Monitoring inter-organizational business processes requires explicit knowledge about when activities start and complete. This is a challenge because no single system controls the process, activities might not be directly recorded, and the overall course of execution might only be determined at runtime. In this paper, we address these problems by integrating process monitoring with sensor data from real-world objects. We formalize our approach using the E-GSM artifact-centric language. Since the association between real-world objects and process instances is often only determined at runtime, our approach also caters for dynamic binding and unbinding at runtime.
The monitoring of business processes is well understood and readily supported by
modern Business Process Management Systems (BPMSs) [
Monitoring becomes more challenging when inter-organizational processes have to be monitored and activities are not automated, i.e., performed by humans. Typically several stakeholders are involved, each one controlling only a portion of the process. In that case, the way to inform a BPMS on when activities are executed is to manually send a notification. Therefore, human operators have to notify the BPMS about the start and completion of each activity. Such a task disrupts their work and can be easily forgotten or postponed, thus negatively affecting the reliability of the monitoring.
Another disadvantage of a centralized BPMS is the difficulty to deal with variations in the distributed control flow. Should activities not be executed in the right order, the typical reaction of a BPMS is to raise an exception and consequently abort the process at once. This is undesirable: Because the process is distributed among different stakeholders, some of them may choose to ignore the exception and continue running the process fragment under their own control. This would mean that any activity performed after the exception would not be tracked. A conventional approach to solve this issue is to suppress the BPMS default process abort at violations, and resort on process mining techniques to detect which portion of the process was affected. However, such techniques are meant to be applied a posteriori, thus permitting the stakeholders to know how the process actually unfolded only after it finished.
To overcome these issues, in this paper we propose an approach that relies on the
information coming from the artifacts involved in the process, rather than on the
stakeholders, to understand how the process evolves. By adopting the artifact-centric
language Extended-GSM (E-GSM) [
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. Section 2 introduces a motivating example used to describe our approach in Section 3. Finally, Section 4 reports on the related work and Section 5 concludes the paper outlining possible future research. 2
To better understand the motivations behind our work, in this section we present an example process taken from the logistics domain. The process is depicted with the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) diagram in Fig. 1. The upper portion represents the overall process, where each leg is modeled as a subprocess. The process has five main stakeholders: A producer (henceforth, P ), the wholesale customer (W ), and the transportation companies operating via road with trucks (T ), via open-sea with cargo-ships (O), and via rail with trains (R). P provides its products to W , and to do so it relies on the following plan: The process starts when the goods are inside a shipping container (start event Process started). Then, the container is shipped by truck from the warehouse of P to terminal X (first mile). We indicate the first leg of the transport as activity Ship to X. If the container arrives at X during a workday, it is then shipped to terminal Y by rail (Ship to Y), otherwise it is shipped to terminal Z via open-sea (Ship to Z). Finally, the container is shipped to W from either Y or Z by truck. The transportation leg along the last mile is denoted as Ship to customer. Once W receives the goods, the process ends (end event Process ended).
The lower portion of Fig. 1 depicts the expanded subprocess Ship to X, carried out by T via truck. The container is firstly loaded onto the means of transport (Load container), which subsequently delivers the container to the planned destination (Deliver container). Here the container is inspected for damages occurred during the shipment (Inspect container), and finally it is unloaded from the means of transport (Unload container). The expanded subprocesses of Ship to Y, Ship to Z, and Ship to Customer are not drawn here for the sake of space. The activities involved are the same as Ship to X, although they differ for the source and destination of the shipment, the stakeholder involved (resp. R and O), and the means of transport adopted. Note that T has control only on the first and last mile, whereas the intermediate shipment is performed either by R or O. P and W , who are the only stakeholders interested in knowing how the whole process is being executed, have no direct control on the shipment. Process started Ship to X started Process ended Ship to X ended Ship to X workday
Ship to Y sunday
Ship to Z
Truck
Ship to customer
Truck Truck [producer,still] [producer,moving]
Truck [siteX,still]
Truck [siteX,moving]
Load container
Deliver container
Inspect container
Unload container
Container [closed,unhooked]
Container [closed,hooked]
Container [opened,hooked] To autonomously monitor the process, our E-GSM-based monitoring solution needs to know (i) how the process is structured and which artifacts interact with the process, and (ii) which real-world objects impersonate the artifacts.
