=Paper= {{Paper |id=Vol-1952/OpenDataOfCrimes |storemode=property |title=Open Data Of Crime: A Review Of Spanish Open Data Portals |pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1952/OpenDataOfCrimes.pdf |volume=Vol-1952 }} ==Open Data Of Crime: A Review Of Spanish Open Data Portals== https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1952/OpenDataOfCrimes.pdf
               Open Data Of Crime: A Review of Spanish Open Data
                                                               Portals

                                                    Raquel Martin-Pozuelo
                                                     Universitat Jaume I
                                                            Spain
                                                      martinpo@uji.es



                                                              Abstract
                   Spain is a country with a big amount of open data in different areas like tourism,
                   traffic or weather. The motivation of this paper is to show how difficult is for
                   criminologist, crime analyst or researchers to find quality and detailed open data on
                   crime in Spain and to show that for professionals is not enough to use the same
                   available open crime data as citizens are using because the aim of data use is very
                   different. The figure of criminologist and crime analyst is still not existing in Spain
                   and creating them and give them a special access to police data, taking into account
                   the data protection law, could do possible the creation of a new sector, being
                   assessors on police offices or government in order to help to understand better the
                   crime in a country or to create new strategies for crime prevention.



     1. Importance of having open data

         We cannot deny the fact of the importance of open data and its value for public policy
development but also for other users. But, what is open data? Open data is a “non-privacy-restricted and
nonconfidential data which is produced with public money and is made available without any restrictions
on its usage or distribution” (Janssen et al., 2012). Data as for example, tourist information, business,
traffic and weather among others are created and collected by public bodies. All these data used to be data
that is “safe” to share. Other types of data that could invoke a reaction from the public is not as often
shared as the others (Janssen et al., 2012).
Opening data could create a new situation where collaborative networking emerge and use and create
public information (Chun et al., 2010). When the people who analyze and process data is from outside the
organizational boundaries might enrich data combining with other data sources that they know and maybe
even combining with data that they selves have collected using mobile phones technologies (Janssen et
al., 2012).


     2. Open Data in Spain

        In Spain, we can find a transparency law named “Ley 19/2013, de 9 de diciembre, de
Transparencia, Acceso a la Información Pública y Buen Gobierno” where the objective is to regulate, to
spread information and to guarantee the access to that information that affect to the public organizations.
There is a transparency portal 1 website owned by Government. This portal share information which

          1 http://transparencia.gob.es




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knowledge could be important to guarantee the transparency provided in the transparency law. Also, it
contains information requested more frequently by citizens. The public information that users can request
is that data that any fellow within Public Organizations acquire in order of their job, but there are some
topics with limits as for example national security, defense, public security but is possible to access to that
data with partial access what means that private information must be omitted and this must not disorientate
the information to keep having sense. In the case of crime data, if we read article 15 of this law we can
find some rules to protect some especial data as for example personal data that could exist in requested
data. In this case is required authorization from affected person. If the requested information has no private
data (anonymized data), the organization could give access to this data in case that exist enough public
interest on the divulgation of information. Is possible to request that data by electronic or coming to the
office. The public organism where was requested that information has to reply accepting or rejecting the
request within one month.

     3. Open Data Crime

          When we talk about open data we need to exclude private, classified or confidential data and also
this kind of data that is not appropriate to publicize (Janssen et al., 2012), so what happens with crime
data? Is crime data appropriate to publish? Is important that citizens know what type of crime is occurring
in their surroundings? As we said above, the most data shared is that data that is safe to share, but is crime
data safe to share with users and citizens? Some public servants avoid to open data because it could turn
to critical questions (Janssen et al., 2012).

