=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper66
|storemode=property
|title=A Low Cost Internet of Things Solution for Traceability and Monitoring Food Safety During Transportation
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper66.pdf
|volume=Vol-1498
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/haicta/MaksimovicVO15
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==A Low Cost Internet of Things Solution for Traceability and Monitoring Food Safety During Transportation==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1498/HAICTA_2015_paper66.pdf
A Low Cost Internet of Things Solution for Traceability
and Monitoring Food Safety During Transportation
Mirjana Maksimović1, Vladimir Vujović1, Enisa Omanović-Mikličanin2
1
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, e-mails: mirjana@etf.unssa.rs.ba
1
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, e-mails: vladimir_vujovich@yahoo.com
2
Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, e-mail: e.omanovic.miklicanin@ppf.unsa.ba
Abstract. In the last decade, we are faced with a dozen food crisis, which have
impact on human health. EU as response to food contamination applies a set of
laws and standards for food traceability through all stages of production,
processing and distribution, forcing that all food and feed operators implement
special traceability systems. One of the main and a crucial element of this
system is food transport from manufacturer to consumer, and possibility for
monitoring food quality through the transportation process. Applying new
technologies, like Internet of Things (IoT), nowadays it is possible to connect
food producers, transportation and hospitality/retail companies. A low cost
solution based on IoT for real-time food tracebility and monitoring in food
transportation process is presented in this paper.
Keywords: Food monitoring, Transportation, Internet of Things, Raspberry Pi
1 Introduction
Food safety today is defined as a public health priority and has been a growing
concern among EU citizens over the last decades ("Food Traceability," 2007). It
represents a scientific discipline which includes a number of routines and inspections
between industry and the market and between the market and the consumer that
should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. Public concern about
food quality has intensified in recent years and key global food safety concerns
include: spread of microbiological hazards; chemical food contaminants; assessments
of new food technologies (such as genetically modified food); and strong food safety
systems (to ensure a safe global food-chain). Specific standards, such as ISO 22000,
ISO 22005 and SQF for food traceability have been mandated internationally; by law
in the European Union (EU), Japan, and more recently the United States; and by
private firms and associations (Karippacheril et al., 2011). These standards ensure the
ability to follow a food related material or product through all stages of the supply
and distribution chain as a vital element for consumer safety (Kozlowski, 2012).
According to EU law, this ability is called “traceability” and means the ability to
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track any food, feed, food-producing animal or substance that will be used for
consumption, through all stages of production, processing and distribution ("Food
Traceability," 2007).
The food safety system, based on defined standards, includes food production,
processing, packing, distribution/transportation, storage and preparation. The
research challenges connected to food safety can be summarized in (Vermesan and
Friess, 2013):
• Design of secure, tamper-proof and cost-efficient mechanisms for tracking
food contamination from production to consumers, enabling immediate
notification of actors in case of harmful food and communication of trusted
information.
• Secure way of monitoring production processes, providing sufficient
information and confidence to consumers.
• Ensure trust and secure exchange of data among applications and
infrastructures (farm, packing industry, retailers) to prevent the introduction
of false or misleading data, which can affect the health of the citizens or
create economic damage to the stakeholders.
A technology like mobile phones, radio frequency identification (RFID) systems,
wireless sensor networks, global positioning systems - GPS (Karippacheril et al.,
2011), and Internet of Things (IoT), as an important part of the new generation
information technology, are applied in order to ensure efficient delivery and food
safety, which are compliant with food safety and traceability standards. IoT is an
emerging paradigm and a cutting edge technology which goal is to enable
things/objects to be connected anytime, anyplace, with anything and anyone ideally
using any path/network. The IoT applications are numerous and cover “smart”
environments/spaces in domains such as: transportation, building, city, lifestyle,
retail, agriculture, factory, supply chain, emergency, health care, user interaction,
culture and tourism, environment and energy (Fig. 1) (Vermesan and Friess, 2013;
Bassi et al. 2013). IoT nowadays makes possible a new cooperative between food
producers, transportation and hospitality/retail companies.
Fig. 1. The Internet of Things applications (Ake, 2014).
Food contaminants can enter the food supply at any point from farm to table. With
the help of IoT-connected testing equipment, food quality can be monitored as food
leaves the factory or warehouse. In this way food companies across the supply chain
gain the real-time visibility and enable the automated, intelligent actions needed to
ensure high food quality, delivery on time and food preparation in optimal settings
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(Jones, 2014). In this paper is presented a low cost solution based on IoT for real-
time foodstuffs traceability and monitoring in transportation process. A low cost
computer board (Raspberry Pi platform) is utilized as a central processing unit which
provides a set of services for accessing sensor data, and communicates with end
users, while different types of sensors (depending of target parameters) can constitute
the detection module.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The state of the art is presented in
Section 2. Section 3 presents requirements and challenges in food products
transportation processes. A proposition of low cost IoT solution for food safety
monitoring during transportation is given in Section 4. Finally, Section 5, based on
the performed research and obtained results, provides conclusion remarks and
outlines directions for future work.
