=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-1856/p14
|storemode=property
|title=Evaluation of business process management systems
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1856/p14.pdf
|volume=Vol-1856
|authors=Daina Ardzevičiūtė,Tomas Skersys,Ernestas Kvedaras
}}
==Evaluation of business process management systems==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1856/p14.pdf
Evaluation of business process management systems
Daina Ardzevičiūtė doc. dr. Tomas Skersys Ernestas Kvedaras
Department of Information Systems Department of Information Systems Kaunas, Lithuania
Kaunas University of Technology Kaunas University of Technology e-mail:kvedarasernestas@gmail.com
Kaunas, Lithuania Kaunas, Lithuania
e-mail: daina.ardzeviciute@ktu.edu e-mail: tomas.skersys@ktu.lt
Abstract—Nowadays, more and more industrial organizations
are modeling their business processes and implementing business II. THE FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATING BUSINESS PROCESS
process management systems. Therefore, it is very important to MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
choose a suitable business process management system. The main Criteria identified during literary analysis were divided into
purpose of this paper is to propose and verify the framework for
six groups:
evaluating business process management systems. This method
covers the most important aspects of a business process • Business process modeling criteria – evaluate systems
management systems from the design to the monitoring of the ability to model clear and complete processes and to
business process. The main advantage of the proposed approach import and export them;
is that it is independent from any specific domain and execution
engine. The evaluation framework was tested by applying it to • Systems development criteria – evaluate business
four different business process management systems: “Bonita process execution capabilities and user interface
BPM”, “Camunda”, “jBPM“, “Activiti”. design;
Keywords—Business process; Business Process modeling; • Installation and performance criteria – evaluate
Business Process Management System versioning and aspects relevant to the processes
execution;
I. INTRODUCTION • Monitoring and control criteria – evaluate aspects
Bas Steen suggested definition of business process: “A relevant to monitoring and controlling during the
business process is a chain of activities, performed by entities execution of processes;
that takes one or more kinds of inputs and creates an output • Processes and data analysis criteria – evaluate systems
that is of value for one or more entities” [1] is used in this capabilities for users to analyze business processes
paper. Business process modeling helps organizations to and other relevant data in the simplest possible way;
graphically define existing business processes (who, how, what
and why does), to identify business problematic areas, to define • Common criteria – evaluate systems information
potential risks and to improve the process while making accessible to its users and the use of the system.
decisions. It also provides a better and consistent understanding The evaluation criteria and the systems has been selected
of business processes, improves communication between on the basis of what is most relevant to small and medium-
different interest groups, helps to identify, detect and manage sized organizations. Evaluation conditions and weights were
organizational knowledge and provides a possibility to re-use defined for each criterion. Weighting (1 to 3) reflects the
previously modeled and verified processes [2]. importance in the whole range of the analysis. To simplify
Business process management system is a system that criteria evaluation for the people doing this work, each of the
completely defines, manages and executes “workflows” [3]. It criterion can be assessed in a four-point scale: 0 – the system
is hard to choose the right business process management does not meet the criterion; 1 – the system meets the criterion
system, because there are no defined criteria for doing that. minimally; 2 – the system meets the criterion at an average; 3 –
Without them, choosing the system is subjective, since the system fully meets the criterion. Weights and criteria
organizations cannot devote a lot of resources to identification is quite subjective (using analyzed literature and
comprehensively analyze the systems. Therefore, in order to “know-how” principle) in this work, since no way to adapt
analyze business process management system more efficiently, formal methods was found.
evaluation criteria have to be defined. Maximum score is calculated by multiplying weight by
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: maximum possible points (3).
