=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1764/1
|storemode=property
|title=Digital repertoires of poetry metrics: towards a Linked Open Data ecosystem
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1764/1.pdf
|volume=Vol-1764
|authors=Mariana Curado Malta,Elena Gonzalez-Blanco,Paloma Centenera
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/mtsr/MaltaGC16
}}
==Digital repertoires of poetry metrics: towards a Linked Open Data ecosystem==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1764/1.pdf
Digital repertoires of poetry metrics: towards a
Linked Open Data ecosystem
Mariana Curado Malta12 , Elena González-Blanco1 , Clara Martínez1 , and
Gimena del Rio3
1
LINHD-UNED, Madrid, Spain
mariana.malta@linhd.uned.es,{egonzalezblanco,cimartinez}@flog.uned.es
http://linhd.uned.es
2
CEOS.PP, Polytechnic of Oporto, Portugal
mariana@iscap.ipp.pt
http://www.iscap.ipp.pt
3
CONICET - IIBICRIT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
gdelrio.riande@gmail.com
http://www.conicet.gov.ar
Abstract. This paper presents work-in-progress of the POSTDATA
project. This project aims to provide means to solve the interoperability
issues that exist among the digital poetry repertoires. These repertoires
hold data of poetry metrics that is locked in their own databases and it
is not freely available to be compared and to be used by intelligent ma-
chines that could infer over the data. The POSTDATA project will use
Linked Open Data (LOD) technologies to overcome the interoperabil-
ity problems. POSTDATA is developing a metadata application pro le
(MAP) for the digital poetry repertoires, a construct that enhances in-
teroperability. This development follows the method for the development
of MAP (Me4MAP). A MAP for the digital poetry repertoires will open
doors for these repertoires to be able to structure the data with a common
model in order to publish it as Linked Open Data. This paper presents
how this MAP is being developed so far.
Keywords: Digital humanities, Linked Open Data, interoperability, meta-
data application pro le, poetry, digital repertoires
1 Introduction
This paper presents the metadata application pro le (MAP) that is being created
for digital poetry collections or repertoires. Poetry is a cultural product that uses
language focusing in their sounds and rhythms, trying to make every word count
as something experienced meaningfully through the body at the same time as
it is understood by the mind[1, p. 1]. Following [2, p. 132] meter is de ned as
a systematic literary convention whereby certain aspects of the phonology are
organized for aesthetic purposes". In this sense, versi cation is an abstraction
of linguistic phenomena in which words (in their formal and semantic aspect)
relate to rhythm and rhyme for artistic purposes. Although many theories about
2 Curado Malta et al.
versi cation and metrics have been developed for the dierent languages and
traditions, the POSTDATA project is interested in this structural and a formal
approach to look at poetry into discrete units, categories, and their relationships.
That's why one of its main interests is the analysis of metrical repertoires in
digital form.
A digital repertoire of poetry metrics is a catalogue that gives account of the
metrical and rhythmical schemes of either a poetic tradition, a period or school,
gathering a long corpus of poems that are de ned and classi ed by their main
characteristics. This kind of repertoires may contain the text of the poem and
information related to authors, manuscripts, editions, music, and other features,
all of them related to the poems. In the beginning, repertoires were printed books
in which we could nd information listed in a way similar to an address book.
The digital era changed the way in which information is displayed allowing the
user to perform complex and multiple searches. In all these cases there is an
ontological leap when the data is put in digital format4 .
The lack of interoperability between the dierent digital repertoires dealing
with poetry metrics across the dierent languages, literatures and traditions is
a problem that needs to be addressed [4]. POSTDATA is a project nanced by
a Starting Grant of the European Research Council5 that aims to solve this
problem.
The reason for this absence of interoperability is twofold: 1) there is a lack of
standardization in the philological eld due to the independent evolution of each
dierent cultural tradition; 2) the technological solutions used for building each
poetic digital repertoire or database are very dierent, and tailored following a
dierent model without taking into account, in most of the cases, the standards
used in Digital Humanities. The basis of POSTDATA is building of a semantic
system which will serve as bridge to mind the gap between the technological
and philological worlds. It aims to develop a metadata application pro le that
will give a semantic model for all the existing poetic digital repertoires that
are currently available on the Web of Documents6 . With this common model
all these repertoires will be able to publish its data as Linked Open Data and
become interoperable among them.
The goal of this paper is to present how POSTDATA addresses the interop-
erability problem among the Digital Poetry Repertoires.
