The article analyzes the spheres of 3D printing and 3D scanning modern technologies application, de nes the perspectives of 3D technologies development, and proves the expediency of these technologies application in educational activities of a modern institution of higher education. The authors developed the training course curriculum that allows the students not only to acquire the knowledge and practical skills in the eld of 3D printing (scanning), but also to get acquainted with the basics of entrepreneurship and principles of 3D technologies transfer. The article gives the matrix that describes in detail the competences, acquired by the students after getting acquainted with the course materials, developed by the authors.
Nowadays 3D printing and 3D scanning technologies, originated around three
decades ago, gain more and more popularity. 3D technologies are actively used
not only by scienti c specialists, but also by many companies, producing and
designing goods of a wide range. A sharply increasing interest in 3D technologies
is explained by the possibility to essentially reduce, with their help, the expenses
of complicated technical goods production due to reducing the costs of making
sketches, models, prototypes [1{5]. 3D printing is actively used in architecture,
building, small-scale production, functional testing, medicine, and manufacture
of wearing apparel, footwear, jewelry, toys and souvenirs [
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According to some forecasts, by 2050 every third family in the developed world
will have a 3D printer at home; and by the end of the 21st century the
copying machines, designed for analyzing and reproducing any structure with the
precision up to an atom, will be created [
3D printing and 3D scanning technologies are actively used in the educational process for producing visual aids. Besides, the penetration of 3D printing in more and more spheres entails the growth of demand for quali ed specialists in this eld. Therefore, 3D printing technology and equipment application in a modern institution of higher education (IHE) will allow: { to increase scienti c potential; { to signi cantly improve the IHE competitiveness at the global level; { to train highly-quali ed personnel.
A tremendous advantage of 3D technologies application is a signi cant increase of students' interest in the educational process. Modern postgraduate students and young scientists need skills of working with 3D equipment for their successful career. The preparation and organization of quali cation courses, teaching the principles of work with modern 3D equipment, by the IHE is very promising.
3D technologies and equipment are actively applications by Norwich University (the USA), Exeter University (the United Kingdom), Staten Island Technical High School (Island), University of Sunderland (England), Stellenbosch University (South Africa), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (the USA), Budapest University of Technology and Economics (Hungary). At the same time, in Ukraine nowadays there are no institutions of higher education, using these technologies in the educational process and research work.
Thus, the development of an innovative course, dedicated to 3D technologies and permitting to acquire skills of working with 3D equipment, and its introduction into the educational process of a modern Ukrainian institution of higher education is the task of a current importance. 2
The Training Course "3D Printing Technology Transfer" 2.1
At the Dniprodzerzhynsk state technical university (DSTU) and the Kyiv State Maritime Academy (KSMA) the 3D equipment was purchased within the framework of realization of the international project "Knowledge Transfer Unit From Applied Research and Technology-Entrepreneurial Know-How Exchange to Development of Interdisciplinary Curricula Modules" (Reference Number: 544031TEMPUS-1-2013-1-AT-TEMPUS-JPHES, Project Duration: 36 month, 12/2013 11/2016) [9{11].
Moreover, the KTU sta of the Dniprodzerzhynsk state technical university and the Kyiv State Maritime Academy jointly with the representatives of UdG - 286 (Spain) developed a curriculum of the multidisciplinary course "3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER". As a result of getting acquainted with this course materials the students (post-graduate students) will not only study the modern technologies of 3D printing and scanning, their history, used materials, a sphere of application, and get practical skills of making prototypes, but also master the principles of 3D technologies transfer, the basics of entrepreneurship; get acquainted with the instruments, allowing to carry out the e ective 3D technologies transfer in Ukraine and abroad.
The relevance of the training module.
The module is oriented at a wide range of students, who want to have a con dent understanding of the current concepts of knowledge economy, knowledge transfer, modern principles of 3D printing technology, and approaches to the implementation of 3D printing technology transfer. Nowadays 3D printing technology is e ectively used in various elds of engineering. The transfer should ensure handing of 3D production from developers to customers.
The global scienti c and technological transformations are the main world trends of modern society development. They determine a transition from the primary industrial economy to the postindustrial knowledge-based economy. The knowledge transfer is a multidimensional and multi-branch process of transmission of di erent forms and types of knowledge. The application of modern innovative technologies transfer, such as 3D printing technology, is the most e cient.
The application of modern knowledge transfer principles in 3D printing technology area helps developers to attract potential customers (investors) and to achieve maximum economic bene t.
The aim of the module is a creation of students knowledge system about knowledge transfer and 3D printing technology transfer.
Target group: Phd students, graduates who have a bachelor degree or a master degree.
Didactical approach
There are lectures, practical tasks, teachers consultations (both individual and collective) and students' self-guided work with an overall guidance of teachers with the aim to achieve the objectives. Students receive methodological support in the form of a program (curriculum) of the discipline, and a manual. It contains lectures and recommendations for self-guided work, a list of recommended literature and other useful recourses.
Time requirements / duration: 3 months 2.2
Part 1: KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER Module 1: Basics of Knowledge & Innovation Transfer Session 1: Types of knowledge transfer
The knowledge transfer concept. The history of the European knowledge transfer system. A university as a basis of the knowledge-based society. The paradigm - 287 of the knowledge triangle: education science innovation. The current state of knowledge transfer in Ukraine. Systems of internal and external knowledge transfer.