         Focusing on the system theory states, opening data will improve governance in the way that this
can have a feedback and learn more about users (Janssen et al., 2012), but for example in the Spanish
police we can find some sections related on crime analysis inside police bodies but they do not share
directly data. These sections are inside the national police (Cuerpo Nacional de Policía), called “Sección
de Análisis de Conducta”2 (Behavior analysis section) or SAC where the aim of this group is to do analysis
of criminal behavior. Also, inside military police (Guardia Civil) there is a center called “Centro de
Análisis y Prospectiva”3 (Prospective and analysis center) or CAP where its function is to collect, spread
and collaborate in topics related with security of citizens among others. Also, Guardia Civil has a Group
named “Sección de Análisis del Comportamiento Delictivo” or SACD that create criminal profiles of
youth criminal behavior, homicide, sexual aggressor, etcetera. Here we can find a good example of how
the data is not opened to use or re-use by citizens. They share information that they extract themselves
inside their police force but they do not share data to user’s analysis.
Is good that they share data but it has not usability at all. ISO 9241-11 (1998) defined usability as “the
extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness,
efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use”. They talk about “products”, could we consider
open data as a product? Time after, the ISO 9241-210 extended the definition from “products” to “products,
systems and services” (Bevan et al., 2015). With this type of data shared we cannot achieve our goals in
order to analyze data because this data is not usable. It is not in a good format to do analysis.

         In other hand, we can find open data available to download in formats XLS, and CSV on the
National Statistics Institute of Spain4 (INE). In this website, is possible to select the data that we are
interested on as for example, nationality and crime, type of crime, age and crime, gender and crime among
others and download all these data to do our analysis, also is possible to visualize graphs of data. The
origin of data depends on the type of data that we selected as for example adults with firm conviction.
This data proceeds from the Central Registry of Punished, which belongs to the Ministry of Justice. Other

          2 https://www.policia.es/prensa/20110524_2.html
          3 http://gccap.bage.es/
          4 http://www.ine.es



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as data of minors with firm conviction proceeds from the Central Registry of Sentences of Criminal
Responsibility of Minors whose ownership corresponds to the Ministry of Justice.
Important to say that INE is not sharing where police data. They share Tribunal or Court data. Also, is
important to know that INE does not share where the crime was committed. It shares where the crime was
judged. The place where a crime is judged sometimes is not the same where the crime was committed, so
these data shared is also not giving us information about crime in Spain.
Other website from Ministerio del Interior5, we can find crime data from different police forces and it is
available to download in PDF, CSV and XLS, but some of them only in PDF. This data is uploaded every
3 months but again the data offered is counties data and not as much detailed as latitude and longitude for
each event.

         Also, is possible to find and download data in CIS6 (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas)
website. They generate data creating inquest for citizens. This is not crime data from police but is very
interesting for social perceptions analysis. We can find questions as “How many crimes happened last
year?” (from the point of view if the citizens’ perceptions) and we can select a second variable to add
more information to our query. We can know, just asking people how many people declare suffered a
crime, which type of crime and the gender of the victim. It can be very useful to extract data and to know
the opinion of citizens in some topics and add that information in our research to try to understand better
the society. Also, with this kind of information we can know the perception of citizens on safety/unsafety
and crime. There are questions as “Fear feeling in some situations” in order to know where and when
(day, night, at disco, in the bus…) citizens are feeling more fear. The good thing is that is possible to select
by year, text free typing or advanced search. Is easy to find and easy to download data but the big issue is
some of this data needs a program very complicated for user without local knowledge. Is available for
downloading all the associated data as for example microdata anonymized in ASCII format in order to be
used in any statistic program, the inquest they used on citizens in XLS, PDF format and data to analyze
ourselves in SPSS and SAS.
Other crimes as violence against woman is easy to find, download. There is a Spanish Government website
where is easy to find a Statistic portal7 to download data related on this topic. The formats available to
download the data are XLS, CSV and PDF.

         We could see that finding open data in crime is, in some case, easy to download and easy to use
but in other cases is difficult to download this data or just use them because we need to use software that
not all citizens know how to use it. Also, is important to say that all these websites do not offer the data
as a bulk but in small pieces. Is not possible to download the complete set, only is available to download
per parts so that add more complexity to mix and analyze data, in other case, as we have seen, we need to
make a request to the public organization in order it accepts or rejects our query, even you are not
interested in personal data.

