=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1776/paper2
|storemode=property
|title=Motivation, Participation, and Engagement in Human Work Interaction Design Literature
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1776/paper2.pdf
|volume=Vol-1776
|authors=Barbara Rita Barricelli,Torkil Clemmensen,Pedro Campos,Jose Abdelnour Nocera,Arminda Lopes
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/nordichi/BarricelliCCAL16
}}
==Motivation, Participation, and Engagement in Human Work Interaction Design Literature==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1776/paper2.pdf
Motivation, Participation, and Engagement in
Human Work Interaction Design Literature
Barbara Rita Barricelli1, Torkil Clemmensen2, Pedro Campos3,
Jose Abdelnour-Nocera3,4, Arminda Lopes3
1Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
barricelli@di.unimi.it
2Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark
tc.itm@cbs.dk
3M-ITI, Funchal, Portugal
{pedro.campos, arminda.lopes}@m-iti.org
4University of West London, London, United Kingdom
jose.abdelnour-nocera@uwl.ac.uk
Abstract. This position paper is aimed at presenting as discussion material at the
CoPDA 2016 Workshop the preliminary results of a short review of the literature
published by the HWID community in the last 10 years in four books. Specifi-
cally, the attention is posed on understanding the importance of motivation, par-
ticipation, and engagement in Interaction Design projects for smart and pervasive
workplaces.
Keywords: Human Work Interaction Design, Motivation, Participation, En-
gagement, Smart Workplaces, Pervasive Workplaces.
1 Human Work Interaction Design
Human Work Interaction Design (HWID) studies the integration of work analysis and
interaction design methods for its application to pervasive and smart workplaces’ pro-
jects. HWID has its roots and inspiration in the 70’s Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA)
[1] methods. Today, HWID is a lightweight version of CWA, addressing the concept
of Work in HCI. A main target of HWID is the analysis of and the design for the variety
of complex work and life contexts that can be find in different public/private work con-
texts. It studies how technology is changing human life and work practice in numerous,
multi-faceted ways: Interfaces between collaborating individuals; advanced communi-
cation networks; Small and large-scale distributed systems; Multimedia and embedded
technologies; Mobile technologies and advanced "intelligent" robots; Communication,
collaboration, and problem solving; Large information spaces, variability, discretion,
learning, and information seeking; Methods, theories, tools, techniques and prototype
design on an experimental basis.
8
Proc. of Fourth International Workshop on Cultures of Participation in the Digital Age - CoPDA 2016
Gothenburg (Sweden), October 23, 2016 (published at http://ceur-ws.org).
Copyright © 2016 for the individual papers by the papers' authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.
This volume is published and copyrighted by its editors.
The IFIP TC 13.6 Working Group on Human Work Interaction Design1 is part of the
International Federation for Information Processing 2 and specifically of its Technical
Committee on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)3. The mission of the group is to
empower users by designing smarter workplaces, in many different work domains. The
aims of the HWID working group are: Encouraging empirical studies and conceptuali-
zations of the interaction among humans, their variegated social contexts and the tech-
nology they use both within and across these contexts; Promoting the use of knowledge,
concepts, methods and techniques that enables user studies to procure a better appre-
hension of the complex interplay between individual, social and organizational contexts
and thereby a better understanding of how and why people work in the ways they do;
Promoting a better understanding of the relationship between work-domain based em-
pirical studies and iterative design of prototypes and new technologies; Establishing a
network of researchers, practitioners and domain/subject matter experts working within
this field. The group provides the basis for an improved cross-disciplinary co-operation
and mutual inspiration among researchers, but also leads to a number of new research
initiatives and developments, as well as to an increased awareness of HWID in existing
HCI educations. Complexity is a key notion in the working group, not a priori defined
or limited to any particular domains.
In this paper, we briefly report a review of the collection of papers published by the
Working Group community in the last 10 years in four books. The focus is on under-
standing the role of motivation, participation, and engagement in the reported projects.
In particular, we aim to discuss at the workshop on the potentials of a participatory [2]
approach applied to the Interaction Design for workplaces, both pervasive and smart.