This paper proceeds as follows: Section 2 presents brie y the POSTDATA
project and the quest for interoperability of the Digital Repertoires of poetry
metrics; section 3 presents the metadata application pro le (MAP) construct
as a way to achieve interoperability, and a method to develop MAPs; section 4
4
For the concept of metrical repertoire and their history and evolution see [3]
5
ERC-2015-STG-679528
6
Web of Documents is a term used in contrast with the term Web of Data. The Web
of Documents is made of documents read by human beings that navigate between
documents located in servers through hyper-links, it is the Web that everyone uses
in a daily basis. The Web of Data or Linked Data or even the Semantic Web, three
ways of expressing similar concepts, have technologies that enable people to create
data stores on the Web, build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data [7]
Digital repertoires of poetry metrics 3
reports on the rst steps of the development of the MAP for European poetry.
The last section presents conclusions and future work.
2 POSTDATA
POSTDATA aims at shortening the digital gap among poetry and technology,
looking for interoperability solutions. This project has several dimensions as we
can see in FIG.1.
Fig. 1. POSTDATA project explanation schema.
It aims at building a digital research environment to create poetry collections
and repertoires as well as poetic library of treatises, where users can consume
information or contribute for the corpora of the library uploading their texts and
analysis. Users will be able to use the service of Exploration & Discovery Visual
Tools to visualize syntactical structures, perform word frequency analysis and
textual patterns in poems in order to re ect metrical and rhythmical varieties.
This visualization will use automated methods for poetry analysis combined
with other technologies such as Natural Language Processing or Computational
stylistics, combined with TEI-XML Encoding7 . POSTDATA will develop tools
7
See http://www.tei-c.org - retrieved October 11, 2016
4 Curado Malta et al.
to apply to the rst level of poem analysis Natural Language Processing algo-
rithms, such as Name-Entity Recognition systems to extract information, clas-
sify elements in text into pre-de ned categories such as the names of persons,
organizations, locations, and later revision of the results such as corrections and
additions of information will also be possible. POSTDATA will also develop tools
to perform statistical analysis of the poem, or of the corpora, to provide nal
users with relevant information. These analysis will be feed by both the data of
the local repertoire as well as the data available in the Digital Poetry LOD.
There is already a very relevant set of digital poetic repertoires on the Web
of Documents; there is also a certain number of local databases. All this re-
sources constitute a rich kaleidoscope of multilingual virtual poetry. As examples
we can refer repertoires in French: French lyrical collections (Nouveau Naete-
bus)8 , in Italian: Bibliogra a Elettronica dei Trovatori (BedT)9 , in Hungarian:
The Répertoire de la poésie hongroise ancienne (RPHA)10 , in Ancient Latin:
The Corpus Rhythmorum Musicum11 , in Galaico-Portuguese: The Cantigas de
Santa María12 , in Castellano: The Repertorio Métrico Digital de la Poesía Me-
dieval Castellana (ReMetCa)13 , in Dutch: Dutch Song Database14 , in Occitane:
Occitaine Répertoire métrique de la poésie lyrique occitane des troubadours à
leurs héritiers15 , in Catalan: Repertori d'obres en vers16 , in Skaldic: The Skaldic
Project17 , in German: The Lyrik des Minnesänger18 and in English: the Digital
Edition of the index of Middle English Verse19 , among many others. It is not
in the aim of this paper to present all the repertoires, but only to show how
alive the Digital Humanities Community of Poetry (DHCP) is, and how diverse
and immense is the DHCP information available on the Web of Documents[5].
This data is at the moment locked in the silos of information of each repertoire,
not available freely to be compared and to be used by intelligent machines that
could infer many things over the data.
All these repertoires face a challenge of interoperability. POSTDATA ad-
dresses this issue by using LOD technologies [6]. It will add a semantic layer to
its repertoire (the set of all poetry collections) in order to be able to publish Po-
etic related data as Linked Open Data, and be interoperable with other entities
that may do the same. POSTDATA will also provide a SPARQL endpoint for
its dataset.