         To talk about open data is important to check some details8. These details make interoperability
data work, so data must be available to download, preferably, over the internet and in a modifiable form.
It must permit re-use, redistribution and intermixing with other datasets and data must not have
discrimination depending on the field of data.
Why is interoperability important? It allows to work together and to create more complex systems, to be
able to combine different dataset from different sources, if they are open. That allows us to avoid having
a lot of datasets but no ability to combine them to create a larger system and to obtain the real value.



          5 www.interior.gob.e
          6 http://www.cis.es
          7 http://www.violenciagenero.msssi.gob.es
          8 http://opendatahandbook.org/guide/en/what-is-open-data/



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        The kind of data that we can find in the previous websites is not very detailed. Is good for citizens
to have some data related on crime in their city because this shows transparency to the government
allowing users to compare the results obtained in our analysis using government data with the results that
the government are giving to us, but if we would have access to more detailed data, a new field for
researchers and also for criminologist and crime analysists could be open. These professionals could
support analysis tasks from government and police departments. In nowadays these figures are not created
in Spain so they cannot be hired to do these tasks. Also, we need to know if in nowadays the authority has
the enough capacity to do analysis by themselves because sometimes the problem becomes from not
having capacity or capability to do it but they cannot look for external professionals because the privacy
and hermeticism of data.

     4. Data Infrastructure in Crime Data

        In Spain, we have two national police. One of them called Cuerpo Nacional de Policía 9 (CNP)
what is civil police. The other one is Guardia Civil10 what is military police. Also, we have county police
as Ertzaintza 11 , Mossos d’Esquadra 12 , Policía Foral de Navarra 13 and Policía de la Generalitat 14
(dependent of CNP national police).

         Each of these police have their own competence but they have some shared competences and the
most important one is in the Spanish Constitution15 (La Constitución Española). In article 104 explains
that “Security Forces, under the government's dependence, shall have the mission of protecting the rights
and freedoms and guaranteeing citizen security”. Also, it explains that an organic law will determine the
functions, basic principles of action and statutes of the Security Forces and Bodies. This organic law is
“Ley Orgánica 2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad”16.
The existence of different Security Forces in a same territory and with similar functions and some of them
in common17, makes arise the need to create a law where the actuations where identic and to determinate
the basic principles of acting.
Is complicated to understand how these Security Forces can work in the same territory without sharing
data, even knowing that their main mission is the same.
There is no police data infrastructure existing in Spain and even less spatial data infrastructure (SDI).
Policía Nacional and Guardia Civil have one database for International sharing finger prints18 and also for
data of dangerous missing criminals or DNA19 of serious crimes. While these two police have direct access
to these data, others as Policía Local (Local Police) should ask permissions to have access in each query.
But a part of these data, they do not share daily crime data or events.

         So, how are police sharing data to manage crime in each city? They are not sharing daily data.
Each Security Force creates and generates their own data and they work based on what they know, but if
each police body is working taking into account their own data and the information that they extract from
this data, this is just a part of crime in one city and not the total amount of it, so they are not able to know
what type, where or when is happening all the events or crimes, just one part of them. Also, the other

          9 https://www.policia.es
          10 http://www.guardiacivil.es
          11 https://www.ertzaintza.net
          12 mossos.gencat.cat/
          13 www.navarra.es/home_es/Temas/Seguridad/Cuerpo+de+la+Policia+Foral+de+Navarra
          14 http://www.presidencia.gva.es/web/seguridad/policia-de-la-generalitat
          15 1978 december 29th.
        16 Orgánica, Ley. "2/1986, de 13 de marzo, de Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad." Boletín Oficial del

Estado 13 (1986): 9604-9616.
        17 https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1986-6859
        18 http://bit.ly/2rtSU99
        19 https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2007-17634



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inconvenient is the waste of time and police officers and also duplicating data is one problem in that cases
that police has the same competences. We must not forget about public organizations are the biggest data
creators and data collectors (Janseen, 2011).
         There is a service to centralize all emergency calls received. This service is dependent on Counties
and number is 11220, and each county has a its own service, as for example Valencian Community21.
People can call directly to the different police departments or they can call to 112 emergency services in
case of emergency. The calls arriving here are saved in another database independent of police database.
This phone number is for every emergency cases as health emergency and not only related on crime
emergencies.

