Preface to the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology: Research Challenges and Opportunities Strategies

Abstract

Persuasive Technology (PT) is a growing area of research which investigates how interactive systems can encourage and support people to change their behavior. Over the past two decades, several persuasive technologies and behavior change support systems aimed at promoting change in different domains, including health, safety and security, environmental sustainability, energy conservation, marketing, and education have been developed. Most of these technologies use the so-called one-size-fits-all approach in their design and evaluation, which has been shown to be far less effective at motivating behavior change. Personalization is essential for maximizing the effectiveness of PT as the most effective persuasive and motivational strategies are likely to depend on user characteristics such as the user's personality, gender, age, culture, affective state, existing attitudes, behaviors, knowledge, and other inclinations [3,7,15,18-23].

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Industrial and Engineering Design, Business, and Marketing. The submissions covered topics on methods, theories, application domains, and systems with the overall aim of advancing research on how to adapt and personalize persuasive systems to increase their efficacy and to promote desirable behavior change, such as improving health [2, 8] and social interaction [4]. How to achieve personalization in the context of persuasive technology, who to personalize for, and whether there is a need to personalize persuasive are current research questions of interest to the PPT researchers and practitioners. Many submissions to this workshop are targeted at answering these research questions. The papers in this category include: “Personalization/computer-tailoring in Persuasive Technology: Tailoring ingredients target psychological processes” [9]. This was presented as an opening keynote by Arie Dijkstra. “Adaptivity and Personalization in Persuasive Technologies” [5]. This was delivered as a closing keynote by Kaptein Maurits. “Understanding Effective Coaching on Healthy Lifestyle by Combining Theoryand Data-driven Approaches” [ 25 ]. “Persuasion and Culture: Individualism–Collectivism and Susceptibility to Influence Strategies” [ 17 ]. “Missing the Forest for the Trees: Balancing Personalization Costs and Benefits in Persuasive Games” [ 16 ]. “An Empirical Analysis of the Perception of Mobile Website Interfaces and the Influence of Culture” [ 24 ]. “Designing for Different Stages in Behavior Change” [13].

Personalized persuasive systems and application domains Personalization methods, theories, and need for personalization The context and domain dependency of various persuasive technology strategies, theories, and techniques is an important research issue for PPT researchers and practitioners. Many submissions to this workshop explored this issue by analyzing, designing, and evaluating PPT targeted at various behavior domains, including Type 2 diabetes self-management [12], rehabilitation [8], marketing [1,11]. Papers in this category include: “Personalization of Gait Rehabilitation Games on a Pressure Sensitive Interactive LED Floor” [8]. “Personalized Persuasive Messaging System Dissatisfaction with Prolonged Waiting Times” [2]. for

Reducing

Patient’s

“Persuasive Recommendations in ubiquitous Environments “ [11]. “Integrating Persuasive Technology to Telemedical Applications for Type 2 Diabetes” [12]. “Personalized Persuasion for Social Interactions in Nursing Homes” [4]. “Evaluating Personalization and Persuasion in E-Commerce” [1]. “Persuasiveness, Personalization & Productive Workplace Practices with ITKnowledge Artefacts” [10]. “Personalization of Mobile Health Applications for Remote Health Monitoring” [ 14 ]. “Towards the Design of a Persuasive Technology for Encouraging Collaborative Prototyping” [6].

Research Challenges and Opportunities for PPT Researchers Although the field of PPT is attracting increased research effort, there are important research issues and challenges that need to be addressed. The PPT attendees believe that future research effort should be focused on addressing the following issues:

Frameworks and models for developing personalized persuasive technology Methods and Metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of personalized persuasive technology Long-term evaluation and evidence of long-term effect of personalized persuasive technology Systematically investigating and highlighting the difference between:  

Adaptivity and Adoptivity

Automatic personalization and controlled personalization The relationships between individual characteristics and effectiveness of various persuasive technology features How to balance the cost and benefit of personalized persuasive technology (the level of personalization required for a maximum return on investment) How to avoid reproducing bias in personalized persuasive technologies How to develop ethical and privacy-sensitive personalized persuasive technology

How and who manages personal profiles in personalized persuasive technology Addressing these issues is crucial for advancing the field of personalization in persuasive technology. 10. 11. 12. 13.

References

Ifeoma Adaji and Julita Vassileva . 2016 . Evaluating Personalization and Persuasion in ECommerce . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Ikwunne Tochukwu Arinze and Rita Orji . 2016 . Personalized Persuasive Messaging System for Reducing Patient's Dissatisfaction with Prolonged Waiting Times .

Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Sonia M Arteaga , Mo Kudeki , Adrienne Woodworth, and Sri Kurniawan . 2010 . Mobile system to motivate teenagers' physical activity . Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children , ACM, 1 - 10 .

Marcos Baez , Chiara Dalpiaz, Fatbardha Hoxha, Alessia Tovo, Valentina Caforio, and Fabio Casati . 2016 . Personalized Persuasion for Social Interactions in Nursing Homes .

Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Shlomo Berkovsky , Maurits Kaptein, and Massimo Zancanaro . 2016 . Adaptivity and Personalization in Persuasive Technologies . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Aida Boukhris , Albrecht Fritzsche, and Kathrin Möslein . 2016 . Towards the design of a persuasive technology for encouraging collaborative prototyping . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Marc Busch , Elke Mattheiss, Rita Orji , et al. 2015 . Personalization in Serious and Persuasive Games and Gamified Interactions . Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play - CHI PLAY '15 , ACM Press, 811 - 816 .

Robby van Delden , Joep Janssen , Silke ter Stal , et al. 2016 . Personalization of Gait Rehabilitation Games on a Pressure Sensitive Interactive LED Floor . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Arie Dijkstra . 2016 . Personalization/computer-tailoring in Persuasive Technology: Tailoring ingredients target psychological processes . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Louise Harder Fischer and Lene Pries-Heje1 . 2016 . Persuasiveness, Personalization & Productive Workplace Practices with IT-Knowledge Artefacts . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Sofia Gkika , Marianna Skiada, and George Lekakos . 2016 . Persuasive Recommendations in ubiquitous Environments . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Sakib Jalil and Rita Orji . 2016 . Integrating Persuasive Technology to Telemedical Applications for Type 2 Diabetes . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

Evangelos Karapanos . 2016 . Designing for Different Stages in Behavior Change .

Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

14. Pınar Kırcı and Perin Ünal . 2016 . Personalization of Mobile Health Applications for Remote Health Monitoring . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

15. Judith Masthoff , Floriana Grasso, and Jaap Ham . 2014 . Preface to the special issue on personalization and behavior change . User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 24 , 5 : 345 - 350 .

16. Elke Mattheiss , David Sellitsch, Marc Busch , Wolfgang Hochleitner, Josef Froschauer, and Manfred Tscheligi . 2016 . Missing the Forest for the Trees: Balancing Personalization Costs and Benefits in Persuasive Games . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

17. R Orji . 2016 . Persuasion and Culture: Individualism-Collectivism and Susceptibility to Influence Strategies . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).

18. Rita Orji , Regan L. Mandryk , and J. Vassileva . 2015 . Gender, Age, and Responsiveness to Cialdini's Persuasion Strategies . Proceedings of the International Conference on Persuasive Technology , Springer International Publishing, 147 - 159 .

19. Rita Orji , Regan L. Mandryk, Julita Vassileva, and Kathrin M. Gerling . 2013 . Tailoring persuasive health games to gamer type . Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '13 , ACM Press, 2467 - 2476 .

20. Rita Orji , Regan L. Mandryk , and Julita Vassileva . 2014 . Gender and Persuasive Technology: Examining the Persuasiveness of Persuasive Strategies by Gender Groups . Adjunct Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Persuasive Technology , 48 - 52 .

21. Rita Orji and Regan L. Mandryk . 2014 . Developing culturally relevant design guidelines for encouraging healthy eating behavior . International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 72 , 2 : 207 - 223 .

22. Rita O. Orji , Julita Vassileva, and Regan L. Mandryk . 2013 . Modeling Gender Differences in Healthy Eating Determinants for Persuasive Intervention Design . Persuasive Technology 7822 : 161 - 173 .

23. Rita Orji , Julita Vassileva, and R.L. Mandryk . 2014 . Modeling the Efficacy of Persuasive Strategies for Different Gamer Types in Serious Games for Health . User Modeling and User Adapted Interaction 24 , 5 : 453 - 498 .

24. Kiemute Oyibo , Yusuf Sahabi Ali, and Julita Vassileva . 2016 . An Empirical Analysis of the Perception of Mobile Website Interfaces and the Influence of Culture . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Italy, April 5 ( 2016 ).

25. Heleen Rutjes , Martijn C. Willemsen, and Wijnand A . IJsselsteijn . 2016 . Understanding Effective Coaching on Healthy Lifestyle by Combining Theory- and Data-driven Approaches . Proceedings of the International Workshop on Personalization in Persuasive Technology (PPT'16) , Salzburg, Austria, April 5 ( 2016 ).