=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1755/141-151
|storemode=property
|title=Massive Open Online Courses: A Success of Cloud Computing in Education
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1755/141-151.pdf
|volume=Vol-1755
|authors=Abdulrasheed Mustapha,Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad,Saheed Abdullahi Salahudeen
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/cori/MustaphaMS16
}}
==Massive Open Online Courses: A Success of Cloud Computing in Education==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1755/141-151.pdf
Massive Open Online Courses: A Success of Cloud
Computing in Education
Abdulrasheed Mustapha Shamsuddeen H. Muhammad Abdullahi S. Salahudeen
Department of Computer Department of Software Department of Computer
Science, Engineering, Science,
Bayero University, Kano, Bayero University, Kano, Bayero University, Kano,
Kano-Nigeria Kano-Nigeria Kano-Nigeria
+2347061588101 +2348039647291 +2347033062838
rashrayhan@gmail.com shmuhammad.csc@buk.edu.ng saseedorf28@gmail.com
ABSTRACT The promising technology used by cloud computing gave
Cloud computing is fast becoming the major computing paradigm birth to various educative platforms [6], such as
in every aspect of teaching and learning. This computing paradigm MOOC[7], communities of practice[8], eLearning[9],
supported the emergence of new learning and teaching platform social networking[10], mobility[11], informal learning
called Massive Open Online Course (MOOC). MOOC is mainly management[12], and learning analytics[13]. These
delivered via the cloud and it uses the Internet to make education platforms are now scholarly cited as the prominent cloud-
infinitely available to an unlimited scope of participants. This paper based applied solution for restructuring education in the
focuses on exploring MOOC as the success of cloud computing in 21st century[14], [15].
education. A qualitative approach of data collection, selection and A relatively new and the most notable form of these
analysis were used to systematically review 149 literature for the cloud-based learning and teaching platform, capable of
study. The results of the study showed Infrastructure as a Service addressing the scalability and sustainability challenges of
(IaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) as the major cloud service education is MOOC[2], [16]–[18]. MOOC is ―massive,
model used in education. Additionally, Coursera, edX, Udemy, with theoretically no limit to enrollment; open, allowing
Udacity and FutureLearn are the major MOOC providers using anyone to participate, usually at no cost; online, with
cloud services and resources to globally promote qualitative learning activities typically taking place over the web; and
teaching and learning. Finally, the study outlined the a course, structured around a set of learning goals in a
characteristics, types, problems, and prospects of MOOC for defined area of study‖[19]. MOOC is considered as the
education delivery. ―gold rush‖ of higher education[20] and used by
universities as a prestige marketing tool[20].
CCS Concepts Considering the hike in the cost of schools and low
• Applied computing~Distance learning
adoption of cloud services by schools, a research of this
Keywords: nature will help introduce students to low or free cost
Massive Open Online Courses, Education, Cloud Computing, education through MOOC. Likewise, sensitise school
Technology administrators about the use of cloud service models in
schools which in turn reduces the cost of school
1. INTRODUCTION administration. Hence, this paper sought to review MOOC
as the major success of cloud computing in the education
Cloud computing is a promising business model[1] for remotely
sector. The paper begins by reviewing related literature. It
delivering IT infrastructure, software and platforms as services on a
then goes on to establishing the methodology, cloud
pay-as-you-use basis[2]. Cloud computing is considered as the only
computing service models used in education, the state of
cost efficient technology[3] that has revolutionised and restructured
the art of MOOC in education, characteristics, types,
education through its complete support for online teaching[4],
benefits and challenges of MOOC, discussion, and
learning and research [2]. Today, cloud computing provides an
conclusions.
effective solution for addressing the scalability issues, financial
crises, insufficient qualified staff, low standards and unstable 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
policies faced in education[5]. The educational system suffers from small and
unequipped classrooms, insufficient qualified staff, low
standards and unstable policies[5]. These problems
coupled with the exponential demand for qualitative
education and diversified enrollment of students[21], [22]
placed significant pressure on educational institutions[23].
