Oliver Kutz Frank Loebe
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(NSWO) (WOMoCoE) (CAOS) (ONTO.COM) (Competition) (Demos)
JOWO 2016|Episode II: The French Summer, was the second edition of the `The Joint Ontology Workshops', which comprised a confederation of four ontology workshops and moreover 3 FOIS satellite events. It was hosted by the 9th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems { FOIS 2016, held between July 6{9, 2016, in Annecy, France.1 JOWO's mission is to join forces of the diverse communities interested in building, reasoning with, and applying formalised ontologies in the wide spectrum of Information Systems, Arti cial Intelligence, Philosophy, Linguistics and Cognitive Science, both in theory and applications.
The present edition of JOWO 2016 collocated workshops that cover a broad spectrum of contemporary ontology research focusing on cognition (CAOS), modularity and context (WOMoCoE), new standards (NSWO) and foundational ontologies (Onto.Com). JOWO included
A more detailed description of these workshops can be found below. For Onto.Com 2016, we include a summary of the workshop program in the proceedings. The JOWO 2016 proceedings also include the results of the three major FOIS 2016 satellite events, namely:6
Brief description of these satellite events can also be found below, and corresponding papers are documented in the JOWO proceedings.
Ontology and cognition are closely intertwined: By virtue of the nature of ontologists as cognising beings, by the use of ontologies in cognitive models as possible structuring foundations, by the (debated) grounding of ontology in cognition, etc. Building on these many connections the 1st International Workshop on Cognition and Ontologies (CAOS) 2016 addresses the di cult and topical question how key cognitive phenomena and concepts (and the involved terminology) that can be found across language, psychology and reasoning, can be formally and ontologically understood and analysed. It moreover seeks to identify and assess ways in which such formalisations and ontological analysis can be exploited in Arti cial Intelligence and information systems in general.
Against this conceptual backdrop, the goal of CAOS is to provide a forum for researchers coming from a range of di erent perspectives and disciplines who are interested in jointly investigating the outlined questions further. Contributed papers on topics related to the ontology of hypothesised building blocks of cognition (such as, for instance, image schemas, a ordances, and related notions) and of cognitive capacities (such as, for instance, concept invention) form the basis of discussion, complemented by keynote lectures from renowned experts in ontology and cognition.
The diversity (and current relevance) of the addressed questions also becomes clear from the following (non-exhaustive) list of general areas of interest covered by the workshop: 1. Formal/ontological approaches:
Ontologies of cognitive phenomena Formal representation of cognitive structures/functions/processes Formalisation of language, image schemas and/or a ordance 2. Cognition and language:
Embodied cognition Embodied language acquisition Concept invention Cognitive development from an ontological perspective Cognitive development of image schemas/a ordances Image schemas in natural language
Relationship between image schemas, metaphors and a ordances 3. Arti cial intelligence and applications:
Arti cial language understanding Image schemas/a ordances in arti cial intelligence Natural language applications/system-demonstrations Cognitively-adequate interaction modalities and interfaces for intelligent systems Embodied approaches to knowledge acquisition in AI and Robotics Concept invention and concept-based computational creativity
Embodied approaches to computational creativity In sum, we hope that CAOS will serve as rst event in a series of meetings and exchanges working towards the integration between ontology and cognition as areas of academic study, but also as applied disciplines with direct relevance for industry and end-users. The workshop program gives evidence of this breadth of ambition: Dagmar Gromann and Maria M. Hedblom work towards simplifying complex nancial concepts by identifying movement structures form the image schema PATH-following, Fahim Imam and Thomas Dean study the potential role of a ordances in the representation of the behaviour of event-based systems, Miroslav Vacura and Vojtech Svatek develop a deontic cognitive event ontology, and Marco Schorlemmer, Roberto Confalonieri and Enric Plaza present a category-theoretic approach to formally modeling the Buddhist Monk concept blend using the Yoneda lemma. Moreover|in addition to the joint JOWO keynote lectures by Gem Stapleton, Brandon Bennett, and Jer^ome Euzenat|Olivier Georgeon served as CAOS keynote speaker and reported on his work in developmental robotics designing algorithms for arti cial agents to perform Whiteheadian abstraction.
The theme of the 4th International Workshop on Ontologies and Conceptual Modeling is foundational ontologies and their meta-ontological choices. Expert representatives of major foundational ontologies have been invited to discuss and compare their meta-ontological choices within the context of a common case study. The workshop is aimed at exploring the ways in which di erent meta-ontological choices impact conceptual modelling in information systems. A more detailed description of the program of this event can be found in the proceedings.