2 State of the Art
Every stage of the food chain (food production and preparation processes, including
packaging, distribution, etc.) should be carried out and monitored scrupulously to
enhance food safety. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is a
scientific and systematic preventive approach to food safety, from biological,
chemical and physical hazards in production processes that can cause the finished
product to be unsafe, and designs measurements to scale down these risks to a safe
point. HACCP is used in all stages of a food production and usually is referred as the
prevention of hazards rather than relying on end-product testing ("Seven Principles,"
2007; "Food Safety Management System," 2014). The seven principles of a HACCP
system are ("Seven Principles," 2007): identifying any biological, chemical, or
physical hazards, identifying the critical control points, establishing critical limits,
monitoring critical control points, establishing corrective actions, verification and
record keeping. Based on the before mentioned, a Food Safety Management System
(FSMS) can be defined as a network of interrelated elements (programs, plans,
policies, procedures, practices, processes, goals, objectives, methods, controls, roles,
responsibilities, relationships, documents, records, and resources) that combine to
avoid potentially dangerous health hazards.
To ensure that food reaches its destination in a safe condition without
compromising quality, it is necessary to provide an environment that reduces the risk
of contamination and protects food from various hazards. Also, there is a need to
develop comprehensive and well-designed food contaminants monitoring systems.
Food traceability system (production, inspection, supervision and consumption)
didn’t remain immune to continuous upgrading in IT sector. Bakucs et al. (2008)
using a key technology survey investigated the likely future impacts of technology on
food quality and health in six Central European countries. Falling cost of hardware
and software accompanied with IoT paradigm affects the whole supply chain:
starting with the production site, through transport and retail, up to the customer, and
therefore can facilitate the whole process and improve the service (Bassi et al. 2013).
Karippacheril et al. (2011) emphases in their work the significance of mobile
devices, advances in communications, and greater affordability of nanotechnology in
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traceability systems. The existing approaches in food traceability are summarized
into: structured database solutions, RFID based solutions, barcode technologies,
nanosolutions, DNA techniques and nuclear techniques. Commercially available
hardware and software as well as solutions providers offer a variety of solutions for
recording, storing and retrieving data. IoT based approaches for monitoring food
safety in various stages of the food chain with the help of RFID and wireless
networking can be found in (Aggarwal, 2013; " Elektron launches wireless food
safety monitoring system," 2013; Hopper et al., 2008; Zeidler, 2010, Xu et al.,
2013). Authors of (Martins et al., 2012; Hopper et al., 2008; Hsu and Shangguang,
2014; Ramesh and Das, 2012; Zhang et al., 2012) focused their research on
monitoring food safety during transportation. The idea of Internet of Vehicle (IoV) is
implemented in these works where the advantage of connected vehicles is
highlighted. Accessibility of information nearly in real-time and the creation of a
sensing network with a massive reach, amplified by the inherent mobility of vehicles
are the main characteristic of proposed approaches. Solutions presented above are
mostly low cost wireless remote systems with continuous and automated monitoring
features and fast response. These systems are regularly accompanied with appropriate
software. Keeping in mind that data is the backbone of any quality system, a data
collection, analysis and reporting system must be established. In other words,
proposed solutions collect process and store data, send alerts and warnings when
specifications are not met and create reports. Therefore an automated data collection,
along with the necessary analytical software is required in order to keep data
collection costs low (Ryan, 2014).
A forementioned presented survey shows that the traceability information can be
accessed through the Internet, and thus it can be concluded that IoT technologies
provide efficient tools for data gathering, communication and sharing from different
resources automatically. In other words, the IoT, accompanied with RFID, sensor
technology, wireless communication and data mining techniques, provides
unprecedented opportunities for product tracking. In such way, a food traceability
system can make consumers understand the production and circulation process, and
increase consumers’ faith in the food itself.
3 Transporting Food Products
It is evident that there are so many types of foods with so many containers,
temperature and handling requirements and so many modes of transportation
available to the modern food company. Independently of the mode of transportation,
foods and food ingredients are susceptible to abuse and/or contamination during
transportation and storage. There are a number of interesting standards, compliance
recommendations and laws that point to the development of a set of management,
HACCP, sanitation, monitoring, transportation, and training standards. Preventive
controls for food transportation safety hazards are identified by the expert panel and
presented in detail in (Ackerley, et al. 2010). Ryan (2014) by reviewing documents
published by the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, China and Australia,
586
creates a general picture which can serve to guide the standardization of in-transit
food safety systems.
