=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper6
|storemode=property
|title=Integration of GIS & GPS Systems on Vehicle Monitoring
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper6.pdf
|volume=Vol-1498
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/haicta/Qekaj-Thaqi15
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==Integration of GIS & GPS Systems on Vehicle Monitoring==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper6.pdf
Integration of GIS & GPS Systems on Vehicle
Monitoring
Afërdita Qekaj-Thaqi1
1
MSc., PhD. Candidate, Economics-Management Information Systems, European University
of Tirana, Albania, e-mail: aferdita06@gmail.com; aferdita.qekaj-thaqi@kosovopolice.com
Abstract. Continuous technological development of information systems
provide an extensive range of services impacting on upgrading performance
and diminishing expenses by utilizing GPS system on vehicle monitoring. Due
to positive impact, GPS utilization has been widely applied into the many
government departments and institutions, meanwhile used from private
businesses, as well. Services derived from usage of information technology,
bearing efficiency and beneficiaries of gadgets, resulted on solid increment of
the interest and special focus towards multitasking utensils and IT systems in
different areas. GIS provides monitoring functions via visual display of
information on spatial data and precise geographical positioning of monitored
vehicles, whilst GPS presents accurate, clear and precise information upon
position and navigation of monitored or tracked vehicle just in time and exact
location. Efficiency of GIS and GPS on vehicles monitoring and tracking have
also been extensively used emphasizing law enforcements- police and military
services.
Keywords: GIS, GPS, Monitoring, technology, information system, police,
military.
1 Introduction
With enhancement of technology particularly of information systems, demand for
such devices have been profoundly increased worldwide. Cause for increased
demanded occurred due to the offer of miscellaneous gadgets thru which operations
costs are massively diminished. Efficiency, accuracy, cut on spending, ease on
communication, availability of immediate data collection, quick retrieve of
information, reliability, and other immense benefits are among potent patterns shown
to be provided from information technology devices which ignited wish of almost
entire private and public entities inclinations towards and being keen on prompt
implementation into their daily operations. Recent years government institution were
not left behind on race for information technology neither, meanwhile they leaped
towards trying hard to implement technology systems into their routine daily
operation. So far, private firms and companies were slightly ahead as it comes in
their restless searching for information technology innovations. Therefore, amidst
information technology innovations GIS system emerged as a novelty of technology
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back in late 1960s. Ever since system is updating on accuracy and massive data
completeness, thus, demands for GIS system are persistently increasing
The term Geographic Information System (GIS) was introduced by Roger
Tomlison and was used later promoted by professors at Harvard University in the
1970s, inspiring several geographic consulting companies to develop and expand
GIS technology. Local government and businesses started deploying large GIS
operation systems in the early 1990s and soon it became clear that the success of
such distributed GIS operations was strongly connected with understanding of its
performance and scalability in a distributed computer environment (Peters, 2008, 5).
Through the years, innovation and improvements on technology reached higher
levels. Invention of wireless enhanced and pushed even further utilization of
technology systems. Remote control of objects, pattern of wireless technology,
penetrated deeply in today's life making communication easier, faster and cheaper at
the same time. Wireless technology is in series of utensils and gadgets been used for
GIS and GPS integration into operation systems, as well.
Knowing crucial functions of GIS as an system, it started being broadly
implemented besides private firms and businesses, it has been also integrated into
many government agencies, different institutions, police services and military
forces, respectively.
Therefore, intention of this scientific paper is to provide range of function and
operation features of GIS and GPS, it necessary application on monitoring and
tracking of moving vehicles. For wide comprehensive understanding purposes
qualitative methods has been used depicting facts and figures supported from
carefully chosen literature about topic of the paper.
2 GIS & GPS Systems
Integration of GIS and GPS devices make available mobile communication easier
using latest wireless technology. Both GIS and GPS devices have their own
components which combined together provide high powered network which is
mainly used for remote real time communication. GIS has the function to manage
large amount of data and it is used to display geographically information on map that
are massively accepted for digital maps. GPS enables collection information about
the location of a vehicle or an object. GPS is the only system today that can show
exact position on the Earth anytime, in any weather, no matter where the person,
vehicle or any object is located. Prior to showing the attributes of utilization of
integration of GIS and GPS systems, I'll briefly show components of systems having
better picture of gadgets and their most important functions.
3 Components of GIS
GIS is defined as system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to
support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of
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spatially referenced data solving complex planning and management problems
(Cowen, 1988).
An operation of GIS has also series of components that combine to make the
system work. GIS is consisted of five important components, computer hardware,
sets of application software modules, required data, people who manage the system
and develops plans, and a well designed implementation methods. Those critical
components of GIS are:
1. Hardware - is computer system on which a GIS operates. A GIS relies on a
computer for storage and processing data. GIS needs a personal computer to run on.