NSWO 2016 consisted of two tutorials on two new standards in the realm of applied ontology: the second revision of Common Logic (CL) and the new Distributed Ontology, Model, and Speci cation Language (DOL).
CL is a family of rst-order logic-like languages, which share a common semantics. The CL tutorial, held by Fabian Neuhaus, introduced the abstract syntax and the semantics of CL and discussed the changes and added features of the upcoming revision.
DOL is a meta-language that supports the reuse and modi cation of ontologies as well as the declaration of relationships between ontologies (e.g., alignments and re nements). The DOL tutorial, held by Till Mossakowski, covered the main motivations behind developing DOL and discussed how DOL may be used to address a number of modelling and interoperability problems.
In actual applications, it is impractical to treat knowledge as a monolithic and unchanging structure. Partitioning knowledge into modular structures is central to organize optimal knowledge repositories: from their design, to their management, from their maintenance to their use for knowledge sharing. Understanding, representing and reasoning about the context of the di erent knowledge sources is essential for their correct exploitation and for reliable and e ective reasoning in changing situations. The correct acquisition of new knowledge, the evolution of underlying ontologies and the updates in knowledge sources are important factors that in uence the quality of stored knowledge over time.
The International Workshop on Ontology Modularity, Contextuality, and Evolution (WOMoCoE 2016) built on the success of the previous editions of the WoMO and ARCOE-Logic workshop series. It o ered the ground to practitioners and researchers to discuss current work on theoretical and practical aspects on the topics of modularity, contextuality, and evolution of ontologies and knowledge resources. The aim was to bring together an interdisciplinary crowd of researchers from various areas of AI and knowledge representation, semantic web, linked data knowledge engineering and application domains as well as from domains like philosophy, logic, cognitive science, and linguistics.
The call for papers was open to any aspect of modularity, contextuality and evolution, and explicitly listed the following topics:
text acquisition, representation and interpretation, philosophical and cognitive aspects of modularity; Modules and context in applications: knowledge integration using context, contextual search and information retrieval, modelling for context of agents, tools and methodologies for handling context, role of modularity in applications; Modules and context in reasoning: e ective methods of reasoning over modules, exploiting contextual information in reasoning, distributed and incremental evaluation of contexts, modularity and explanations; Modules and context in ontologies: ontologies and models of context, ontology modules in ontology engineering, representing context in Semantic Web standards, application of context on Linked Data, visualization of modules;
The accepted contributions were both from the theoretical and application side. In the rst paper Werner Ceusters and Jonathan P. Bona studied the representation of SNOMED CT concepts evolution using Information Artifact Ontology and Process Pro les. Bahar Aameri, Michael Gruninger and Carmen Chui in their paper discussed properties of residues (subtheories that are not contained in any proper module of the theory) and their role in ontology modularization. The paper by Robert John Rovetto presented di erent ontology architecture options for space data and space domain modeling needs. Paula Chocron and Marco Schorlemmer considered speci cations of interlocutors interaction as ontology contexts. In another paper, Ivars Blums and Hans Weigand provided an ontological model for the domain of Accounting Information Systems. Finally, the paper by Jieying Chen, Michel Ludwig and Dirk Walther presented an algorithm for the computation of modules that are minimal with respect to subsumption in E L.
FOIS 2016 Satellite Events
The FOIS Ontology Competitions are intended to recognize high-quality ontologies and to encourage the spread of best practices in the ontology community. The topic of the 2016 Ontology Competition was \Representing Change in Ontologies". Applied ontologies often need to represent information about changing situations: e.g., cells are parts of di erent body parts during di erent stages of the development of an animal, objects gain new parts and capabilities while they are processed in a factory, associations gain and loose members and the members change their social roles and relationships. Representing change often requires di cult design decisions; in particular if the ontology is written in a language like OWL, which only supports unary and binary predicates. The goal of the competition was to highlight the di erent approaches that are available in representing change, and compare the advantages and disadvantages.
The three nalists of the competition are included in the proceedings. The winner of the competition was the paper \Permanent Generic Relatedness and Silent Change" by Niels Grewe, Ludger Jansen, and Barry Smith. The runner-up was the paper \General Legal Entity Identi er Ontology" by Robert Trypuz, Dominik Kuzinski, and Mirek Sopek. The third nalist was the paper \Spatio-Temporal Ontology for Change Analysis of Flood A ected Areas Using Remote Sensing Images" by Kuldeep R. Kurte and Surya S. Durbha.