2 Motivation, Participation, and Engagement in HWID
Literature
For this position paper, we considered the four books edited by the IFIP TC13.6 HWID
group as outcome of the four editions of HWID Conferences:
1. 2006 in Madeira (Portugal). The focus of the papers included in the first book “Hu-
man Work Interaction Design: Designing for Human Work” [3] is on synthesizing
work analysis and design sketching, with a particular attention on how to read de-
sign sketches within different approaches to analysis and design of human-work
interaction.
2. 2009 in Pune (India). Its contributions were published in the book “Human Work
Interaction Design: Usability in Social, Cultural and Organizational Contexts” [4]
that investigates the concept of usability in social, cultural, and organizational con-
texts.
1 http://hwid.m-iti.org/
2 http://www.ifip.org/
3 http://ifip-tc13.org/
9
Proc. of Fourth International Workshop on Cultures of Participation in the Digital Age - CoPDA 2016
Gothenburg (Sweden), October 23, 2016 (published at http://ceur-ws.org).
Copyright © 2016 for the individual papers by the papers' authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.
This volume is published and copyrighted by its editors.
3. 2012 in Copenhagen (Denmark). The third book “Human Work Interaction Design.
Work Analysis and HCI” [5] discusses HWID from a strict Work Analysis and HCI
perspective.
4. 2015 in London (United Kingdom). The theme of the “Human Work Interac-
tion Design. Work Analysis and Interaction Design Methods for Pervasive and
Smart Workplaces” [6] is the integration of work analysis and interaction design
methods for pervasive and smart workplaces.
We reviewed all the 64 papers in the four books searching for three specific terms:
motivation, participation, and engagement. We are in fact interested in discussing at the
CoPDA Workshop the importance of such aspects in successful participatory/coopera-
tive design projects that involve stakeholders and domain experts. More than focusing
on terms occurrences and quantitative data, we would like to present some of the sen-
tences that we find more significant for a constructive discussion during the workshop.
The interest in on participation, motivation, and engagement in discussing HWID ap-
pears to be constant in time; no particular trends have been detected.
2.1 Motivation
[7] Activity theory encompasses and integrates a number of different areas of
analysis for any given activity, including structure, context and development.
The structure of the activity is decomposed into its sub-components, and an-
alysed in terms of human motivations. This decomposition includes the full
range from understanding the broad activity and its motives, individual con-
scious actions and goals, down to people's sub-conscious operations and the
conditions that trigger them.
[8] Such a distinction has been referred to by the terms causal systems and inten-
tional systems. In causal systems, the outcomes are predictable by the laws of
nature, whereas, intentional systems cannot be and are instead based on hu-
man motivation.
[9] For the moderator skill level there are also specific contexts such as user’s
motivation “…in the sense that you have to realize that when a person is not
motivated, he is probably not giving you the real feedback...the moderator has
to realize that ..and he has to do some twists...”.
[9] ‘Overall user evaluator relationship’ is related to the user’s motivation and
considered during test protocol development “You have to spend extra efforts
if that person is not motivated… one of the reasons for using [specific kind
of] scenarios is to make the user comfortable…”.
[10] Personal goals, computer self-efficacy, motivation, computer usage, anxiety,
age, internet efficacy and attitude have been reported to influence user inter-
actions and satisfaction which may affect the success and failure of a task.
[11] Motivation can be considered as a characteristic of the worker influencing his
or her experience. Sources for motivation are, for example, an increase of
productivity despite having a lot of equipment down, working passionately
10
Proc. of Fourth International Workshop on Cultures of Participation in the Digital Age - CoPDA 2016
Gothenburg (Sweden), October 23, 2016 (published at http://ceur-ws.org).
Copyright © 2016 for the individual papers by the papers' authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.
This volume is published and copyrighted by its editors.
for a common goal, or getting invited for a coffee to speak about the company.
Further, the workers' attitude towards the system to interact with is crucial.
[12] The workplace analysis was determinant to improve quality of services, either
for the employees or other stakeholders. It permitted to increase the levels of
employees’ motivation, and engagement.
The concept of motivation clearly is used in different ways, from the broad activity-
level-motivation in [7] and organizational level motivation in [12] and [11], to the gen-
eral abstract human motivation in [8] and the traditional individualistic motivation in
[9], [10] and to some degree [11].