Session 2: Technology transfer
The de nitions of embodied and disembodied technologies. The components of knowledge transfer: transfer of legally described technologies; transfer of knowhow; transfer of physical products and economic bene ts; transfer of skilled labor. Technology transfer as the main component of knowledge transfer.
Session 3: Innovation transfer
The de nition of innovation. The de nition and nature of innovation as an object of transfer. The mechanisms of innovation transfer. The methods that help to determine the costs of the object of transfer.
Module 2: Management of Knowledge Transfer Session 1: Knowledge transfer infrastructure
The concept of a knowledge transfer unit. Target groups, mission, organizational structure and sta ng of a knowledge transfer unit. The list of services of a knowledge transfer unit. Capacity building of a knowledge transfer unit.
Session 2: Knowledge transfer management
General description of project management. The main forms of organizational structure of a project. Common approaches to project planning. Practical principles of project management. The structure of a project. Resource planning, costs and project budget.
Session 3: International knowledge transfer
The de nition of international knowledge transfer. Forms of explicit and implicit knowledge. Phases of internal knowledge transfer.
Module 3: Advanced topics of Knowledge Transfer Session 1: Acknowledgment with Erasmus+ and Horizon 2020 EU Programs The de nition of international knowledge market. Single European space of Higher Education. Single European space of Research. EU programs Erasmus + and Horizon 2020.
Session 2: Acknowledgment with National Transfer Technology Network (NTTN)
European and Ukrainian Technology Transfer Networks. The principles of work in NTTN. The ways of preparation of the description of innovative solutions; technologies, ready for introduction; promising scienti c projects and ideas. The methods of search for scienti c innovative projects and o ers.
Part 2: 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY Module 1: Basics of 3D printing and 3D scanning Session 1: The history of 3D printing technology
Prototyping. Stereo lithography Apparatus as the rst device for 3D printing. Laser 3D printer. Inkjet 3D printer. Solidscape company. PolyJet technology.
Session 2: 3D printing technologies
StereoLithography Apparatus, SLA. Selective Laser Sintering, SLS. Selective Laser Melting, SLM. Electron Beam Melting, EBM. Multi Jet Modeling, - 288 Acquaintance with the course materials will give students the opportunity to possess the following competencies:
General competences
(a) use speci c English terminology in the area of Management of Knowledge
Transfer in oral speech; (b) use speci c English terminology in the area of Management of Knowledge
Transfer in writing; (c) make presentations in English with the help of speci c terminology in the area of Management of Knowledge Transfer; (d) Read English literature in the area of Management of Knowledge Transfer.
- 289 2. Gather and select information e ciently (a) independently gather and select information from speci c Web-resources; (b) independently gather and select information from speci c literature; (c) independently gather and select information from news, speci c conferences and seminars. 3. Use information and communication technologies.
(a) use information and communication technologies for di erent tasks; (b) select and use the most appropriate information and communication technologies; (c) select and use modern information and communication technologies for team work and management; (d) select and use modern information and communication technologies for international knowledge transfer. 4. Work in teams.
(a) form a team; make a list of roles and a list of activities for each role; (b) work independently in a team, select an appropriate role; (c) prepare formal documentation and reports about teamwork; use di erent shared recourses; (d) use results of teamwork. 5. Communicate orally and in writing.
(a) communicate orally and in writing about speci c problems, ideas, solutions, results; (b) use presentations, supporting materials, software, videos and other resources in communicate orally and in writing; (c) communicate orally and in writing on topics in the area of knowledge transfer management.
Special competences 1. Problem solving.
(a) accurate formulation of problems; (b) search for di erent solutions of speci c problems; (c) form criteria for solutions evaluation, select appropriate solutions. 2. Use explicit and implicit forms of knowledge.
(a) independently use explicit forms of knowledge; (b) con dently identify and use implicit knowledge necessary for solving speci c tasks. 3. Use software for 3D modeling, 3D printing, 3D scanning.
(a) independently select and use appropriate 3D modeling software for different projects; (b) independently select and use appropriate 3D printing software for di erent projects; (c) independently select and use appropriate 3D scanning software for different projects. 4. Use 3D equipment.
(a) independently select and use appropriate 3D printing technologies for di erent projects; Thus, the course "3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER", developed by the authors, allows the students not only to master knowledge and practical skills in the eld of 3D printing (scanning), but also to get acquainted with the basics of entrepreneurship and the principles of 3D technologies transfer. The competences, acquired by the students after getting acquainted with the course materials, will allow them to become highly quali ed specialists demanded in a modern labour-market.
Course "3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER" is e ectively implemented not only in the curricula of bachelor's and master's degrees, but is also used for the preparation of post-graduate students, retraining and refresher courses. Thus, the introduction of a course developed by the authors in educational activities will enable higher education institution to develop "learning throughout the life" concept, using the competency approach. In addition, the reading of the "3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER" course in DSTU and KSMA allows us to develop activities according to the knowledge triangle concept: "education - science innovation".