Section II presents the proposed framework for evaluating
business process management systems; Section III presents the A. Process modeling criteria
comparison between open source business process Part of the companies have already modeled (not
managements systems; Section IV concludes the paper. necessarily formally) the current (“as-is”) organization model,
before the development and/or implementation of the processes
Copyright © 2017 held by the authors
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management system. Modeled existing process forms the basis business process model. This means – the system must support
for process improvements, which are then added to the desired at least one business process execution language and,
(“to-be”) process [4]. It is therefore important to know whether translation between business process modeling and execution
it is possible to import already created models into the system. languages. All the systems being compared, must have this
functionality, since only the systems which execute business
One of the most important criteria for this group is the processes are relevant in this paper.
modeling of processes, indicating that the system allows to
model processes using formal business process modeling The following two criteria are related to users who interact
language [5]. Currently, there are different languages and with business processes. Generally, users use forms (web
standards for business process modeling, such as IDEF, Petri portals) to send data to business systems, and a tool is required
nets, WPDL, UML2, BPMN. Business modeling language to specify user roles and rights to participate in the process [5],
comparison is not included in this research work tasks, but [8], [9].
other authors examine this topic ([6], [7]). After modeling
business process, it is relevant to know process statistics, e.g., Business process integration with different systems is also
to identify how many message flows, roles there are, what the important in systems development (e.g., databases, customer
cost are, and to model data [8]. relationship management systems) [5]. Integration is
particularly important if the organization uses different
In addition to the modeled active structure (processes) and systems, because it would facilitate the organization's staff
passive structure (data), it is also important to define business work. Integration with other technologies and frameworks,
rules [8], [9]. Business rules can be modeled in three different which can ease and accelerate the development of the system,
ways [5]: is also important. A valid aspect of the evaluation of this
functionality is supported programming languages [5].
• all the business rules are modeled into the business
process, usually as decision points; Systems design parameters and evaluation conditions given
in Table II.
• business rules are managed separately, and links to
business rules are given in business process model;
TABLE II. SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA
• business processes are not modeled in business
process, but are created from business rules. Systems The evaluation conditions Weight
development
To re-use process modeled in the system or to give it to criteria
someone, ability to export it in various formats is required [8]. Process translation If the process of translation into executable 3
into executable business process model is manual, 1 point is
The simulation parameters and evaluation conditions are business process given. If it is done automatically, but requires
given in Table I. model human interaction, 2 points are given. If the
translation is fully automatic, 3 points are given.
TABLE I. PROCESS MODELING CRITERIA Creation of user If only independent of the business process forms 3
interface (forms) can be created, 1 point is given. If forms can be
Process modeling The evaluation conditions Weight created based on processes diagram, 2 points are
criteria given. If forms of designed processes and / or
data models can be generated (not necessarily
Process import If it is possible to import already created 1
complete), an additional 1 point is given.
processes in XML format, 1 point is given. For
every other data import format an additional User management If there is a possibility to assign roles to the 2
point is given, but no more than 3 points in total users, 1-3 points are given considering the
for this criterion. possibilities (how roles are defined; is there a
possibility to assign more than one user to the
Process modeling If BPMN is supported, 3 points are given (since 3
same role…) and flexibility.
it is a standard language). If system does not
support it, 1 point is given for each other Integration with If there is a possibility to integrate the system 2
standard process modeling language, but no more other systems and being developed with other systems and
than 3 points in total for this criterion. technologies technologies, 1-3 points are given considering
the possibilities and flexibility.
Data modeling If there is a data modeling possibility, 1-3 points 3
are given, considering the possibilities and
flexibility.
C. Installation and performance criteria
Business rules If there is at least one way to model business 3 Business processes and other components version
rules, 3 points are given. If business rules cannot management is important to maintain the traceability of
be described fully, 1 or 2 points are given. processes [5], [8].
Model export If the model can be exported into a picture, 1 1
point is given. For each other export option, 1
Some of the steps of the process cannot be completed
additional point is given, but no more than 3 without user interaction, therefore, user information is required.
points in total for this criterion. User information can be done in two ways [5]:
B. Systems development criteria • active informing – user is informed on what he has to
do, i.e. via email;
One of the most important criteria in the field of this paper
is the translation of modeled business process into executable
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• passive informing – user can view his activity log, modeled using business process modeling/execution language
e.g., through the portal. that has a clear semantics) [5].
