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        <article-title>Cross-platform Functional Consistency Validation for the Event-Driven Systems: An Ontology-Based Approach</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <string-name>Fahim T. IMAM</string-name>
          <email>fahim.imam@queensu.ca</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0">0</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff0">
          <label>0</label>
          <institution>School of Computing, Queen's University, ON K7K 3Z5</institution>
          ,
          <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution>The author of this research is supervised by Dr. Thomas R. Dean from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Queen's University, Canada. This research is supported by the NSERC</institution>
          ,
          <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <abstract>
        <p>Introduction. Supporting multiple, heterogeneous platforms for the modern eventdriven systems, e.g., mobile computing based applications, is a common requirement for any large-scale software engineering projects. When dealing with the functional behavior of these systems, an effective software engineering approach must tackle the following key challenges: (a) validating the level of functional consistencies between the crossplatform application systems; (b) maintaining a consistent co-evolution of the crossplatform functionalities based on the evolving requirements of the system's domain; and, (c) comprehending the functional changes that can be both human comprehensible and machine processable. The ultimate goal of this work is to develop an approach that can promote a machine-processable, intelligent decision-support mechanism for the kinds of functional reasoning that is required in order to mitigate these latter challenges for the Software Engineers. In order to achieve our goal, we consider the following research questions to be the critical driving force.</p>
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        Methodology. The idea is to utilize the powerful notion of ontology in order to
mitigate the heterogeneity issues among the systems that are intended to have a set of
identical functional goals. By representing the functional behavior of the systems into an
ontology, we can have an effective mechanism to validate the levels of functional consistency
among the systems. Since we are dealing with the event-based systems like mobile apps,
the focus of the representation should be the functionalities that can be observed from
its User Interface (UI) elements. Since the events associated with the UI elements are
indicative of the system’s behavior [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>
        ], these elements should provide the key source of
knowledge regarding the functional model of the system. A set of such functional
models should be captured at a level of abstraction that can be useful for our purpose. Once
we have an ontology that can represent the functional models of the systems, different
source code components of the involving systems can be annotated and mapped with
that ontology. The ontological models will then represent a set of language-independent,
comparable functionality models for each of the source systems. Next, the functionality
models should be mapped and merged through the ontology. The ontology reasoner can
then derive the implicit classification of functionalities, i.e., the logical functional
decomposition of the source systems. Finally, as part of the reasoning process, the ontology
reasoner would be able to detect the inconsistent set of functional features, along with
the logical reasoning. To our best knowledge, there exist no direct, adequate research
contributions that can be considered comparable to our approach.
      </p>
      <p>
        Results. Based on the theory of action, events, and change, as understood from
the literature of commonsense reasoning [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>
        ], event calculus, and functional reasoning
[
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>
        ], we have developed an ontology called the Event-based Functional Behavior
Ontology (EFBO, http://cs.queensu.ca/~imam/uifo.html) for our purpose. The core
classes of the EFBO are the Event, Agent, and the Interface classes. All the other entities
within the EFBO are logically based on these three classes. The concept of Event within
the EFBO essentially corresponds to the theory of SPAN [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>
        ], as endorsed by the Basic
Formal Ontology (BFO). The concept of Agent and Interface, on the other hand,
correspond to the theory of SNAP [
        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>
        ] within the BFO. The EFBO provides an effective
representational facility to model the functional behavior of any event-based systems that can
be comprehensible for both humans and machines. We have some preliminary results on
modelling different systems using the EFBO. We are currently in the stage of annotating
and mapping a number of cross-platform mobile apps that can be used to validate their
functional consistencies based on the EFBO. We are also in the process of implementing
a prototype application that can utilize our cross-platform functional validation approach
in a semi-automated manner. The next step would be to develop a comparison metrics to
verify the effectiveness of our approach.
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