8
http://nouveaunaetebus.elte.hu retrieved September 27, 2016
9
http://www.bedt.it/BEdT_04_25/inf_home_crediti.aspx retrieved September
27, 2016
10
http://rpha.elte.hu/ retrieved September 27, 2016
11
http://www.corimu.unisi.it retrieved September 27, 2016
12
http://csm.mml.ox.ac.uk/ retrieved September 27, 2016
13
http://www.remetca.uned.es retrieved September 27, 2016
14
http://www.liederenbank.nl/ retrieved September 27, 2016
15
http://icalia.es/troubadours/ca/ retrieved September 27, 2016
16
Local database
17
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/skaldic retrieved September 27, 2016
18
http://www.lhm-online.de retrieved September 27, 2016
19
http://dimev.net retrieved September 27, 2016
Digital repertoires of poetry metrics 5
POSTDATA will not achieve anything without the contribution of the DHCP.
The repertoires of this community have data that is trapped in the Web of
Documents, and needs to be released, i.e., this data needs to be published as
LOD. Making poetry available on line as machine-readable data will open a world
of possibilities of linking, indexing and extracting new information through the
combination of the dierent datasets. In order for this data to be interoperable
POSTDATA needs to build a common model to structure DHCP data all in
the same way. This common model is in fact a metadata application pro le
(MAP), a construct that enhances interoperability [8].
3 Development of Metadata Application Pro les
A pro le is a term used to refer to a document that shows how standards and
speci cations can be used to deploy a particular application. A metadata appli-
cation pro le is a construct that when used by a certain community enhances in-
teroperability [9]. The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)20 , a well-known
and in uential global initiative concerned with metadata, de ned the rules to
build a MAP in a recommendation called The Singapore Framework for Dublin
Core Application Pro les (see [9]). This recommendation says that a MAP is
composed by:
functional requirements,
domain model,
description set pro le,
usage guidelines (optional),
syntax guidelines (optional).
The functional requirements state what kind of things the community of
practice wants to do with the data. The domain model presents a way to model
the concepts (abstract and not abstract) and respective properties that data
represents.
A MAP targets a community, meaning that all the dierent members of that
community must feel represented in the domain model described by that MAP.
This representativity has to do with the fact that each member of the community
must be able to describe its resources using the MAP de ned by the community.
If the MAP fails to serve a speci c member of the community, this member will
be excluded in the sense that its data will not be interoperable with the rest
of the community of practice. If this exclusion happens it might mean that the
MAP was not very well developed because it does not respond to the needs of
all members of the community that integrated the development.
In LOD a certain community of practice served by a MAP might have other
type of communities of practice that live in the boundaries of the community of
practice the MAP serves. Both the boundary community and the community
of practice might be interested in sharing part of the data, that is, might want
20
http://dublincore.org - retrieved October 6, 2016
6 Curado Malta et al.
to have a certain level of interoperability between them. During the MAP de-
velopment process developers should be aware of these boundary communities
and try to integrate, when possible, part of their characteristics. LOD is a wide
and open ecosystem. The more boundary communities are touched, the more
probable is that the data is used.
The development of a MAP is though a crucial task for a community of
practice. This development should be structured and integrate, since the early
phases of development, elements of all representative members of the community
of practice.
The DHCP organizations dier in organization-type, location, culture and in
the language they speak. To nd a common ground of understanding in such an
environment becomes a huge challenge. This circumstance is not new for a MAP
development. In fact such a development is often done in complex settings that
are very open, in contrast with the development of software that serves a certain
organization that is protected inside its walls of context, culture and language,
where requirements can be elicitated using very well known techniques. In a
MAP development, developers will never know in fact the total reach of the
MAP, the community of practice that the MAP serves can be very well de ned
but there will be always a degree of uncertainty - to elicitate requirements is not
easy in such uncertainty.
The authors think that the existence of a method for the development of a
MAP may help to address all the referred challenges.
Recent studies say that there is no method for the development of MAPs
(see [13]), in order to address this issue [5,6] have been working on the de nition
of a method for the development of metadata application pro les (Me4MAP).
POSTDATA is using Me4MAP21 to develop the MAP-EP.
4 MAP-EP Development process
The development of the MAP-EP faces the challenge to serve at least 14 reper-
toires that are presently active in the Web of Documents22 . There are other
initiatives that make part also of the community of practice, but are not core
community. The poetic repertoires can be de ned as the core community of
DHCP, other initiatives such as the LOD project of Biblioteca Nacional de
España 23 , the data project of Museo del Prado 24 , Pelagios25 , Biblissima26 ,
21
Only draft versions are published so far. The rst version of Me4MAP was submitted
to an international research journal and is waiting for approval. POSTDATA team
is using this rst version of Me4MAP not yet published.