One of the main documents which propose the hygiene rules in food total food
chain for Europe is Regulation of European Commission EC No 852//2004 On the
hygiene of foodstuffs ("Guidance document," 2012). It is mainly directed at food
businesses and competent authorities, and aims to give guidance on the
implementation of the new food hygiene requirements and on related subjects. It
covers all food chain, from production to human consumption.
The regulation covers primary production. At the level of primary production,
primary products have to be subject of following operations so as to ensure a better
presentation, such as:
• Packaging without further treatment;
• Washing of vegetables, removing leaves from vegetables, the sorting of
fruit etc;
• The drying of cereals;
• The slaughter, bleeding, gutting, removing fins, refrigeration and
wrapping of fis;
• Centrifugation of honey to remove honeycombs.
Such operations must be considered as normal routine operations at the level of
primary production. On the other hand, certain operations carried out on the farm can
lead to the contamination of products e.g. the peeling of potatoes, the slicing of
carrots, the bagging of salads with the application of packaging gases or the removal
of gases. These operations cannot be considered as normal routine operations at the
level of primary production nor as operations associated with primary production.
The Regulation creates the need for food companies to establish, under the HACCP-
based procedures, documentation commensurate with the nature and the size of the
business. Together, this documentation will constitute operational procedures that are
an important element in ensuring food safety.
The main focus of the Regulative ("Guidance document," 2012) is on the food
transportation. As related to the transport, the Regulative emphasizes on:
• The transport, storage and handling of primary products at the place of
production, provided that this does not substantially alter their nature;
• The transport of live animals;
• In the case of products of plant origin and fishery products: transport
operations to deliver primary products, the nature of which has not been
substantially altered, from the place of production to an establishment.
It is common for all primary products that conveyances and/or containers used for
transporting foodstuffs should be kept clean and maintained in good repair and
condition. Furthermore, to protect foodstuffs from contamination vehicles and/or
containers should not to be used for transporting anything other than foodstuffs
("Guidance document," 2012).
Ryan (2014) states 15 food main risk problem areas during transportation:
refrigeration and temperature control, transportation unit management (prevention,
sanitation, etc.), packing, loading and unloading, security, pest control, container
design, preventive maintenance, employee hygiene, policies, handling of rejected
loads, holding and traceability. Therefore, no matter what kind of food commodities
587
and products are transmitted, they all require common multiple steps in their
transportation between point of origin and point of use in order to ensure safe food
products transportation and to avoid any contamination (Keener, 2003).
Recent trends in food safety are focused on miniaturization of analytical
procedures through application of sensors, biosensors, microchips lab-on-a-chip, or
micro total analysis systems (Mirasoli et al., 2014). This will allow fast detection of
possible contamination especially during transportation. Different parameters as
indicators of contamination of foodstuff could be measured by miniaturized devices.
These parameters could be temperature, humidity, chemical contaminants, microbial
contaminants etc. Increasing of temperature and humidity cannot give information
about the type of contamination which will occur but it is a sign of contamination in
many types of food stuff (milk, meat, plants etc.). Thus, temperature and humidity
can be taken as parameters to follow in sensor design in order to have universal
sensors for many different foodstuffs.
4 A Proposition of Low Cost IoT Based Solution
Sensors are a key enabler in the realization of an IoT and many of the objects
associated with the IoT are sensor-based systems. With the help of sensors in food
safety system, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, heavy metals and other
environmental conditions in fields, as well as perishable items during transport can
be monitored. In this paper the creation of an economical, sensor based remote
monitoring system using cost-saving technology based on cheap computer board and
wireless communication modules is proposed.
The presented solution is based on two elements: a traceability (which provide
information about a product which is tracked and monitored) and monitoring (which
provide a state of the product and its environment). The main function of food
traceability and safety monitoring system is to provide information and record
keeping procedures that indicate the path of a product unit, a group of products or
ingredients from a supplier, through all intermediate steps along the food chain to the
final consumer (Zhang et al., 2011; Ene, 2013). For the fulfillment of the set
functionalities, together with rapid technology advancements, a several key
requirements which depend on global principles can be defined (Zhang et al., 2011;
Ene, 2013):
• Wireless, light weight, small size, low cost solution equipped with
accurate and stable sensors for an essential variable;
• Ruggedness and transportability;
• Non- or minimally-invasive;
• Compatibility and standardized information;
• Defining the resources and identification of lots of products;
• Continuous monitoring functions and real time food safety data gathering
at each decision point;
• Recording information on the production process and establishing links
between information;
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• Sending the result to the cloud automatically so that can be viewed online
in a presentation form that is easily understood;
• Food safety emergency response system: immediate recall and preventive
elimination of potential hazards.