CoRI’16, Sept 7–9, 2016, Ibadan, Nigeria. Prior studies suggested the use of technology for cost
efficient[23] and quality education delivery[24]–[30],
thereby addressing the aforementioned challenges.
However, the complexity attached to IT (acquisition,
maintenance, license, virus attacks, delay, etc) has
141
restrained several educational institutions from its unrelated literature was found which was systematically
implementation[31]. filtered based on the inclusion criteria. At the end, 149
works were found to be related and relevant to the study.
With the emergence of cloud computing, IT services and
For the purpose of analysis, abstract and main findings of
infrastructures are now accessed as services rather than acquired as
the studies were systematically extracted and analysed
assets[32]. For this reason, educational institutions now focus on
based on Glaser (1965)constant-comparative qualitative
research and teaching rather than IT implementation[21], [23],
method of data analysis, previously used by[48], [61],
[33], [34]. Consequently, cloud computing leads to delivery of
[62].
qualitative education [23], [35], [36], enhances the access to quality
educational materials[4] , reduces the cost of investment[37] 4. CLOUD COMPUTING IN
through the elimination of locally-hosted infrastructures[38] and
will solve the future scalability and sustainability demand of
EDUCATION
education in the digital era[39]–[41]. Moreover, today, the Cloud computing is an emergent technology[32] that
significant spread of education is credited to distance learning offers the medium for seamlessly creating,
[42]–[44] and distance learning is supported by cloud collaborating[23], [63], publishing and networking[23]
computing[45]. In related studies [5], [26], [32], [35] it has been educational resources. Basically, cloud computing
shown that cloud computing services are a necessity for every encompasses three (3) service models: Infrastructure as a
educational institution. Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software
as a Service (SaaS) [64]–[66].These service models
One of the most scholarly discussed and cited high-
respectively handle the storage, development platforms
scale[25]distance learning platform is MOOC[2], [16]–[18], [46]–
and application requirements of every educational
[48].Dave Cormier coined the term MOOC in 2008[49]–[51].
institution [65].
MOOC efficiently provides out of classroom education[5], [52]
and community forums to support interaction among IaaS handles the on-demand processing, storage,
geographically dispersed participants[24], [49], [53]. It uses the networking and basic computing requirement of students,
Internet to bridge the teaching and learning distance, thereby lecturers and researchers[5], [22], [25], [30]. Examples of
ubiquitously collaborating participants and providing open access IaaS are Google Compute Engine, IBM cloud academy,
to educational resources via cloud [17]. Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure Virtual
Machines and Google Cloud Storage. Similarly, PaaS is
In an investigation of MOOC in education, Devgun[54] revealed
built upon IaaS[25] and it provides the frameworks for
that MOOC platforms are offering free or low-cost education to
programming and deployment of applications[30].
students. Another study by [24] found enhanced and effective
Examples of PaaS are Google App Engine, Heroku and
learning performance among MOOC participants. In another major
Force.com. accordingly, SaaS has been a popular model
study [55] discussed MOOC as efficient value and skills
for education since the mid-1990s[5]. SaaS primarily uses
acquisition initiatives capable of democratising the education
web client and network to remotely provide applications,
sector. Additionally, [56] posited that certificate acquired through
multimedia and web services to users[6]. In essence, it
MOOC are not as recognised as certificate acquired through
leverages the burden of locally installing applications and
traditional university degrees.
license acquisition from the user[39], [66] to a Cloud
In view of all that has been mentioned so far, one may conclude Service Provider (CSP). Examples of SaaS includes
that cloud computing and MOOC are disruptive innovation capable Microsoft Office 365, Google Apps for Education, etc.
of seamlessly transforming or destroying education. Also, most of
Prior studies[5], [22], [25], [30], [32], [33], [38], [39],
the literature presented thus far has dealt with either cloud
[66] have shown that IaaS and SaaS are the top enterprise
computing in education or state-of-the-art of MOOC. The majority
services in the education industry. Educational institutions
of the studies are devoid of reviewing cloud computing in
uses IaaS to provide storage and processing of educational
education with an emphasis on MOOC, hence the focus of this
contents[5], [25], [33], [38]. Additionally, SaaS addresses
study.