22
This number is changing at the moment of writing this chapter since the project is
a work-in-project
23
See http://www.datos.bne.es - retrieved October 7, 2016
24
https://www.museodelprado.es/modelo-semantico-digital/
el-prado-en-la-web - retrieved October 11, 2016
25
http://commons.pelagios.org/ - retrieved October 8, 2016
26
http://www.biblissima-condorcet.fr - retrieved October 8, 2016
Digital repertoires of poetry metrics 7
Claros27 , among others, are the boundary communities as previously called.
These projects do not deal with poetry but with information concerning biblio-
graphic records, arts in general, and geographical places and persons connected
to the resources described (manuscripts, pieces of art, objects in general). POST-
DATA also wants to have a certain degree of interoperability with these initia-
tives. The Vision Statement of the MAP-EP should clearly state what is the
core domain and should also open doors to other boundary domains. POST-
DATA Vision statement is still being de ned.
As de ned in Me4MAP the rst activity is the rst Singapore Stage (S1)
which develops the Functional Requirements.
According to Me4MAP the functional requirements can be elicitated using
the technique of developing uses-cases. The development of POSTDATA use case
model is build with the study of the: (i) functionalities of the digital repertoires
that are on the Web of Documents; (ii) local repertoires that are being build by
researchers, at the same time as the project is being developed, and that want
to use POSTDATA tools to be able to share and use data. So far there are two
of such local repertoires working with POSTDATA.
POSTDATA will also implement a survey to end users of the repertoires in
order to understand what kind of things such users would like to do with the
data. This survey will run on line. All POSTDATA partners (responsible of the
repertoires) will help POSTDATA to disseminate the survey. The answers will
be analyzed and a set of functionalities de ned.
From all this work POSTDATA team will de ne a use case model that will
explicit the Functional Requirements.
POSTDATA team is also already collecting information about the data mod-
els of the databases, that together with the functional requirements, will be used
to de ne the Domain Model, the second Singapore Stage (S2) (the second ac-
tivity de ned by Me4MAP). This information is being collected, organized and
analised. POSTDATA team contacted all the responsible of the repertoires in
order to obtain documentation of the databases. To communicate with some of
the responsible is not easy since many of them are not database experts so do
not speak the same language. This results in information that is not under-
standable or that it is not enough to get a data model. Many information is
re-created with the help of philologists of the team, they analyse the Websites
and their functionalities in order to understand the meaning of some elds. From
the 21 repertoires we have collected so far information from 15 (see Table 1).
When de ning the Domain Model, it will very important to be aware of stan-
dard conceptual models that exist in the same community of practice. POST-
DATA team has in mind to study the FRBRoo28 with the aim to integrate it
in the domain model since it has become a very important conceptual model in
the Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums (GLAM) community. FRBRoo
27
http://www.clarosnet.org/ - retrieved October 8, 2016
28
See http://archive.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/FRBRoo_V9.1_PR.pdf - retrieved
October 10, 2016
8 Curado Malta et al.
Table 1. Type of information sent by the responsible of the repertoires
Type How many Observations
MySQL dump script 5 Able to open in phpMyAdmin and able to
analyse the Logical Model.
MWD le 2 Able to open with MySQL Workbench and
able to analyse the Logical Model.
XML data les 2 Able to load the les to a XML parser and
able to extract the XML Schema.
XML dtd le 1 Able to extract the XML Schema using a
XML parser.
Perl script with data 1 Able to open the le with a plain text ed-
itor and able to analyse the le.
Excel le with data 1 Able to open the le with OpenO ce soft-
ware and able to analyse the tables on the
le.
Documentation 3 Pdf les with text explaining the tables
and elds, some with ER diagrams of the
database. Able to analise the pdf le - no
possiblities to check inconsistencies.
is in fact an object-oriented formulation of the FRBR model29 as an extension
of CIDOC CRM30 .
TEI, the Text Encoded Initiative31 that has a module for the description of
poetry related resources, is a data model that should be taken in account. This
data model is not yet deployed in the Semantic Web, and it is widely used by
the DHPC (using XML related technologies).
Me4MAP de nes another activity - to be developed in parallel with S2 -
called Environmental Scan. According to Me4MAP, an Environmental Scan is
a report that contains a review of the metadata schemas that are available in
any serialization of the Semantic Web (e.g. RDF/XML, turtle, etc.) and that
may serve the needs of the Domain Model The POSTDATA team is aware of
the importance of using standard or/and the most used RDF vocabularies to
achieve good levels of interoperability with other communities of practice. The
study of these vocabularies is done in the Environmental Scan.
