=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1595/paper3
|storemode=property
|title=A Lexicon for Old Occitan Medico-Botanical Terminology in Lemon
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1595/paper3.pdf
|volume=Vol-1595
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/esws/WeingartG16
}}
==A Lexicon for Old Occitan Medico-Botanical Terminology in Lemon==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1595/paper3.pdf
A Lexicon for Old Occitan
Medico-Botanical Terminology in Lemon
Anja Weingart1, Emiliano Giovannetti2
1
Georg-August-Universität Göttingen,
aweinga@gwdg.de
2
Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale - CNR,
emiliano.giovannetti@ilc.cnr.it
Abstract. The article presents the adaptation of the lemon model (a model for
lexica as RDF data) for a multilingual and multi-alphabetical lexicon of Old
Occitan medico-botanical terminology. The lexicon is the core component of an
ontology-based information system that will be constructed and implemented
within the DFG-funded project "Dictionnaire de Termes Médico-botaniques de
l’Ancien Occitan" (DiTMAO). The difficulties for the lemmatization raised by
the particularities of the corpus (terms in Latin, Hebrew and Arabic script and
corresponding terms in other ancient languages, mostly Hebrew and Arabic)
can be perfectly solved by extending the basic properties of lemon and introduc-
ing domain specific vocabulary.
Keywords: lemon model, RDF, multilingual, multi-alphabetical, historical lexi-
con, medico-botanical terminology, Old Occitan, Hebrew, Arabic.
1 Introduction
The project "Dictionnaire de Termes Médico-botaniques de l’Ancien Occitan"
(DiTMAO)1 aims at constructing an ontology-based information system for Old Oc-
citan medico-botanical terminology. The article shows the application of the lemon
model2 to the lexicon component and focuses on the modelling of the historical, mul-
tilingual terminology.
1
DiTMAO is a joint project of the PIs Gerrit Bos (Universität zu Köln), Andrea Bozzi (Istituto
di linguistica computazionale "Antonio Zampolli"), Maria Sofia Corradini (Università di Pisa)
and Guido Mensching (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen). The project is funded by the
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
2
http://lemon-model.net/
25
1.1 Aims, background and structure of the article
Old Occitan is the medieval stage of Occitan, the autochthonous Romance language
spoken in Southern France, today regional minority language with several dialects.
During the Middle Ages, the region and its language played a significant role in med-
ical science due to the medical schools of Toulouse and Montpellier and the strong
presence of Jewish physicians and scholars. For this reason, Old Occitan medico-
botanical terminology is documented both in Latin and in Hebrew characters (cf. [3]).
The DiTMAO project aims at making this terminology accessible to several scientific
communities, such as those of Romance and Semitic studies, as well as that of the
history of medicine.
The textual basis3 of the lexicon, as described in [9, 10] and [2], consists of medi-
co-botanical texts in Latin and in Hebrew script. Among the sources in Hebrew script,
the most prominent text type are so-called synonym lists, which contain a large
amount of Old Occitan medical and botanical terms in Hebrew characters with equiv-
alents or explanations in other languages (also spelled in Hebrew characters), mostly
in (Judaeo-)Arabic, but also in Hebrew, Latin, or other Romance languages and some-
times in Greek, Aramaic or Persian. These lists can be described as ancient multilin-
gual dictionaries, which are of particular importance for Old Occitan lexicography for
two main reasons: (i) the synonym lists of the Jewish tradition include vernacular
(Old Occitan) terms already from the 13th century on, hence these lists contain very
early testimonies of Old Occitan technical terms. (ii) The corresponding terms in oth-
er ancient languages help to determine the meaning of otherwise opaque Old Occitan
terms (cf. [18, 19], [21] and [3]). A special difficulty of medieval texts in vernacular
languages is that most terms are documented in a large number of variants (reflecting
different spellings, dialects, or historical stages of the languages at issue). Thus the
dictionary will include all variants of Old Occitan terms, together with the corre-
sponding terms in at least six other ancient languages. Whenever possible, also a
translation to modern French and English will be provided. The dictionary aims to be
useful not only for users interested in Old Occitan but also in reading the numerous
Medieval Hebrew medico-botanical texts written or translated in Southern France,
since these texts are full of Occitan terminology and thus partially inaccessible even
for readers with a good knowledge of Hebrew (cf. [22]).