2.2 Participation
[13] The philosophy of the Action Research approach is that some knowledge
about human activity can best be gained from the natural environment in
which phenomena occur and that the acknowledged participation of the re-
searcher and the subjects as co-participants are necessary for understanding
them. Furthermore, AR recognizes that the researcher has knowledge that
may be relevant to the activities under study and may contribute this to the
research setting. Indeed, AR is particularly suited to studying processes where
the organisation can be aided by the expert knowledge of the researcher.
[13] Sketching supported Collaboration by allowing team members to create sce-
narios from which to elicit feedback and participation of others. Sketching
also triggered understanding among designers which allowed them to build
on each other's ideas.
[14] The practice of dialogue contributes to the design of objects and systems that
clarify all the design process through listening, hearing and participation.
Planned actions and interactions are often difficult to predict with clarity and
confidence. Dialogue helps us to find connection and meaning within the de-
sign process. Dialogue invites discovery as design does. It develops common
values and allows participants to express their own interests and ideas.
[15] User centred development is based on the principle that all development of
technical IT systems for a workplace must be performed through active par-
ticipation by persons that know the organisation and the work practice, i.e.
the ones that actually performs the work. Experts from the outside can never
fully understand the activities and can never alone decide whether a solution
is good or bad. The ones that truly know the workplace and its practice can
on the other hand not by them self describe and analyse their own organisa-
tion and work practice. Neither do they have the full competence to propose
new, innovative solutions regarding the organisations as well as its IT sup-
port. It is only together and based on a suitable model for cooperation between
future users and designers (researchers) that the work can succeed.
[16] Without ensuring the participation of a valid sample of stakeholders, the eval-
uation process remains partial and most critical issues can be fatally missed.
11
Proc. of Fourth International Workshop on Cultures of Participation in the Digital Age - CoPDA 2016
Gothenburg (Sweden), October 23, 2016 (published at http://ceur-ws.org).
Copyright © 2016 for the individual papers by the papers' authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.
This volume is published and copyrighted by its editors.
Participation appears to be understood much the same by different authors, as in-
volving end users to some degree in the development process. There are no attempts to
question this kind of participation in the HWID papers.
2.3 Engagement
[15] The participants were encouraged to engage their colleagues from their re-
spectively workplace when completing the assignments. The distributed as-
signments were often related to how things are carried out, how and why, and
they were closely coupled to the theme of the next seminar occasion.
[17] We tried to engage the usability professionals and succeeded to some extent.
They participated in several workshops and one of them acted as a co-facili-
tator in a couple of workshops with end-users. But in the end, we researchers
were the main actors and the majority of activities were done by us alone. So
in this respect, the UCD guerilla tactics was not enough. We needed more
support and engagement from the organization than was possible.
[12] The workplace analysis was determinant to improve quality of services, either
for the employees or other stakeholders. It permitted to increase the levels of
employees’ motivation, and engagement.
[18] Similarly, co-realization emphasizes the need for a long-term engagement be-
tween designers and users, as the full implications of new technology for
work practices can only be revealed in and through the system’s subsequent
use.
Engagement appears to cover a) talk to other people, see [15]; b) involve other peo-
ple, see [17], c) a kind of pairing, see [18], and d) being absorbed in one’s work, see
[12], so at least four different meanings of the term.
3 Conclusion
While the HWID literature agrees on one common view of the participation concept,
there are several definitions associated with motivation and engagement. This position
paper is aimed at offering some discussion starting points during the CoPDA workshop
especially in relation to three of its main topics: how users’ skills can be enhanced with
active participation; how users can take charge of their responsibility and capability for
improving their work, learning and personal environments; and how to support human-
work interaction (supported by computers) and not only human-computer interaction
(so people can focus on their tasks rather than on the use of computer systems).
4 References
1. Rasmussen, J., Pejtersen, A., Goodstein, L. P.: Cognitive systems engineering. Wiley
(1994).
12
Proc. of Fourth International Workshop on Cultures of Participation in the Digital Age - CoPDA 2016
Gothenburg (Sweden), October 23, 2016 (published at http://ceur-ws.org).
Copyright © 2016 for the individual papers by the papers' authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.
This volume is published and copyrighted by its editors.