The development of the Environmental Scan of MAP-EP has already started
but is still in the very beginnings of development. Nevertheless POSTDATA
team has the following considerations:
standards should be the most used, so dcterms32 will be always a rst choice
to terms and classes
29
See http://www.ifla.org/publications/functional-requirements-for-bibliographic-records
- accessed October 10, 2016
30
See http://www.cidoc-crm.org - accessed October 10, 2016
31
See http://www.tei.org - accessed October 12, 2016
32
See http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/ - retrieved October 10, 2016
Digital repertoires of poetry metrics 9
Digital Manuscripts to Europeana (DM2E)33 is a very important initiative
that will be used to describe concepts related to manuscripts;
the BIB FRAME vocabulary34 and BIBO35 ontology are also strong candi-
dates to describe bibliographic records of the POSTDATA domain model.
Since the domain of MAP-EP has names of persons and locations related to
the bibliographic records, authority repertoires such as the geonames ontology36 ,
DBpedia37 and VIAF directory38 are planned to be used.
5 Conclusions and Future Work
This paper presents preliminary work of a research project nanced by the Eu-
ropean Research Council (ERC). This project (POSTDATA) wants to solve the
interoperability problems that exist among the digital poetry repertoires. These
repertoires are present in the Web of Documents or are local les holding data of
poetry metrics, that is, information about poetry analysis. This data is trapped
in every database, structured in many dierent ways, and it is not shared among
repositories. The aim of POSTDATA is to liberate this data in a way that it
can be shared and open, in order to be used by intelligent machines that can
compare the data and infer over it arriving to new dimensions of knowledge. The
solution to solve the interoperability issue referred is to use Linked Open Data
technologies and to publish the data as LOD. The data needs to be structured
with a common model, that is, a metadata application pro le (MAP), a con-
struct that enhances interoperability. POSTDATA is using Me4MAP, a method
for the development of application pro les do develop a MAP for European
Poetry (MAP-EP). This paper presents the way MAP-EP is being developed,
showing how POSTDATA team is using: 1) the Websites and the logical models
of the repertoires; 2) use-cases of work of researchers that are collecting poetry
data and discussing with the POSTDATA team the things they want to do with
the data and 3) a survey to nal users of the existent repertoires asking about
the things they would like to do with the data; to de ne the functional require-
ments and the domain model of the MAP. At the same time POSTDATA team
is already developing the Environmental Scan, a report that states all the RDF
vocabularies that may serve the domain model.
At the end of the project all repertoires will be able to map its relational
models with the MAP-EP. And will be ready to publish data in LOD.
As future work the POSTDATA team has to follow the path de ned by
Me4MAP to develop MAP-EP. According to the plan, a rst version of MAP-
EP will be ready by the end of 2017.
33
See http://dm2e.eu/ - retrieved October 8, 2016
34
See https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/ - retrieved October 17, 2016
35
See http://bibliontology.com/ - retrieved October 8, 2016
36
See http://www.geonames.org/ontology/ - retrieved October 10, 2016
37
http://dbpedia.org - retrieved October 12, 2016
38
http://viaf.org - retrieved October 12, 2016
10 Curado Malta et al.
During this development process a research team will be interested in moni-
toring the use of Me4MAP in order to validate it. Me4MAP was developed using
a Design Science Research Methodology (see [15]). The evaluation of the use of
Me4MAP will inform the construction moments of DSR in order to create a
revised version of Me4MAP.
Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank all those in charge of
the repertoires for their help sharing information and discussing database issues
with the POSTDATA team.
Mariana Curado Malta thanks ISCAP.IPP for her 3 year's leave which opened
the possibility to work in POSTDATA, a wonderful and challenging professional
experience in Madrid.
This paper has been developed thanks to the research projects funded by MINECO
and led by Elena González-Blanco: Acción Europa Investiga EUIN2013-50630:
Repertorio Digital de Poesía Europea (DIREPO) and FFI2014-57961-R. Labo-
ratorio de Innovación en Humanidades Digitales: Edición Digital, Datos Enlaza-
dos y Entorno Virtual de Investigación para el trabajo en humanidades, and the
Starting Grant research project: Poetry Standardization and Linked Open Data:
POSTDATA (ERC-2015-STG-679528), funded by European Research Council
(ERC) under the European Unions Horizon2020 research and innovation pro-
gramme, (http://postdata.linhd.es/).
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