In addition to computers, as variety of other devices can be used to capture and feed
data into the system. Scanners and digitizing tables are used to scan existing paper
maps, charts and drawings into the system. GPS receivers are used to create map
features in the field and transmit the current location of moving vehicles.
2. Software - provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze and
display geographic information. The core of any GIS systems is based in the its own
software providing the functionality to store, manage, link, query and analyze
geographic data. In addition to the core, various other software components can be
added to GIS software to provide access to additional sources of data and forms of
functionality.
3. Data - A GIS can integrate spatial data with other existing data resources often
stored in a corporate DBMS. Data for GIS comes in two forms: Geographical and
spatial data and attribute of spatial data. Spatial data are data that contains explicit
geographic location in the form of a set of coordinates. Attribute data are descriptive
set of data that contain various information relevant to particular location, depth,
height and sales figures, and can be linked to a particular location by means and
identifier as for instance an address or a zip code.
4. People - the main objective of a GIS is to support its users with appropriate data
and decision support tools. Thus, careful consideration of particular needs of the
users must be given at the design stages of the system, so that each group of users
will be given access to the data and functionality of the system in the most
appropriate way. A system must be highly accessible and usable otherwise it may not
be used efficiently or even it may not be used at all.
5. Methods - A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed
implementation plan and business rules, which are models and operating practices
unique to each organization. As in all organizations dealing with sophisticated
technology, new tools can only be used effectively if they are properly integrated into
the entire business strategy and operation, therefore it requires necessary investments
in hardware and software meanwhile it requires hiring of personnel to utilize the new
technology in the proper organizational context (Gopi, Sathikumar, Madhu, 2007).
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Fig. 1. Components of GIS. Source: "The Design And Implementation Of Geographic
Information Systems"
4 Components of GPS
The Global Positing System is comprised of the three main components are
followings:
1. The GPS tracking system satellites - GPS tracking system is an aerospace
technology comprising of at least 24 operational satellites at all times. Each satellite
is on a circulate orbit 20,000 kilometers above the Earth on a 12-hour period. In
order to make sure that these satellites are detected from anywhere on the surface of
the Earth, the satellites are divided into six groups four space vehicles each which are
assigned a different path to follow. The orbit is such that GPS satellites recapitulate
the same ground track and configuration at approximately over any point each in 24
hours.
2. The GPS Tracking System Equipment on the Ground - ground stations are
used so that each satellite orbit is accurately tracked. The GPS tracking system has
ground stations which is comprised of a receiver and antenna, as well as
communication tools to transmit the data to the data center. When the GPS satellites
supply specially coded signals, the Omni-directional antenna at each site picks up the
signals and that is processes in a receiver. The receiver then separates the signals in
various channels for particular satellite and frequency at a particular time. Once
signals are isolated, the receiver now decodes them and splits them into individual
frequencies to calculate position, velocity, direction and time anywhere on the Earth.
3. The GPS receivers - The GPS receiver is the endeavor of the complete system
the receives the signal that is sent directly from the satellites to nail your location and
get you pre-programmed direction. The device is usually mounted on the dashboard
of the car or with a suction cup to the screen. It has a registering cover that
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instrument present to the line to go and several GPS receivers verbalize phonation
cues to get person, vehicle or any object along the path. (GPS made easy).
Fig. 2. How Real-time GPS tracking works. Sources: LandAir Sea
5 Features and Users of GIS & GPS Systems
Geographic Information systems (GIS) are "smart maps." They are smart because
they are tied to databases and they know exactly where are on the face of the earth.
They, GIS maps, can also perform feats such are values summation, neighborhood
evaluation, and buffering (Hanna, Culpepper, 1998, 7). GIS is a highly specialized
technology of interest to professional users and researches for specific applications.
One the major driving force behind the recent popularization of spatial information is
the increasing availability of spatial data from government and commercial sources,
distributed via internet through such mechanisms as spatial data depots, digital geo-
libraries and spatial data warehouses and clearinghouses. Another major driving
force is the growing awareness of the importance of spatial information by all sectors
of modern society.
The number of disciplines that that use GIS in some form or other has increased
dramatically in recent years. GIS developed from analysis which is why the first and
more traditional disciplines adopted GIS and many other disciplines are seen as
potential users of the system including: geology, geophysics, oceanography,
agriculture, biology, environment sciences, geography, sociology, political science
and anthropology. Other examples within business include the transportation
industry and the taxi trade. In recent years the local government sector has started to
use web-based GIS services that citizens can use (Grinderud, Rasmussen, Nilsen,
2009, 38-39).