User interface customization function allows user to change Data visualization tools (various diagrams (column, pie and
its parameters, like user interface color, time zone, language, histogram), graphs, scales) are critical when analyzing data [5].
etc. [9] Data visualization gives the ability to identify patterns and find
exceptions [11]. Therefore, to analyze data more easily and see
Modeling criteria and evaluation conditions given in Table strengths and weaknesses, tool that visually represent chosen
III. data/statistics are required.
TABLE III. INSTALLATION AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
Process and data analysis criteria and evaluation conditions
given in Table V.
Installation and The evaluation conditions Weight
performance
criteria TABLE V. PROCESS AND DATA ANALYSIS CRITERIA
Versioning If system has component versioning, 1-3 points 1 Process and data The evaluation conditions Weight
are given considering the possibilities (if analysis criteria
components that can be versioned are business
Process simulation If process simulation is possible, 3 points are 2
processes, data models, forms…) and flexibility.
given. If an additional tool is required to do a
User information If user can be informed via email, 1 point is 2 simulation, 2 points are given. If process
given. If there is at least one other information simulation is limited (for example, not all
method, 1 additional point is given. If use is parameters, like business rules, are considered
being passively informed, 1 point is given. All during simulation), 1 point is given.
points in this criterion can be summed.
Modeled process If modeled business process verification is 1
User interface For each variable user interface parameter, 1 1 check possible, 1-3 points are given considering the
customization point is given, but no more than 3 points in total (verification) possibilities and flexibility.
for this criterion.
Visual data If there are tools allowing to visually represent 2
mapping tools data, 1-3 points are given considering the
D. Monitoring and control criteria possibilities (can this be done with the system
Real-time monitoring can be helpful in detecting process itself or additional tools are required) and
bottlenecks and identifying emerging risks and interfering in to flexibility.
the process before occurrence of the damage [10]. Reacting to
the information visible during process monitoring, users may F. Common criteria
want to change business processes or stop them [5] [8]. This is Other aspects, besides business process management
usually done in business process execution time when systems provided functionality, are also important. It is
unforeseen conditions or errors occur. important not only to choose the right system, but also to learn
to use it as quickly as possible and to get the required
Monitoring and control criteria are given in Table IV. information: get needed help and access learning material. For
users to be able to help to improve the system and report found
TABLE IV. MONITORING AND CONTROL CRITERIA issues, it is important to have an easy and fast way to send
suggestions to the system creators. This functionality helps to
Monitoring and The evaluation conditions Weight create a connection between systems users and creators.
control criteria
Business process If there are tools that allow to monitor processes 2 Common criteria and evaluation conditions given in Table
monitoring in real time, 1-3 points are given considering the VI.
possibilities (if it can be done with the system
itself or an external tool is required) and
flexibility. TABLE VI. COMMON CRITERIA
Business process If processes being executed can be modified, 1-3 2 Common criteria The evaluation conditions Weight
control points are given considering the possibilities and
flexibility. Multilingual For each language in which help is provided, 1 1
assistance point is given, but no more than 3 points in total
E. Process and data analysis criteria for this criterion.
Training material If training material is available, 1-3 points are 1
To verify if business processes will be executed as given considering their abundance, detail and
expected, it is convenient to run a business process simulation. availability.
For example, when new version of current process is modeled, Suggestions for If user has the possibility to provide systems 1
it can be simulated before releasing into production to choose improvement improvements suggestions, 1-3 points are given
between the versions [5]. considering the possibilities and flexibility.
