not affected by irrigation type was spinach in the sandy loam soil. In
the sandy loam substrate, the saline water treated produced the highest yields in all
four crop species (spinach, radish, green onions and arugula), while in the
Pumice+Compost substrate the yield was among the top in all crop species but not as
high and significant as in the sandy loam substrate. The real cause of this is not clear
yet, but it is hypothesized that the system provides a high level of break-down of
macromolecules of various salts, making them more transportable through the plant
cell membrane system. This hypothesis can be further tested using sophisticated
microscopy techniques and additional validation studies, which are in progress.
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Table 1. Yield results for each substrate, irrigation type and plant species
Fresh Statistica
Yield l
SUBSTRATE Irrigation type Crop species (g/pot) significance*
Pumice+Compost Saline water-Treated Arugula 195,4 ab
Pumice+Compost Regular water-Treated Arugula 203,6 a
Pumice+Compost Saline water-Non treated Arugula 180,2 ab
Pumice+Compost Regular water-Non treated Arugula 171,8 b
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Treated Arugula 176,2 a
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Treated Arugula 135,4 b
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Non treated Arugula 124,6 bc
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Non treated Arugula 106.0 c
Pumice+Compost Saline water-Treated Green onions 106,8 ab
Pumice+Compost Regular water-Treated Green onions 81,8 b
Pumice+Compost Saline water-Non treated Green onions 115,2 a
Pumice+Compost Regular water-Non treated Green onions 92,6 ab
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Treated Green onions 142,8 a
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Treated Green onions 97,4 b
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Non treated Green onions 101,4 b
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Non treated Green onions 142,8 a
Pumice+Compost Saline water-Treated Radish 70,6 b
Pumice+Compost Regular water-Treated Radish 82,2 ab
Pumice+Compost Saline water-Non treated Radish 106,6 a
Pumice+Compost Regular water-Non treated Radish 89,4 ab
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Treated Radish 129,6 a
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Treated Radish 70.0 b
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Non treated Radish 34,8 c
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Non treated Radish 63,4 b
Pumice+Compost Saline water-Treated Spinach 77,4 ab
Pumice+Compost Regular water-Treated Spinach 57,2 b
Pumice+Compost Saline water-Non treated Spinach 100,6 a
Pumice+Compost Regular water-Non treated Spinach 63,6 b
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Treated Spinach 129,2 a
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Treated Spinach 112,4 a
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Non treated Spinach 130,4 a
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Non treated Spinach 110,2 a
* Treatments not connected by same letter are significant different (Student’s t test)
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In addition to yield measurements, some preliminary sensory characteristics were
prematurely evaluated from a panel of 10 people and the general consensus was that
the crops irrigated with saline water had a more “spicy” and pleasant taste compared
with those irrigated with regular water. The panel’s opinion was based on the taste of
the “control” plants considered to be the plants irrigated with regular water untreated.
3.2 Soil properties results
Table 2. The soil properties as affected by the quality of irrigation water, at the harvest stage.
ECs
Substrate Irrigation type pH (dS/m)
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Treated 7.7 2.315
Pumice+compost Saline water-Treated 7.7 2.265
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Treated 7.8 0.780
Pumice+compost Regular water-Treated 7.8 0.935
Sandy loam soil Saline water-Non treated 7.7 1.585
Pumice+compost Saline water-Non treated 7.6 2.085
Sandy loam soil Regular water-Non treated 7.8 0.670
Pumice+compost Regular water-Non treated 7.8 0.445
The results from the two soil properties (pH, EC) initially evaluated (Table 2),
indicated that the water treatment system did not affect the soil’s reaction (pH), while
there were differences on the electrical conductivity (ECs); however, the levels of EC
are not considered yet to be of any potential risk since most plant species can tolerate
these levels (Maas and Hofman, 1997). The two properties will be continuously
monitored in the next phases of this study and for a long period, in order to record
the short and long term changes in both properties.
4 Conclusions
This phase of the study provided initial data for comparisons between saline and
regular water (treated and untreated with the MAXGROW system) used for
irrigation. The results have shown that the saline water treated by the MAXGROW
technology increased yield and in many cases the increase was statistically
significant. Therefore, this technology can be efficiently used to irrigate the four
species using high EC (salinity) lever irrigation water. The long term effects on the
examined and other crop species are under evaluation, for further validation of the
trends and results shown in this phase. Also, the level of salinity will be
progressively increased. The benefits of the device can be translated in positive
economic outputs. A financial analysis will be provided in a follow up study. The
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short and long term benefits are expected to be substantial, in terms of the reduction
of fresh water supplies for irrigating crops or use of high EC irrigation water for
efficient irrigation.
Acknowledgments. The authors express their sincere gratitude to the MaxGrow
Salinity Solution Ltd. (www.salinitysolution.com) for the equipment and other
materials and support provided for this study.
Gratitude is expressed to the two companies providing the substrate materials:
BIOSOLIDS (www.biosolids.gr) for the contribution of the substrate materials
(organic decomposed materials and AgroLava (http://www.lava.gr) for the pumice.
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