After introducing the lemon model and our extensions, the article primarily deals
with the lemmatization of single terms and their representation in lemon. Furthermore,
3
The corpus consists of 11 texts in Latin script, which are mostly books of prescriptions,
herbals and books about medical practices, and nine texts in Hebrew script, which are
mostly synonym lists, anonymous or contained in medico-botanical books. Each text is rep-
resented by up to four manuscripts. The corpus of DiTMAO combines already edited manu-
scripts ([7, 8] for texts in Latin script and [3, 4] for texts in Hebrew script). In addition,
terms from several unedited manuscripts will be included.
26
we will show how the corresponding terms in other ancient languages can be integrat-
ed4 and we will propose a way to resolve polysemy.
1.2 The ontological conception and the lemon model
Current trends in linguistic and lexical resources show a growing interest towards the
publishing in the context of the Semantic Web [14, 15, 16]. The sharing of lexica in
accordance with linked data principles is, nowadays, mandatory: a resource (not only
of linguistic nature) that cannot be accessed, shared and reused as a dataset is basical-
ly considered unreachable, and, thus, pretty much useless from a semantic web per-
spective. The lemon model has been developed as a standard for publishing lexica as
RDF data. More precisely, lemon should be considered as an Ontology-Lexicon mod-
el for the Multilingual Semantic Web [11] and its nature and purpose perfectly satisfy
our needs of representing the DiTMAO lexicon and the relative ontologies. DiTMAO
consists of three main domains: (i) the lexicographic domain, including the lemma-
tized forms (lemma, variants and corresponding terms in other ancient languages) and
their linguistic and lexicographic description. (ii) The conceptual domain, describing
the meaning of each term by means of subontologies for the fields of botany, zoology,
mineralogy, human anatomy, diseases and therapy (medication, medical instruments).
We aim to complement the onomasiological description, if possible, with a modern
scientific classification, for at least most of the plant names, and a medieval classifica-
tion5 of plants and other simple drugs. (iii) The documentation domain, giving the
source for each form of a term and its meaning. The documentation is indispensable
for a historical (diachronic) dictionary. The lemon model will be extended with a
documentation domain and new vocabulary that is necessary for the lemmatization of
a historical multilingual and multi-alphabetical dictionary6.
4
In lemon a lexicon is restricted, by definition, to exactly one language. Besides a lexicon for
terms in Old Occitan, labeled ditmao, we define a lexicon for each of the other languages:
ditmao_hebrew, ditmao_arabic, ditmao_latin, ditmao_greek, ditmao_aramaic and
ditmao_persian.
5
The medieval classification follows the Galenic system of four basic body humors (blood,
yellow bile, black bile and phlegm). The humors are associated with the two primary quali-
ties by cross-combining the pairs HOT–COLD and DRY–WET (cf. [6]) The simple drugs are
classified by these quality pairs together with a certain degree of intensity, which varies
from one to four (cf. [13]). In order to ensure that the categorization is in conformity with
the classification used in medieval Southern France, we will only introduce the classifica-
tion provided in the texts of our corpus.
6
The full extension of the lemon model, together with all data (without copyright re-
strictions) will be published on the project web site:
https://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/487498.htm
27
2 The lexicographic component
In the following sections, we describe the lemmatization of simple terms7 in Latin and
Hebrew script and their representation in lemon. The representation will be illustrated
by some representative examples from our corpus. The fact that we use just a few
terms should not obscure the fact that our corpus contains about 5800 Old Occitan
forms in Latin script and 3200 forms in Hebrew script. Furthermore, the correspond-
ing terms in the other ancient languages amount to 3050 terms.