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Along GIS amongst the mostly utilized technological devices we can firmly state
that it's GPS. Although GPS was originally designed as military system, its civil
application grown faster. On the surveying side, GPS has replaced the conventional
methods in many applications. GPS positioning has been found to be a cost-effective
process in which 50% cost reduction can be obtained whenever it is with
conventional techniques. In terms of productivity and time savings it could provide
more than 75% time saving whenever it is possible to use GPS methods. GPS has
numerous applications in land, marine and air navigation, while in vehicle tracking
and navigation are rapidly growing. Future of GPS users of GPS will include
automatic machine guidance and control where hazardous areas can be mapped
efficiently and safely using remotely controlled vehicles ( El-Rabbnany, 2002, 10-
11).
6 Integration of GIS/GPS systems for police vehicle monitoring
Recent development of technology made it possible spatial databases systems
being used in relatively sophisticated ways in many private and public institutions
including law enforcement departments such are police sector. Spatial data system
or GIS could go beyond the simple management, by displaying and analyzing of
geographically referenced information. A typical spatial database system is enhanced
by capabilities to manipulate new data types and models, complex data structures
including spatial indexes, sophisticated algorithms and operators for efficient data
processing. The increase reliance of spatial database on the internet and related
technologies has led to many innovative methods of communicating spatial
information (Albert, Yeung, Hall, 2007, 6-7).
While role of GIS is to provides mapping of certain location and precise spatial
information, GPS on the other hand provides many functions that helps monitoring
and tracking police officers while outdoor. In general, main objective of integrating
GPS is done due to multiple functions of device on assisting and easing daily police
force operations. Monitoring or tracking of police cars provides better service to their
local community. Via GPS can be identified cars are commuting closest to a crime
scene and ensure that police officers stay within their assigned zone. Tracking of the
police cars as also done for internal use. Among objectives of using GPS on
monitoring police service vehicles are:
- Recording of route and movement of police car - having in mind that police
officers do have their own route to pass, in some cases it is necessary to monitor road
the car paths since any emergency case can be better managed having accurate and
precise vehicle position under monitoring,
- Velocity of movement - depicts the way police officers behave under certain
route conditions,
- Fuel expenses - measurements of fuel expensed may lead to managing of main
expense that police car make. this function of GPS helps police officers having
knowledge about the car's engine conditions by providing evidence in circumstances
of increased fuel expenses due to the engine problems, for instance.
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- Number of people (passengers) sitting on car - GPS sensors are installed in
order to identify number of people or passengers on car.
- Filling fuel - sensors identify amount or gallons poured into fuel tank, time and
place is also recorded. By having this data police officers will have information about
the particular car how much fuel remained just by looking into the records provided
by GPS at the time they decide to take a car for a drive,
- Starting and stopping time of vehicle - 5 seconds after the car is turned on, signal
is sent showing car is ready for use and assist on fuel expenses management.
Information supplied shows time car has set and " idle" time meaning car stand on
place with turned engine on but it was not driven.
- Parking of vehicle - place and time vehicle was parked. Trying to avoid shirking
of police officers, monitoring will proof for reliability and time spent while on duty.
- Seeking for vehicle - in case of any accident or any "force majeure" disaster
(earthquake or flood), GPS makes possible monitoring cars in such occasions by
shortening time for rescuing police officers from disaster or accident.
- Speed limit - in many circumstances police officers are ought to speed up while
driving aiming to catch wrongdoers. In rare cases monitoring can be used showing if
any of officers "intentionally" disobeys rules,
- Plates - GPS automatically shows plates of car strolling. This information helps
identifying which car is taking particular route.
- Car identification - name of driver and his/her colleagues is identified. In case of
any emergency or any duty call, car identification depicts if officers are on proper
route, driving meticulously, their location, any plenty additional information
according certain vehicle.
7 Conclusion
GIS and GPS systems have been proven as highly efficient, ease to be handled,
communication facilitators, reliable to be used. With such pattern shown,
implementation of systems found to be utilized from private companies, enterprises,
agencies, government agencies, and law enforcement as police services and military
forces. Continues technological improvements triggered demand on gadgets to
increase, as it does for GIS and GPS systems. Deployment of systems is persistently
increasing by integrating them into government and law enforcements, particularly
on police service sector. Implementation in police services is the proper and suitable
since integration of both devices provides perfect combination needed on assisting
police officers. Reason relies on that since GIS system provides monitoring functions
via visual display of information on spatial data and precise geographical positioning
of monitored vehicles and GPS presents accurate, clear and precise information upon
position and navigation of monitored vehicle in exact time and location.
50
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