Aforementioned requirements represent a main guideline for building a custom
monitoring system which can be applied on global scale issue.
To ensure traceability, a system must implement a set of GS1 standards which is
de facto default way for communication of customers, suppliers and partners. GS1
provides a concept and technology for efficient way of accessing information about
items in their supply chains, and share this information with trading partners. All
organizations must be a member of GS1, and they obtain a GS1 company prefix
which forms the basis of ID keys, unique identifiers for products, documents,
physical locations and more. A technology which GS1 provides for identification of
products is 1D and 2D barcodes, and lately commonly used a RFID tag which will be
used in our case. For monitoring, sensor unit represents a main building element
which can be combined based on user needs and monitor different elements and
parameters of products and its environment.
Hardware implementation of proposed system is based on Raspberry Pi (RPi): a
credit card sized, powerful and lightweight ARM based computer board which has
support for a large number of input and output peripherals, and network
communication what makes it the perfect platform for interfacing with many
different devices and enables an almost limitless choice of its uses. RPi is running on
Linux (version A, A+, B, B+, B2) or Windows 10 (version B2) operating systems,
and the whole unit is powered with 5V and 200-800mA current, what implies a low-
level consumption of 1-4W (depends on version). Internet connectivity may be via an
Ethernet/LAN cable or via an USB WiFi, WiFi Shields, Bluetooth, WiFi/Bluetooth
USB Combos, RF Add-ons and cellular solutions (3G/4G USB modem or
GSM/GPRS shields). RPi usage as a hardware for building an IoT solution with in
detail presented analysis of its performance and constraints is given in (Vujović and
Maksimović, 2014). A complete solution of RPi utilization in home automation is
presented in (Vujović and Maksimović, 2015), while proposition of communication
over GSM/GPRS is given in (Vujović et al. 2015).
Relaying on presented knowledge, defined requirements and conclusions from
Section 3, a proposition of custom solution is built and it is shown on infrastructure
diagram in Fig. 2. In order to create as much as possible universal solution for
monitoring many different foodstuffs during transportation, the cargo area (container,
trailer) is equipped with Raspberry Pi unit (as a central processing unit) and sensors
for measuring temperature and humidity (digital or analog temperature sensors). The
advantage of the proposed system is the fact that additional sensors, depending on
special food product monitoring requirements, can be easily added. Beside of that, a
whole system is connected to devices for scanning and reading a cargo items (box,
pallets, barrels, etc.), usually RFID but also a Near Field Communication (NFC) or
Bluetooth devices can be used. In this solution, RPi behaves as a Web service
(RESTful Web service) with unique address and provide worldwide access over the
Internet (for sending measurement data) which is done over Wireless 802.11 or
GSM/GPRS module. After the cargo is being loaded on transportation vehicle, an
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RPi make a scan with middle range RFID and detects all items. When items’
detection is completed, a list of cargo items can be read from Central Monitoring
System (CMS) or accessed through unique Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
address, depending on further analysis. CMS detects and links items to GS1 database,
recognizing the essential parameters for monitoring (in our case temperature and
humidity) during the transportation process, and implements a simple (reading values
from sensors and alerting when monitored parameters are disturbed) or complex (a
fuzzy logic or neural network based systems for decision-making) monitoring
system.
Fig. 2. Monitoring food safety during transportation.
Monitoring parameters of interest, this solution can provide an instant real-time
view into food safety and trigger alerts if problems occur so they can be caught
before real damage is done. The whole system can be powered from a vehicle or
autonomous battery power supply. Optionally, the proposed solution can be used in
the creation of sensor networks in connected vehicular environments.
5 Conclusion
Food safety is a main concern nowadays, and therefore it is crucial to have a
system which enables foodstuffs traceability and monitoring during the whole food
chain process. This paper, beside presented food safety requirements and existing
systems, proposes a low cost solution based on IoT. The advantages of presented
system for foodstuffs monitoring during transportation are: low cost, small size,
flexibility, rapid system expansion, real time access and automatic cargo
identification. Future research will be focused on interconnecting vehicles, sensors,
and mobile devices into a global IoV network, what should enable various services to
590
be delivered to vehicular and transportation systems, and to people within and around
vehicles.
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