2.1 Lemmatization and determination of variants
As a general criterion of lemmatization, it has been decided for DiTMAO that a lem-
ma is a term in Latin characters. All forms that differ from the lemma are classified as
variants. Among the forms in Latin script the lemma is determined following a set of
criteria and the form of an Old Occitan lemma is the oblique 8 singular form for nouns,
the oblique singular masculine for adjectives, and the infinitive for verbs. For exam-
ple, the corpus contains the following variants for the word meaning 'hemp seed':
canabo, canebe, canabos, and variants in Hebrew characters (represented here togeth-
er with the transliterated forms cf. [3] and [20].): קנבוש/ QNBWŠ, קִ נַבּוש/
QiNaBWuŠ, קנבונש/ QNBWNŠ. The form canabo is taken as lemma or leading vari-
ant. The form canabos is the plural form of the lemma canabo. It is classified as mor-
phological variant. The form canebe differs with respect to spelling and pronuncia-
tion. The form is thus classified as grapho-phonetic variant. As a general definition,
the variants in Hebrew characters are all alphabetical variants. The forms קנבוש/
QNBWŠ and קִ נַבּוש/ QiNaBWuŠ are alphabetical variants of the plural form
canabos. In this sense they are variants of a variant. The form קִ נַבּוש/ QiNaBWuŠ
additionally differs with respect to phonology. As indicated by the vowel signs, the
initial syllable has to be interpreted as [ki] instead of [ka]. The form קנבונש/
QNBWNŠ (read: "canabons") has no corresponding form in Latin script in our cor-
pus. It is thus classified as alphabetical variant of the lemma, and additionally as
grapho-phonetic9 and a morphological variant. Furthermore, concerning variants in
Latin characters, there are pure graphic variants, where the spelling does not reflect a
difference in pronunciation e.g. alcanna and alquana.
A certain difficulty for lemmatization lies in the fact that about 40% of the terms are
only documented in Hebrew characters. Nevertheless, the general criterion for lem-
7
Multiword expressions cannot be discussed due to space limitations.
8
Old Occitan preserved the Vulgar Latin two-case system (nominative vs. oblique case)
which was lost by the fourteenth century and the nominative forms have been abandoned
in favor of the oblique forms (cf. [3]).
9
The form קנבונש/ QNBWNŠ contains a so-called n-mobile, a particular phonological charac-
teristic of Old Occitan (cf. [3]).
28
matization (a lemma is a term in Latin script) has been established for two main rea-
sons. First of all, it is not possible to uniquely link a Hebrew character to a Latin char-
acter. For example the letter Alef ( א- ʾ) may represent different vowels e.g. it stands
for /e/ in אשפרמא/ ʾŠPRMʾ (read: esperma, 'sperm'), for /a/ in ארמולש/ʾRMWLŠ
(read "armols", 'orache'). The combinations of initial Alef with Yod or Waw can be
interpreted as /i/ or /e/ like in אינגילש/ ʾYNGYLŠ (read: "enguilas", 'eels') or as /o/ o
/u/ like in אורטיגש/ ʾWRṬYGŠ (read "ortigas", 'stinging nettles'). Thus, having lem-
mata in two alphabets would additionally complicate the string search and the display
of the results in alphabetical order. In case a term is only documented in Hebrew
characters, a corpus-external lemma, a form documented in other dictionaries, will be
included. But in some cases, there is no such corpus-external lemma (so the variant in
Hebrew spelling is the only documented form), and we have to introduce a hypothet-
ical or reconstructed form. For example for the term אנאקירד- ʾNʾQYRD (read "ana-
card"), we introduce the form *anacard as hypothetical Old Occitan form with the
meaning 'marking nut', fruit of Semecarpus anacardium L. The meaning is document-
ed for the Arabic term בלאדר/ BLʾDR that features as its synonym in the lists edited
in [4]. Thus, we need to indicate for a lexical entry whether the lemma is corpus-
external, a reconstructed or a hypothetical from.
2.2 Modelling the lemma and its variants
A lexicon entry in lemon consists of a Form and a LexicalSense. For the lemma-
tization, the class Form and its relations with LexicalEntry (LexicalForm and
its subproperties canononicalForm and otherForm) are relevant. In lemon the
lemma canabo will have the following shape:
:canabo a lemon:LexicalEntry;
lemon:canonicalForm [lemon:writtenRep "canabo" @aoc-Latn;
lexinfo:partOfSpeech lexinfo:noun ;
lexinfo:gender lexinfo:masculine ;
lexinfo:number lexinfo:singular ] .
The lemma is represented by the canonicalForm of the entry and its realization is
the written representation (writtenRep). The language, although inferable from the
lexicon, will be represented together with the ISO 15924 script code: Latn for Latin,
Arab for Arabic, and Hebr for Hebrew. This is an elegant way to avoid the defini-
tion of a property specifying the script type. The linguistic information like part of
speech, gender and number will be integrated as attribute-value pairs from the Lexin-
fo ontology10, an extension of lemon that provides data categories for linguistic anno-
tations. These will be defined as subproperties of the property lemon:property. In
a similar vein, the labels for corpus-external lemmata and hypothetical and recon-
structed forms can be added to the canonicalForm.