2. Ehn. P.: Work-Oriented Design of Computer Artifacts. L. Erlbaum Assoc. Inc. (1990).
3. Clemmensen, T., Campos, P., Ørngreen, R., Pejtersen, A.M., Wong W. (Eds.): Human Work
Interaction Design: Designing for Human Work. Springer US (2006).
4. Katre, D., Ørngreen, R., Yammiyavar, P., Clemmensen, T. (Eds.): Human Work Interaction
Design: Usability in Social, Cultural and Organizational Contexts. Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg (2010).
5. Campos, P., Clemmensen, T., Abdelnour Nocera, J., Katre, D., Lopes, A., Ørngreen, R.
(Eds.): Human Work Interaction Design. Work Analysis and HCI. Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg (2013).
6. Abdelnour Nocera, J., Barricelli, B.R., Lopes, A., Campos, P., Clemmensen T. (Eds.): Hu-
man Work Interaction Design. Work Analysis and Interaction Design Methods for Pervasive
and Smart Workplaces. Springer International Publishing (2015).
7. Duignan, M., Noble, J., Biddle, R.: Activity Theory for Design; From Checklist to Interview.
In: Human Work Interaction Design: Designing for Human Work. pp. 1-26. Springer US
(2006).
8. Rozzi, S., Wong, W., Amaldi, P., Woodward, P., Feeds, B.: Design Sketching for Space and
Time. In: Human Work Interaction Design: Designing for Human Work. pp. 161-184.
Springer US (2006).
9. Clemmensen, T.: A Comparison of What Is Part of Usability Testing in Three Countries. In:
Human Work Interaction Design: Usability in Social, Cultural and Organizational Contexts.
pp. 31-45. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2010).
10. Deshpande, Y., Yammiyavar, P., Bhattacharya, S.: Adaptation in Children - A GUI Interac-
tion Based Task-Performance Study. In: Human Work Interaction Design. Work Analysis
and HCI. pp. 22-34. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2013).
11. Wurhofer, D., Fuchsberger, V., Meneweger, T., Moser C., Tscheligi, M.: Insights from User
Experience Research in the Factory: What to Consider in Interaction Design. In: Human
Work Interaction Design. Work Analysis and Interaction Design Methods for Pervasive and
Smart Workplaces. pp. 39-56. Springer International Publishing (2015).
12. Lopes, A.: The Work and Workplace Analysis in an Elderly Centre for Agility Im-prove-
ment. In: Human Work Interaction Design. Work Analysis and Interaction Design Methods
for Pervasive and Smart Workplaces. pp. 153-167. Springer International Publishing (2015).
13. Craft, B., Cairns, P.: Using Sketching to Aid the Collaborative Design of Information Visu-
alisation Software. In: Human Work Interaction Design: Designing for Human Work. pp.
103-122. Springer US (2006).
14. Lopes, A.: Design as Dialogue - a New Design Framework. In: Human Work Interaction
Design: Designing for Human Work. pp. 241-250. Springer US (2006).
15. Johansson, N., Sandblad, B.: VIHO - Efficient IT Support in Home Care Services. In: Hu-
man Work Interaction Design: Designing for Human Work. pp. 47-66. Springer US (2006).
16. Camara, S.B., Oyugi, C., Abdelnour-Nocera, J., Smith, A.: Augmenting Usability: Cultural
Elicitation in HCI. In: Human Work Interaction Design: Usability in Social, Cultural and
Organizational Contexts. pp. 46-56. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2010).
17. Eriksson, E., Swartling, A.: UCD Guerrilla Tactics: A Strategy for Implementation of UCD
in Sweden’s Military Defense Organizations. In: Human Work Interaction Design. Work
Analysis and HCI. pp. 112-123. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2013).
18. Gattol, V., Bobeth, J., Röderer, K., Egger, S., Tscheligi, M.: From Bottom-up Insights to
Feature Ideas: A Case Study into the Office Environments of Older Knowledge Workers.
In: Human Work Interaction Design. Work Analysis and Interaction Design Methods for
Pervasive and Smart Workplaces. pp. 83-96. Springer International Publishing (2015).
13
Proc. of Fourth International Workshop on Cultures of Participation in the Digital Age - CoPDA 2016
Gothenburg (Sweden), October 23, 2016 (published at http://ceur-ws.org).
Copyright © 2016 for the individual papers by the papers' authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.
This volume is published and copyrighted by its editors.