software needs to create contents, provide virtual worlds,
3. REVIEW METHODOLOGY collaboration; simulations, resource sharing, video
This study primarily adopts software engineering systematic streaming, etc [15], [22], [30], [39], [66].
guidelines for reviews suggested by [57] and previously adopted in Nonetheless, around the benefits of cloud computing lies
[25], [58]–[60]. Additionally, the study employs Creswell (1994) various issues of performance [25], policy control [32],
review guidelines to highlight yet to be resolved issues, hence privacy and trust [67]. Yet, the benefits of cloud
challenges of MOOC. Literature for the study was sourced from computing have appeared to overshadow these issues [5].
conference proceedings (IEEE and ACM), books (Amazon) and
databases (ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, ACM 5. MOOC IN EDUCATION
Digital Library and Springer). Inclusion criteria required studies to The latest development in distance education is
be published in English and contain specific keyword(s) as the title. MOOC[47], [48], [68]. New York Times declared 2012 as
Strictly, these keywords include ―cloud computing‖ AND the year of MOOC [69], [70] due to the emergence and
―MOOC‖ AND ―education‖. On a more general search, the contribution of several MOOC platforms providing
keywords were searched as ―cloud computing‖ OR ―MOOC‖ OR effective free or low-cost education for all [71]. MOOC
―education‖. Using this search criterion, various related and perfectly depicts a technology enabled and open out-of-
142
classroom learning, teaching and knowledge sharing [68], [72]– to the world, thereby seamlessly reaching the developing
[75]. and underdeveloped countries [80]–[82]. Additionally,
[47] stated that MOOC provides open and free access to
Openness and collaboration are important developments in the
participants, thereby providing education to people
academia. This brings forth the opportunity for everyone to engage
irrespective of their geographic location and financial
in university level learning[68]. The openness, massiveness and
status[83]
limitless scope make MOOC different from other online
education[76], thus attracting a larger audience than traditional The mode of engagement between instructors and
education[77]. participants of MOOC includes video lectures,
assessment, discussion forums, readings, live video
The major focus of MOOC is to provide qualitative education to
sessions, lecture transcript and learning tasks [72], [84]–
all. To achieve this, MOOC platforms provides elite universities
[86]. In addition, MOOC uses the social network, video
and leading educational practitioners the tools to create, research
podcasts and the
and network educational resources freely via Internet [51], [78],
[79]. Accordingly, MOOC allows institutions to market themselves
Table 1. Characteristics of MOOC
Characteristics Description
Massiveness and MOOC accommodate large number of participants with no constraints to class size[54], [71], [87]–[91]
scalability MOOC addresses the geographic location and time requirement of traditional learning and teaching[71],
[91]–[93]
Open access MOOCs offers enhanced accessibilityand flexibility by providing open learning environment[44], [82], [94]
MOOCs are typically free or low cost [47], [51], [54], [88], [91], [94]–[97]
MOOCs are open in terms of pace, place and time[98].
Internet mediated All aspects of MOOCs are online using semantic web[48], [51]
All MOOCs are accessiblevia Internet [48], [93], [99]
Connectivism MOOC promotes out-of-class autonomy, interactivity and diversity[100], [101]
MOOC uses the connectivity of social networking platforms[51], personal networks and communities of
practice[15], [102]
Course MOOC offers both technical and non-technical courses e.g. Sciences, Humanities, Social Sciences, etc[103]
MOOCs eliminates the need for pre-requisites and strict entry requirements [71]
MOOC courses have defined start and end date[92], [104]
MOOC Courses have predefined study guide and syllabus[98], [105]
5.2 MOOC Providers
Internet to provide cost effective portable courses that attract Several MOOC platform providers emerged prior to, in
unlimited participation by seamlessly reaching the globe [72], the, and after the year of MOOC. Coursera, edX, Udacity,
[106]. The emergence of MOOC gave birth to several speculations Iversity, MiriadaX, Futurelearn, Rwaq, Udemy, FUN,
and debates about the future of higher education[72]. Elite Edraak, Open2study, Khan Academy, XuetangX, are few
universities and practitioners in the academia are the leading among the MOOC platforms. The table 2 below shows
advocates of MOOC [51]. They consider MOOC as the future of the various MOOC platforms and describes them in terms
education [48], [72], [82], [107], [108]. They also outlined that, of their origin, year of establishment, category and their
MOOC emerged due to the current globalfinancial crisis, access points.