10
http://www.lexinfo.net/ontology/2.0/lexinfo.owl
29
ditmao:lemmaInfo rdfs:subPropertyOf lemon:property.
The subproperty ditmao:lemmaInfo will have the following values:
ditmao:corpusExternalLemma, ditmao:hypotheticalForm and
ditmao:reconstructedForm. For the representation of variants, the lemon
model only provides the relation otherForm. The variant canabos has the following
entry:
lemon:otherForm [lemon:writtenRep "canabos" @aoc-Latn ;
lexinfo:number lexinfo:plural] .
The fact that canabos is a morphological variant can be inferred from the value of
lexinfo:number. An alphabetical variant can be formalized by adding a script tag
to the language tag e.g. aoc11-Hebr or aoc-Arab. In order to give the translitera-
tion, we adopted lexinfo:transliteration which is defined as a subproperty
of lemon:representation (the superproperty of lemon:writtenRep), in
accordance to the Lemon Cookbook [17]. The specific transliteration alphabets are
defined as subproperties of lexinfo:transliteration. For the DiTMAO, a
transliteration of Hebrew and Arabic is needed. The former is labelled HebrTrans-
literation and the latter ArabTransliteration with the respective abbre-
viations HebrTrsl and ArabTrsl.12 The entry for קנבונש/ QNBWNŠ (read
"canabons") would have the following shape.
lemon:otherForm [lemon:writtenRep "@"קנבונשaoc-Hebr ;
ditmao:HebrTransliteration "QNBWNŠ"@aoc-HebrTrsl ;
lexinfo:number lexinfo:plural] .
lexinfo:transliteration rdfs:subPropertyOf
lemon:representation .
ditmao:HebrTransliteration rdfs:subPropertyOf lexin-
fo:transliteration .
A problem is the formalization of the graphic and grapho-phonetic variants. Only
users who are familiar with Old Occitan phonology and dialectology may distinguish
graphic from grapho-phonetic variants. But as the dictionary also wants to reach re-
searchers from other domains, an indication of these types of variants is desired. We
11
For Old Occitan, ISO proposes the language tag pro, which is derived from the term Pro-
vençal. But Provençal, like Gascon, Limousin, Languedocian, and Auvergnat, has to be con-
sidered a dialect of Old Occitan (cf. [1]). Thus, we take the name Old Occitan (French An-
cien Occitan) to be the correct hyperonym and define a new language tag aoc for DiTMAO.
12
The alternative option is to label the transliteration alphabet as Latin script, but this would
not be correct, because the transliteration alphabets contain special phonetic symbols e.g.
the symbols ʾ and ʿ (replacing Alef and Ayin, respectively).
30
propose to specify all types of variants (morphological, alphabetical, grapho-phonetic
and graphic variants) as values of ditmao:variant, defined as a subproperty of
lemon:property. This sub-property will take the following values:
─ ditmao:alphabeticalVariant,
─ ditmao:graphicVariant,
─ ditmao:morphologicalVariant, and
─ ditmao:graphophoneticVariant.
The form canebe bears only the value ditmao:graphophoneticVariant.
Additionally to the marking of the script and grammatical number, the entry קנבונש/
QNBWNŠ has the following shape:
lemon:otherForm [lemon:writtenRep "@"קנבונשaoc-Hebr ;
ditmao:HebrTransliteration "QNBWNŠ"@aoc-HebrTrsl ;
lexinfo:number lexinfo:plural;
ditmao:variant ditmao:alphabeticalVariant;
ditmao:variant ditmao:morphologicalVariant;
ditmao:variant ditmao:graphophoneticVariant ]
The other variants in Hebrew characters have been classified as variants of a variant.
The terms קנבוש/ QNBWŠ and ִקנַבּוש/ QiNaBWuŠ are alphabetical variants of the
morphological variant canabos. In order to represent a relation between two forms of
one lexical entry, lemon provides the property formVariant. A symmetric sub-
property of formVariant, ditmao:varOfVar, will be defined:
ditmao:varOfVar rdfs:subPropertyOf lemon:formVariant .
In order to refer to a lexicalForm (canonicalForm or otherForm), it has to
be labelled. The subproperty ditmao:varOfVar will be added to the variant in
Hebrew characters. An exemplary entry is shown below for the form ִקנַבּוש/
QiNaBWuŠ.
lemon:otherForm :canabos ;
lemon:otherForm :; ִקנַבּוש
:canabos [lemon:writtenRep "canabos"@aoc-Latn;
lexinfo:number lexinfo:plural;
ditmao:variant ditmao:graphophoneticVariant ] .