The artifacts are used to identify which activities are executed. The underlying idea is that when an activity is running, it alters the state of one or more artifacts. We can thus infer which activities are being carried out by detecting a change in the state of the artifacts. Note that, for an activity to be autonomously monitorable, it must alter the state of at least one physical artifact. Otherwise, explicit notifications are still needed to determine its activation or termination. On the other hand, the structure of the process is used to detect if compliance violations occur: When the execution of a process instance differs from the one defined in the process structure, we can report such a discrepancy. Thus, we can identify which activities are affected, and mark them as non-compliant.
Because different real-world objects embodying the same artifact exist (e.g., different trucks), a binding among each artifact and the impersonating real-world object must be defined. To maximize the flexibility of our solution, such a binding is definable at runtime: Oftentimes it is possible to know which objects participate in a specific process instance only after that process instance started. Since the same object may participate in multiple process instances, at some point in time the information on its state may be relevant to some running process instances and not to other ones. Therefore, it should be possible to unbind the object from the process instances once its state becomes no longer relevant.
To easily produce all such information, we propose a three-steps procedure. It starts from a BPMN process diagram representing the process to be monitored. The first step requires the designer to enrich the BPMN diagram by including information on the artifacts participating in the process. The second step automatically translates the BPMN diagram into an E-GSM process, suited for monitoring distributed processes. The third step automatically defines criteria to map real-world objects to the artifacts at runtime. 3.1
A BPMN process diagram specifies a.o. the activities of a process and their controlflow relationships. However, to be able to infer when activities start or end based on the state of the artifacts, the diagram must capture this information. To this extent, we resort on the standard BPMN data objects, rather than introducing yet another extension of BPMN. Data objects traditionally serve for documentation purposes, yet we use them to model the artifacts and their interactions with the process. In particular, the artifacts and their states specified in input and output data objects indicate the triggers for the activities to start and end.
Furthermore, the following binding and unbinding mechanisms among artifacts and real-world objects must be specified in the diagram: (i) When an artifact starts interacting with the process, (ii) how the object impersonating the artifact is notified to the process, and (iii) when an artifact is no longer related to the process. To do so, we rely on the following rules: – For each artifact, at least one output data object with no data state must be defined in the diagram and associated to a start event. The artifact is supposed to begin interacting with the process when that event occurs. Beforehand, the artifact and its state are ignored. The payload of the event indicates the object that instantiates the artifact. For instance, Truck interacts with the process once Ship to X started occurs. – For each artifact, zero or more input data objects with no data state can be defined in the diagram and associated to an end event. The artifact is supposed to become unrelated to the process when the event occurs (after such an event, the artifact and its state will be ignored when the process is executed). For instance, Truck will be no longer related to the process once Ship to X ended occurs.
Notice that the same set of input (output) data objects should be associated to multiple activities only if all such activities are expected to start (end) simultaneously. Similarly, the artifacts specified in input and output data objects are expected to assume the indicated states only when the associated activity starts or ends, respectively. Example. Let us consider again the BPMN process model shown in Fig. 1. The input and output data objects of Unload Container indicate the preconditions and postconditions for that activity to be executed. To execute Unload Container, the container must be closed and unhooked from the truck, and the truck must already be parked in terminal X . When Unload Container finishes, the truck will leave terminal X . As the container participates in the whole process, its data object is associated to the start and DFG1: ShipToXStarted.DFG1 U
LoadContainer.DFG1 U IDnespliveectrCCoonnttaaiinneerr..DDFFGG11 UU D UnloadContainer.DFG1 U
ShipToXEnded.DFG1
Seq_ShipToX DFG1: on ship_to_x_started D ShipToX
PFG1: not ShipToXStarted.M1 P Started container[closeDd,FuGn1h:ooonke(cdo]natnadinterru_cek[apnrdodtruuccekr_,set)ili]f D
Load aPnFdGn1o:tSLhoipaTdoCXoSnttaarinteedr..MM11 P Container M1: on container_l if container[closed,hooked] M1: on truck_l if truck[siteX,still] M1: on container_l if container[closed,hooked] M1: on truck_l if truck[siteX,moving]
M1: on ship_to_x_ended end events of the process. On the other hand, a truck is needed only for the Ship To X and Ship to Customer subprocesses – the shipments carried out by the trucks. As such, the data object representing the truck is associated only to the start and end events of these subprocesses. 3.2
Due to its imperative nature, BPMN treats the control flow information in a prescriptive
way: The only possible executions of the process are the ones that comply with the
control flow. Therefore, any other execution cannot take place. To overcome this limitation,
we make use of the E-GSM language [
Starting from the enriched BPMN process model obtained in the previous step, an
E-GSM model of that process can be automatically produced. To do so, we extend the
translation rules defined in [
The E-GSM model generated in the previous step allows us to detect when activities are executed based on the state of the artifacts participating in the process. However, the E-GSM model does not indicate which real-world object will impersonate each artifact (e.g., the artifact Truck is impersonated by the physical truck having license plate “AB123XY”). We capture the mapping criteria among artifacts and objects in a separate document. This choice allows us to decouple the process logic, which is carried out by an E-GSM engine, from the artifact instantiation logic, carried out by a separate software module, named Events Router.3 Based on the mapping criteria, the Events Router notifies the E-GSM engine only of those events related to objects that participate to the process being monitored. We remark here that through this approach the binding of real-world objects with information artifacts in the model is dynamically established at run-time.