educational budget cuts and the need for the education sector to
utilise technology for research, learning,teaching, content delivery, Table 2. MOOC Providers
MOOC Origin Yea Categor Website
access and collaboration[15], [90], [102]. On the other hand, r y
opponents of MOOC consider it as a disruptive innovation[109]– Khan Califonia 2006 Prior https://www.khanacademy.or
[111], a repetition of online distance education[112], a downfall to Academy g
Udemy San 2010 Prior https://www.udemy.com/
education system[72], [113] cited in [92] and a platform suitable Francisc
for academically inclined students[114]. However, on the neutral o
[93] considers MOOC as a ―disruptive technology with an unclear Coursera USA 2012 In https://www.coursera.org/
edX USA 2012 In https://www.edx.org/
future‖. Udacity USA 2012 In https://www.udacity.com/
FutureLear UK 2012 In https://www.futurelearn.com
5.1 Characteristics of MOOCs n
Every letter in MOOC is negotiable[98].M=massive, O=open, FUN France 2013 After https://www.fun-mooc.fr
Iversity Germany 2013 After https://www.iversity.org
O=online, C=course[93]. In this study, MOOC is characterised in Mirada X Spain 2013 After https://miriadax.net
terms of massiveness, openness, Internet-mediated, connectivism Edraak Jordan 2013 After https://www.edraak.org/
Open2Stdu Australia 2013 After https://www.open2study.com/
and courses[71], as described in table 1 above. y
XuetangX China 2013 After https://www.xuetangx.com
Rwaq Middle 2014 After https://www.rwaq.org
east
143
Empirically, Coursera, edX, Udacity, and Udemy are the most assignments[126]. Currently, Coursera and Udacity are
prominent MOOC providers [115]. Accordingly, [116] reported examples of third party vendors delivering xMOOC
Coursera, edX, and Futurelearn as the most prominent MOOC contents.
portals, with Udacity considered as an important MOOC portal.
Today xMOOC is termed the modern MOOC and forms the
Additionally, [96] positioned Udacity, Coursera, edX, Udemy, and
widely known MOOC [15]. It follows the broadcast model of
the Khan Academy as the most important MOOC platforms. knowledge dissemination[128]. However, [100] reported that
Furthermore, [83] considered Coursera, edX, and Udacity as the no conclusion has been made regarding which is better than
major MOOC providers. Despite these diversities in scholarly the other between x and c MOOC.
views and opinions, it is evident that all MOOC providers focus on
harmonising geographically dispersed participants for the purpose 5.4 Benefits of MOOC in Education
of learning and teaching. Prior studies [129], [130] have raised alarm about the
continuous increase in the cost of post secondary
5.3 Types of MOOC education. In an investigation, [99] found that MOOC has
What determines a MOOC is the mode in which it is delivered[93]. the potential to lower the cost of earning a degree. Today,
There are two (2) basic types of MOOCs vizcMOOC and MOOCs completely addresses the exponential increase in
xMOOC[51], [96], [111]. However, in recent times, other types the cost of acquiring traditional education[131], [132].
have evolved and emerged. This includes: pMOOC (project based This is achieved through the delivery ofcost efficient,
MOOC), LOOC (Local Open Online Courses)[93], SPOC (Small flexible and focused online educational practicesby
Private Online Courses)[117]. Others includes Wrapped MOOC providers [133].