Another important aspect of the analysis is modeled
business process verification. Verification is used to verify The framework contains only recommendations for
modeled (being executed) business process validity against the assessing business process management systems. The
semantics of business process modeling language being used (it comparison criteria of business process management systems
can be done, if (executable) business process model was are flexible; therefore, anyone can easily change the weights
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according to what is most important for a specific project or TABLE VII. COMPARISON OF BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
product. Moreover, evaluation scale can also be changed: it can System name
be narrowed (to two or three different grades) or expanded (for Comparison criteria “Bonita “Camunda “jBPM” “Activiti”
example, to introduce a ten-point rating scale). Furthermore, BPM” ”
more criteria can be identified if required. The order of criteria
Process modeling criteria
evaluation is flexible. It is recommended to evaluate each
Process import 3 2 1 1
system separately: to better evaluate specific system’s function,
it is advised to fully evaluate the first system and only then Process modeling 9 9 9 9
proceed to the next one. Data modeling 9 9 9 9
Business rules 9 9 9 6
III. COMPARISON OF BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Model export 3 2 2 2
Four open source candidates have been chosen according to Process modeling score 33 31 30 27
(available points - 33)
projects currently being ran in university academic department:
“Bonita BPM”, “Camunda”, “jBPM”, “Activiti”. System development criteria
Process translation into 9 9 9 9
“Bonita BPM” is an open source business process executable business
management and business process software collection, created process model
in 2001 [12]. “Bonita BPM” helps to connect all interested Creation of user interface 9 9 9 6
parties, processes and information systems into a single easily (forms)
manageable platform. In many sources ([13], [14], etc.) three User management 6 6 6 6
main aspects, which “Bonita BPM” combines, are Integration with other 6 6 6 6
distinguished: process modeling and software creation, process systems and technologies
execution engine and end-user interface. System development 30 30 30 27
score (available points -
“Camunda” is a lightweight, open-source platform for 30)
business process management [15]. This platform includes all
Installation and performance criteria
phases of the BPM cycle and allows a continuous update of
Versioning 3 3 3 3
processes. “Camunda” supports core standards of OMG group
for business processes management (BPM): BPMN 2.0, User information 6 6 4 6
CMMM 1.0 and DMN 1.0. User interface 3 3 0 1
customization
“jBPM” is a flexible business process management (BPM) Installation and 12 12 7 10
package, creating a bridge between business analytics and performance score
system developers [16]. This package is unique in that it offers (available points - 12)
process management possibilities for both business participants Monitoring and control criteria
and system creators, which allows to create and maintain Business process 4 6 4 4
dynamic processes that require a flexibility for complex real- monitoring
world simulations. Business process control 4 6 4 2
“Activiti” is a lightweight workflow and business process Monitoring and control 8 12 8 6
management (BPM) platform for the actors, systems score (available points -
12)
developers and administrators [17]. “Activiti” supports all
BPM aspects in the context of business creation. This includes Process and data analysis criteria
non-technical aspects, such as analysis, simulation and Process simulation 6 6 6 2
optimization of business processes, as well as the technical Modeled process check 3 3 3 3
aspects of the development of business process support (verification)
systems. Visual data mapping 6 6 6 6
tools
Comparative analysis is summarized in Table VII. It Process and data 15 15 15 11
contains evaluations of all four of the compared systems. Part analysis score (available
of the criteria have been tested during this analysis. However, points - 15)
due to the complexity of some criteria (e.g., integrations with Common criteria
other systems), some are evaluated only considering the Multilingual assistance 3 2 1 1
analyzed literature.
Training material 2 3 3 1
To demonstrate how systems were evaluated, an example is Suggestions for 3 3 2 1
given: evaluation criterion “Process import” has pre-assigned improvement
weight of 1, maximum value is 3. “Bonita BPM” has a function Common criteria score 8 8 6 3
to import using XML, *.bpmn, *.ydx and other formats, so this (available points - 9)
system gets maximum points – 3. Total score 106 108 95 84
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“Bonita BPM” system allows importing diagrams, which “Bonita BPM”, “Camunda”, “Activiti” documentations
have been exported from “Bonita BPM” “BPMN 2.0”, state that email send events can be configured while modeling
“Microsoft Visio 2010”, “ARIS BPM 7.x”, “XPDL 1.0” and business processes. No other active information possibilities
“jBPM 3.2” tools using either XML or other formats (i.e.: were identified during the analysis. Passive information about
*.bpmn, *.vdx) [18]. “Camunda”, “jBPM” and “Activiti” tasks to be done, etc. can be seen when logged in to any of the
systems can import a BPMN model from XML format [19], systems.