For the rst time in the FOIS conference series, the main track with its focus on research papers has been complemented with a demonstration track. The intended scope of this track includes software and methodologies for the ontology lifecycle as well as ontology-based software, for example, computational environments and prototypes for ontological engineering, advances in applying ontologies, lessons learned, practical ontology projects, and innovative uses of ontology-based and/or ontology engineering techniques.
This rst edition of the FOIS demonstration track received four submissions, three of which were accepted, based on their reviews by selected FOIS program committee members. Eugen Kuksa and Till Mossakowski present the ontology repository engine Ontohub, on the basis of which the equally named ontology portal http://ontohub.org is run. Ontohub o ers sophisticated means for specifying and managing ontologies, such as the support of di erent logical and ontology languages as well as modular ways of ontology representation. Thereby it conforms to DOL, the Distributed Ontology, Model and Speci cation Language, standardized by the Object Management Group (OMG).
The other two demonstrations belong to the eld of conceptual modeling. The Menthor Editor for ontology-driven conceptual modeling, demonstrated by Joo Moreira et al., is meanwhile a commercial tool that grew out of academic e orts. The software enables the development of well-founded ontologies in the OntoUML language, grounded in ontological analysis based on the Uni ed Foundational Ontology (UFO). The demonstration features the system capabilities by showcasing di erent ontologies authored in the tool, as well as it outlines the process of developing a domain ontology in a case of model-driven engineering. Finally, with Object-Role Modeling (ORM) Francesco Sportellis demonstration of the conceptual modeling tool NORMA (for Natural Object-Role Modeling Architect) exhibits yet another foundation in terms of the representation language. Beyond modeling in NORMA, the demonstration expands on ORMIe, the ORM Inference Engine, which accounts for reasoning over ORM conceptual schemas. Assessing the rst FOIS demonstration track altogether, an increase in resonance by authors is clearly desirable for its future editions. Notwithstanding, we believe that the three solid cases of modeling- and ontology-related software are not only valuable for the FOIS audience and thereby constitute an adequate rst step in 2016, but furthermore they give rise to the idea that an increase in submissions can be realistically expected.
As in the past editions, the 2016 FOIS conference included an Early Career Symposium (ECS), giving starting researchers the opportunity to present their work and engage with senior scientists in their eld as well as to meet and discuss their work with each other in a dedicated event. This year the ECS committee accepted ve students which were invited to present their work in the ECS. The topics covered areas like software engineering (functional behavior of cross-platform eventdriven systems), space environment (orbital space situational awareness and related risks) and linguistics (the role and the classi cation of questions for human and natural sciences). The co-location of the ECS and the Demo track was useful for the students to see how their work could bene t from existing tool development and related experiences. The ECS organizers are particularly thankful to the researchers that agreed to mentor the students during the conference: Cecilia Zenni-Merk, Robert Hoehndorf and Aldo Gangemi.
Acknowledgements We would like to thank the program committee members and the additional reviewers for their timely reviewing. We thank our invited keynote speakers|Gem Stapleton, Brandon Bennett, Olivier Georgeon (CAOS), and Jer^ome Euzenat (WOMoCoE)|for their support and contributions.
JOWO is a supported event of, and was generously sponsored by, the International Association for Ontology and its Applications: http://iaoa.org.
JOWO 2016 { Organisation Oliver Kutz Sergio de Cesare CAOS 2016 Maria M. Hedblom Tarek R. Besold Oliver Kutz Tony Veale Mihailo Antovic John Bateman Stefano Borgo Roberta Ferrario Sascha Fink Nicola Guarino Harry Halpin Bipin Indurkhya Justine Jacot Jean Mandler Vincent Muller Alessandro Oltramari Marco Schorlemmer Mark Turner Mihai Codescu Paula Chocron
General Chairs
Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Brunel University, UK
Programme Chairs Programme Committee
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy University College Dublin, Ireland University of Nis, Serbia University of Bremen, Germany Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italy Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italy Otto-von-Guericke University, Germany Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, Italy MIT, USA Akademia Gornicz-HUznicza w Krakowie, Polen University of Lund, Sweden UCSD, USA American College of Thessaloniki, Greece Carnegie Mellon University, USA Arti cial Intelligence Research Institute, Spain
Case Western Reserve University, USA Additional Reviewers
Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Arti cial Intelligence Research Institute, Spain
Stefano Borgo Loris Bozzato Chiara Del Vescovo Martin Homola Fabian Neuhaus Frank Loebe
Intelligent Cooperating Systems Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany Computer Science Institute University of Leipzig, Germany KRDB Research Centre for Knowledge and Data Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy
Geological Survey of Canada SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA University of Bielefeld, Germany Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi-Arabia Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan MITRE, USA