        Some organizations or governments think that opening data is will drive to a more transparent
open and interactive government but one of barriers to open data is because probably if something wrong
happens citizens will hold interventions and responsibility from it. So, we need to put in a balance benefits
and barriers to opening data. Based on the interview done by Janseen et al. (2012) we can find two table
to know what people think about benefits and barriers of opening data.

 Category                                                             Benefits
 Political and social                                                 More transparency
                                                                      Democratic accountability
                                                                      More participation and self-empowerment of
                                                                      citizens (users)
                                                                      Creation of trust in government
                                                                      Public engagement
                                                                      Scrutinization of data
                                                                      Equal access to data
                                                                      New governmental services for citizens
                                                                      Improvement of citizen services
                                                                      Improvement of citizen satisfaction
                                                                      Improvement of policy-making processes
                                                                      More visibility for the data provider
                                                                      Stimulation of knowledge developments
                                                                      Creation of new insights in the public sector
                                                                      New (innovative) social services
 Economic                                                             Economic growth and stimulation of
                                                                      competitiveness
                                                                      Stimulation of innovation
                                                                      Contribution toward the improvement of
                                                                      processes, products and/or services
                                                                      Development of new products and services
                                                                      Use of the wisdom of the crowds: tapping into
                                                                      the intelligence of the collective
                                                                      Creation of a new sector adding value to the
                                                                      economy
                                                                      Availability of information for investors and
                                                                      companies
 Operational and technical                                            The ability to reuse data / not having to collect
                                                                      the same data again and counteracting


          20 http://www.112.es/
          21 http://www.112.es/comunidades/comunidad-valenciana.html



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                                                                      unnecessary duplication and associated costs
                                                                      (also by other public institutions)
                                                                      Optimization of administrative processes
                                                                      Improvement of public policies
                                                                      Access to external problem-solving capacity
                                                                      Fair decision-making by enabling comparison
                                                                      Easier access to data and discovery of data
                                                                      Creation of new data based on combining data
                                                                      External quality checks of data (validation)
                                                                      Sustainability of data (no data loss)
                                                                      The ability to merge, integrate and mesh public
                                                                      and private data
          Benefits. Extracted from Jansen et, al. 2012.

         Data per se has not value. The data becomes valuable when it can be used. Users can use data to
validate the final conclusions from data shared by government and check if these conclusions are right
and justified without forgetting analysis that they can do from data to sharpen the focus of policy-making
(Janssen et al., 2012). Could you imagine how important is that for criminologist or crime analyst? They
could access to data, verify if conclusions are correct, give another point of view and develop strategies
to address crime-related issues.
In Spain does not exist the figure of criminologist-analyst of crime. It does not exist as a police officer
assistant or a department of crime assistant. So, the situation is critical for these professionals because
they only can access to the same data as any citizen, and sometimes for doing some research or for creating
new theories they need more or different data from the currently shared one.

        Opening data has many benefits but also it has barriers. From the Janseen et al. (2012) interview,
the principals’ barriers that interviewee faced were at the institutional level.