MOOC[118], White label MOOC, Mini MOOC, DOCC
(Distributed Open Collaborative Course)[119] and SMOC In addition, by removing the distance barrier, MOOC
(Synchronous Massive Online Course) [112]. efficiently and cheaply extends the reach of education to
every part of the world. Students in underdeveloped and
In cMOOC, the c denotes connectivism or connectivist[112], hence developing countries now take classes directly from elite
they are based on connectivist[47], [100] and informal learning universities at a less or no cost [134]. This extension in
theory[51]. Connectivism is best explained by peer and social turn increases the prestige of the hosting universities
learning models. They promote knowledge seeking, sharing[16] thereby improving educational outcomes and
and learners autonomy[120], thereby enhancing interaction among revenues[112]. Hu [93] highlighted the benefits of MOOC
participants. Several controversies still surround the acceptance of in developing countries. The study stated that, the offline
connectivism as a philosophy of learning in this digital age[121], learning capability of MOOC enhances the adoption and
[122]. addresses the network inadequacy in developing
cMOOC are structured to include video presentations, tests and countries.
short quizzes[91]decentralised over a network[49]. In cMOOC, the Furthermore, MOOC provides personified education i.e.
instructor provides the course outline and students define the every student a class and every class its student. This
course materials and course contents. Thus the participants of permits students to have control over what they learn,
cMOOCs are active, while the instructors are seen more as when they learn and how they learn. Thus promoting
moderators rather than tutors[100]. cMOOC uses Open Education crowd sourcing which enhances collaboration and social
Resources [93], hence making its learning resources open rather networking among students [69]. In essence, MOOC
than proprietary. Examples of cMOOC include Personal Learning promotes high level of interaction among students without
Environments, Connectivism and Connective Knowledge, instructor mediation and moderation which enables
MobiMOOC, and EduMOOC[100]. Currently, edX uses the students to independently develop their own ideas, skills,
cMOOC pedagogy for content delivery. knowledge, learning network, enhance self expression
Recently, Havard University instigated the term xMOOC to depict [120], [135], [136], deep learning and abstract
courses offered offline [49] with online discussion forums. The x in conceptualization[137], [138].
xMOOC denotes exponential or extension, thereby focusing on The course content of MOOCs are mostly facilitated by
massive participation [112], through the use of proprietary learning highly qualified professors and scholars in the academia
resources [93]. xMOOC perfectly exemplifies the digital version of [88]. Therefore, MOOC imparts qualitative, lifelong cost
a traditional education course. effective skills and experiences [83], [94], thereby
An xMOOC is structured to include at least one instructor, an enhancing professional credentials[81], [139] and
instructor predefined course content and a participant self-paced providing job advancement [55]. Some MOOC providers
syllabus [48], [81], [123]–[127]. Therefore, unlike cMOOC, such as Udacity recommend Nanodegree course
xMOOC participants are considered as passive learners. However, participants for job placement. Additionally, several
xMOOC is more engaging than cMOOC. It incorporates game- MOOC providers issues certificate that can be showcased
related elements and online simulation to keep learners focused and on participant LinkedIn profile.
motivated [125]. Additionally, xMOOC ensures quality delivery Similarly, MOOC appears to provide an economic
through the integration of quality assurance protocols[93]. solution to universities and also a medium for universities
The duration of xMOOC video lectures ranges from 3 to 15 tocompete with their peers[5], thus increasing the number
minutes and are structured in terms of weeks. Each week contains of universities engaged and offering qualitative MOOCs.
video lectures, reading materials, online discussion, quizzes and This enhances the prestige of the university, global
144
awareness about the university, and increases the rate of student face instructor mediated practice and interaction. Such
enrollment in the university [73]. A prior study [93] show that courses may not appear in the world of MOOC in the
MOOC addresses the need for more infrastructural expansions nearest future [134] and eventually if they do, the
among existing universities. likewise, [116] concluded that MOOC reputation of the participants needs serious verification.
addresses the need for more universities.