[20], [21]. All systems allow to create models in BPMN
language and all of them have data models, which allow users, “Bonita BPM” system allows to define toolbar size (normal
who model business processes and who not always have or small), choose grid options (e.g., whether to show a grid on
knowledge of how to use a database, to review, create and edit new diagram) and to choose whether to suggest to change
these data models. diagram name when saving the first time (if this is enabled,
every time a new diagram is saved, a window is displayed
“Bonita BPM” system also allows to define business rules where the name of the diagram can be changed). Moreover,
while defining decision points [18], “Camunda” system allows “Bonita BPM” portal allows to apply a profile (e.g., create new
to define business rules using DMN standard [15], “jBPM” – menu items) [18]. “Camunda” platform allows to define
business rules can be defined in few different ways (decision process appearance (task color and icon can be changed) when
tables, specification of the rules [20]), therefore, these systems creating a new process. The portal allows to create new filters
received a maximum available (3) points. “Activiti” system and specify their name, description, color and priority [19].
allows to create a business rules task, which can execute one or Information about user interface customization on the “jBPM”
more business rules [21], therefore, this system got a score of 2 platform was not found. “Activiti” allows to customize a
points. palette, which is offered for users while modeling processes
[21].
The largest business process export possibilities have been
found on the “Bonita BPM” system, since process can be “Bonita BPM” allows to monitor during the execution of
exported not only to an image, BPMN 2.0, XLM, BOS format, processes and see information about them: their list, how many
but also elements to be exported (e.g., data models, errors occurred, how many cases execute without errors and
configurations, dependencies, organizations) can be chosen how many of them are open. User can only monitor processes
[18]. Other three tools can export business process model to they control [18]. To monitor processes modeled using
(BPMN) XML format. “jBPM” additionally allows to export to “Camuda”, an additional system “Camuda “Cockpit” is
JSON format [20]. “Activiti” also allows to export business required [15], which allows to do data filtering and searching,
process to PNG, PDF and other formats, while typing a slash review historic data and do process control actions (cancel
and specifying a format at the end of URL address, for example processes, edit variables, etc.). “jBPM” also allows a detailed
{url}/{format} [22]. process monitoring – data filtering and searching, “look'n'feel”
website tools [20]. In “Activiti” process owners and
As mentioned earlier, all systems were required to have a administrators can review a detailed information of processes
business process execution tool, therefore, all of them were being executed [17].
evaluated with a maximum score. Compared systems have
form modeling tools, which allows to create required user “Bonita BPM” and “Camunda” systems provide a
interface forms using WYSIWYG principle. Moreover, they all possibility to change processes in real-time. “jBPM” also
allow to manage user roles. “Bonita BPM”, “Camunda” and allows to do minor process changes (e.g., edit variables) [16].
“jBPM” at least part of the form can be generated. “Activiti” allows to stop processes being executed [21],
however, no other control function of process being executed
On “Bonita BPM” specification page [18] it is described could be found and tested.
how to integrate other systems into “Bonita BPM” using
REST. On this specification, it is stated that REST integration All, except “Activiti”, systems allow to run a process
allows to access all BPM objects (e.g., processes, users) and to simulation and review its results. It helps to identify what needs
integrate with “Google” calendar. In “Camunda” user guide to be changed in the process to achieve the best results.
[19] integrations with “Spring” framework, “CDI”/”Java EE” “Activiti” does not have that kind of functionality, however,
and other technologies is described. In the chapter 10 of the user guide describes how it can be done using an
“jBPM” documentation [20] integration with “REST” is experimental tool called “Activiti-Crystalball”. All systems
described, while also integrations with other technologies, documentations (or user guides) state that the system can verify
frameworks are described in chapter 20. In “Bonita BPM” user business processes modeled using BPMN notation. Also, each
guide [21] integration with other frameworks and technologies system provides a possibility to visually review certain
is also described (i.e.: “Spring” integration is described in information, which helps to analyze data and make decisions
chapter 5). To evaluate integration realistically and accurately, about process modification.
an experience with the system is required.
Information on the “Bonita BPM” website [12] can be
All systems under comparison have business process found in three languages – English, French and Spanish.
versioning, which ensures that former version can be restored if “Bonita BPM” website also provides various training and
needed. Since this criterion was evaluated only considering the informational material: web-seminars being organized and
analyzed literature and versioning was described in all of them, other events, BPM, process and video libraries. Furthermore,
all systems received maximum available score of 3. there are other websites dedicated to this tool community and
documentation. “Camunda” website [15] provides information
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