:[ ִקנַבּושlemon:writtenRep "@" ִקנַבּושaoc-Hebr;
ditmao:HebrTransliteration "QiNaBWuŠ"@aoc-HebrTrsl ;
lexinfo:number lexinfo:plural ;
ditmao:varOfVar :canabos ;
ditmao:variant ditmao:graphophoneticVariant ;
ditmao:variant ditmao:alphabeticalVariant ] .
31
2.3 Corresponding terms and other sense relations
As mentioned in the introduction, our corpus contains corresponding terms in other
ancient languages, which have been considered as synonyms by the authors of the
manuscripts. For example the term ליטוגא/ LYṬWGʾ (a variant of laytugua) figures as
synonym of the Aramaic term חסא/ ḤSʾ and the Arabic term כס/ KS in the synonym
lists edited in [3]. The meaning of all three terms is documented 13 as 'lettuce' (in par-
ticular Lactuca sativa L.). But even if the terms have exactly the same meaning, they
should not be considered as synonyms in the modern understanding of the term, be-
cause they do not belong to the same language (cf. [5]). In order to model this relation
in lemon, we propose the property ditmao:correspondence, as a subproperty
of senseRelation. It links the senses of two lexical entries that belong to distinct
lexica of ancient languages. In order to give a corresponding term in modern French
and modern English, the subproperty lemon:translationOf will be used. The
relations have to be kept apart for mainly two reasons: corresponding terms and trans-
lations belong to different historical stages and to different registers. The former are
medieval technical terms and the latter are modern common names. Furthermore, the
corpus contains Old Occitan terms that are synonyms in the modern understanding of
the term, e.g. the terms litargia and mal de dormir have the meaning: 'fatigue'. The
LexicalSenses of both terms are linked via the subproperty lem-
on:equivalent. The relations are represented in figure 1.
Fig. 1. Relating lexical senses in DiTMAO
But about 20% of the lemmata in our corpus have more than one meaning. For exam-
ple, we often find polysemic plant names which designate several species of a genus,
e.g. the term laureola is documented with the names for the species Daphne oleoides
Schreb., Daphne gnidium L., and Daphne sericea Vahl. In lemon, polysemy will be
formalized as follows: a LexicalEntry has several LexicalSenses. The Ara-
bic and Hebrew corresponding terms that feature in the synonym lists, give an addi-
tional meaning: Daphne mezereum L.. The entry of laureola has four Lexi-
calSenses. Each LexicalSense has a translation into modern French and Eng-
13
For a complete documentation see pp. 225/226 of [3].
32
lish and the LexicalSense referring to Daphne mezereum L. will be linked via
ditmao:correspondence to the respective Arabic and Hebrew entries. Fur-
thermore, each LexicalSense of laureola has a referent in the botanical branch of
the ontology, giving a general description of the plant e.g. that it is a kind of shrub.
These entities are linked to the modern classification, here the binominal plant names,
and to a medieval classification. The term laureola is described as HOT and DRY in
the third degree (see [12] and fn. 5). The general division of the conceptual subontol-
ogy into an onomasiological subontology, a medieval and a modern classification
system allows us to provide a description of the term´s concepts independently from a
modern or a medieval classification. This division is necessary for terms that desig-
nate e.g. medical instruments or substances whose composition is uncertain.
3 Conclusion and Outlook
We have shown how the lemon model can be adapted to the needs of historical lexi-
cography, by defining subproperties of the basic lemon properties: lem-
on:senseRelation, lemon:formVariant, and lemon:property. Fur-
thermore, we introduced our own, domain specific, vocabulary for the description of
form variants. To ease the process of modelling of the various lexica in lemon and
the construction of the ontologies of reference, we are working on a web editor. As a
matter of fact, none of the currently available tools for the editing of lexica and ontol-
ogies appears suited to our purpose. Protégé14, probably the most used tool for the
construction of ontological resources, is general enough to allow the building of lem-
on resources. However, the process can be quite tedious, requiring the manual con-
struction of instances of entries, senses, forms and relations among them. In addition,
it is a stand-alone tool which cannot be used collaboratively by a team of users (its
Web version15 has several limitations, as the lack of support for reasoning mecha-
nisms and plug-in extensions). We also plan to develop a controlled natural language
querying interface to ease the access to the resources.
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