Starting from the enriched BPMN process model obtained in the first step, the criteria to map real-world objects to the artifacts can be applied in an automated way. To do so, the following rules are applied: – Each data association between a BPMN start event and a data object is translated to a mapping criterion. The criterion states that, whenever the start event is detected, the artifact represented by the data object is bound to the real-world object identified in the payload of the event. Should the artifact be already bound to a different realworld object, the new binding would replace the existing one. For instance, when the event ship to x started occurs, Truck is bound to the real-world truck whose license plate is specified in the payload of ship to x started, e.g., “AB123XY”. – Each data association between a data object and a BPMN end event is translated to a mapping criterion. The criterion states that, whenever the end event is detected and the artifact represented by the data object is bound to a real-world object, it gets unbound. For instance, when the event ship to x ended occurs, no real-world truck is bound anymore to Truck.
Example. Fig. 3 shows an excerpt of the artifact-to-object mapping criteria derived from the BPMN process model of Fig. 1. Because the Container artifact interacts with the 3 Source code at https://bitbucket.org/polimiisgroup/eventsrouter. <Mapping> <Artifact name="Container"> <BindingEvent id="process_started"/> <UnbindingEvent id="process_ended"/> </Artifact> <Artifact name="Truck"> <BindingEvent id="ship_to_x_started"/> <BindingEvent id="ship_to_customer_started"/> <UnbindingEvent id="ship_to_x_ended"/> <UnbindingEvent id="ship_to_customer_ended"/> </Artifact> [...]</Mapping> whole process, the binding is expected to occur when the process starts, and the unbinding to occur once the process finishes. Therefore, to bind a physical container to Container, the event process started should occur. Once process started is detected, Container is bound to the container whose unique identifier (e.g., its serial number) is equal to the one specified in the payload of process started. To unbind Container, process ended should occur. The Truck artifact, on the other hand, interacts with both the subprocesses Ship To X and Ship To Customer. Therefore, to bind a physical truck to Truck, either the event ship to x started or ship to customer started should occur. Similarly, to unbind Truck, either ship to x ended or ship to customer ended should occur. 4
To monitor the execution of processes based on external data, Baumgrass et al. [
Methods to translate imperative languages to GSM are proposed a.o. in [
A GSM-based collaboration hub to ease the coordination of logistics processes is
proposed in [
Concerning the enrichment of process models with information on the data
manipulated during execution, Meyer et al. [
This paper has presented an approach based on E-GSM to monitor the execution of distributed business processes based on the status of the manipulated artifacts. Mechanisms to dynamically bind and unbind to a process execution the participating real-world objects have also been defined.
Currently, our approach supports only one-to-one mappings among real-world objects and artifacts. Furthermore, the user has to manually check if the BPMN diagrams are correctly and sufficiently annotated for the process to be autonomously monitored. Future work will aim to address these limitations by including one-to-many and manyto-many mappings, and by introducing tool support to evaluate and improve the annotations.
This work has been partially funded by the Italian Project ITS Italy 2020 under the Technological National Clusters program.