Participation dissatisfaction is another challenge of
Moreover, MOOC goes beyond enhancing students learning MOOC. There is influenced by technical know-how
experience to enhancing managers and employees skills by requirement of MOOC [55], [107], [128], [160], [161],
providing in-service training courses, thereby upgrading theirskills possible loss of focus in discussion forum and out-of-
base and curriculum vitae[93].Therefore, with MOOC, the campus- scope postings by participants[80]. Additionally, it is
based time requirement for working professions are influenced by MOOC demands for commitment both in
eliminated[134]. time and money [48]. Therefore, MOOC designers need
real-time systems for detecting dissatisfied
Among other benefits, MOOC provides researchers with well-
participants[84], moderating discussion forum and
structured data about learning patterns across various MOOCs[55],
reducing the complexity of participating in a MOOC.
eases the teaching and learning of several educational areas and
topics [93], and finally fosters collaborative research among Though, MOOC is used by universities as a marketing
communities. tool, the provision of low-quality courses through MOOC
may significantly damage the reputation and recognition
5.5 Challenges of MOOC in Education of universities rather than market it [51].
Despite the infancy and various benefits of MOOCs in education,
its implementation requires careful attention due to a number of Accordingly, MOOC professors and tutors consider the
challenges and uncertainties[3][71]. preparation of course material as very hectic and time
demanding[99]. Averagely, the time required to prepare
The most discussed challenge of MOOC is high dropout [140], an adequate MOOC is 100 hours.
hence low completion rate. Prior studies[55], [128], [141], [142]
found that less than 10% of participants completes a MOOC. This Among other challenges, [134] considered acceptability,
brought about MOOC criticism due to 90% dropout rate of student experience and quality as the major problems of
enrollees, in essence, 90% of people who signed up for a MOOC MOOC. Consequently, there are possible loss of cultural
do not complete them [51]. Scholarly investigation identified values and norms among MOOC participants[68][162].
insufficient or lack of incentive, lack of life teacher support and
difficulty as the major causes of high dropout rate in MOOC[48],
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
This study has analysed the most relevant contributions of
[81], [95], [143]. Additionally, the lack of prior knowledge may
cloud computing to MOOC and MOOC to education. The
contribute to the dropout rate[81].
study found storage and software as the most used cloud
Cheating is one of the major challenges of MOOC [144]. Virtual services in education. MOOC is relatively new and
student assessment and unverifiable identity of participant considered as a disruptive innovation capable of
contributed to the emergence of cheating among MOOC transforming the educational sector. Literature has shown
participants [49], [124]. On this note, [134] stated that MOOC that previous disruptive innovations came with various
certificates may not be considered by employers due to the challenges. Therefore, the disruptiveness and
unverifiable quality of students skills and experience. To efficiently innovativeness of MOOC must also come with various
evaluate students, new assessment methods are required [145], challenges. These challenges will form the basis for its
[146]. These methods must efficiently collect, classify and perfection and stability. Despite these challenges, it is
understand in-classroom teaching and learning[147]. On this note, important for universities and educational institutions to
there is an ongoing experiment on the use of computers to grade value MOOC and cloud computing due to their significant
essays for ensuring effective student assessments [148]. However, roles in the education sector.
[149] reported that this software are unreliable.
Various challenges have been identified in the study.
Another challenge is the use of peer assessment by some MOOC However, MOOC dropout rate appear to be the most
provider. The good side of peer assessment lies in its quality discussed challenge. It should be noted that the dropout
feedback. Feedback depicts instructor‘s comment or evaluation of rates across different MOOC varies. Therefore, the target
learner‘s context [150]–[153]. However the case of MOOC using audience and purpose of the MOOC determines the
peer assessment for performance evaluation to ensure feedback enrollment and dropout rate. For instance, a computer
contradicts scholarly views about feedback. Additionally, peer science based course may draw more attention and
review perfectly exemplifies a novice guiding a novice, thereby completion rate than a social science based course due to
resulting in shallow learning. In essence, peer evaluation does not the inclined use of the computer by the former when
efficiently measure and assess learning achievement [154]–[158]. compared to the later.
On the contrary about peer evaluation, [159] opined that peer
Accordingly, with respect to the issue of certificate
evaluation encourages and motivate students to learn and
recognition, it was found that most students engage in
collaborate.
MOOC to support lifelong learning, for fun, continence
In like manner, there is a limitation in the number of fields that can and also for experience[81]. This indicates that the quest
be taught through MOOC. For instance, medicine requires face-to-
145
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