 Categories                    Barriers
 Institutional                 Emphasis of barriers and neglect of opportunities
                               Unclear trade-off between public values (transparency vs. privacy values)
                               Risk-averse culture (no entrepreneurship)
                               No uniform policy for publicizing data
                               Making public only non-value-adding data
                               No resources with which to publicize data (especially small agencies)
                               Revenue system is based on creating income from data
                               Fostering local organizations’ interests at the expense of citizen interests
                               No process for dealing with user input
                               Debatable quality of user input
 Task complexity               Lack of ability to discover the appropriate data
                               No access to the original data (only processed data)
                               No explanation of the meaning of data
                               No information about the quality of the open data
                               Apps hiding the complexity, but also potential other use of open data
                               Duplication of data, data available in various forms or before/after processing
                               resulting in discussions about what the source is
                               Difficulty in searching and browsing due to no index or other means to ensure
                               easy search for finding the right data
                               Even if data can be found, users might not be aware of its potential uses
                               Data formats and data sets are too complex to handle and use easily


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                               No tooling support or help desk
                               Focus is on making use of single data sets, whereas the real value might come
                               from combining various data sets
                               Contradicting outcomes based on the use of the same data
                               Invalid conclusions
 Use and                       No incentives for the users
 participation                 Public organizations do not react to user input
                               Frustration at there being too many data initiatives
                               No time to delve into the details or no time at all
                               Having to pay a fee for the data
                               Registration required before being able to download the data
                               Unexpected escalated costs
                               No time to make use of the open data
                               Lack of knowledge to make use of or to make sense of data
                               Lack of the necessary capability to use the information
                               No statistical knowledge or understanding of the potential and limitations of
                               statistics
                               Thread of lawsuits or other violations
 Legislation                   Privacy violation
                               Security
                               No license for using data
                               Limited conditions for using data
                               Dispute and litigations
                               Prior written permission required to gain access to and reproduce data
                               Reuse of contracts/agreements
 Information                   Lack of information
 Quality                       Lack of accuracy of the information
                               Incomplete information, only part of the total picture shown or only a certain
                               range
                               Obsolete and non-valid data
                               Unclear value: information may appear to be irrelevant or benign when viewed
                               in isolation, but when linked and analysed collectively it can result in new
                               insights
                               Too much information to process and not sure what to look at
                               (Essential) Information is missing
                               Similar data stored in different systems yields different results
 Technical                     Data must be in a well-defined format that is easily accessible: while the format
                               of data is arbitrary, the format of data definitions needs to be rigorously defined
                               Absence of standards
                               No central portal or architecture
                               No support for making data available
                               Lack of meta standards
                               No standard software for processing open data
                               Fragmentation of software and applications
                               Legacy systems that complicate the publicizing of data

          Barriers. Extracted from Jansen et, al. 2012.


         About the barriers, one of the interviewee of that analysis told that only is published data that is
relatively safe. Also, sometimes are neglected the user needs for finding data and to use it. One suggestion

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from Janseen et al. (2012) was to work over existing structures as a starting point in order to reinforce the
actual structure because starting with a new one could be quite difficult because the current economic cuts.

         Other barrier that is considerate by Janseen et al. (2012) is the technical barriers as for example
the inexistence of infrastructures. As we have mentioned above, it is necessary to create a Data
Infrastructure, or better a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for sharing crime data.
To create an e-infrastructure where users could decide what type of data they want to download to analyze
can help to scientific researchers to obtain these data faster and better (Hey et al., 2005).
Other important thing is to focus on which open data is allowed to be published and what are expecting
user from this open data (Janssen et al., 2012). Of course, the expectations about crime data from a citizen
would not be the same as the expectation from a crime analyst or a criminologist. These latest two will
look for data to work either in academics or as a police or government assistance. By the other hand, users
usually use that data to obtain information for their selves. Is very important here to distinguish between
open data access and open data (effective) use. We can compare that with the Digital Divide.


     5. Difference of use of data and “effectiveness” use of data

         The Digital Divide22 is a term used to make a distinction between the gap existing between that
regions that have access to information using technology (telephones, computers, television and internet)
and those that do not have access or have a restricted access as for example the digital divide between
cities and rural areas. As the previous one, we can talk about Data Divide and we can make a distinction
between those who have access to data which could have significance in their daily lives and those who
do not (Gurstein, Michael B. 2011). In this case, the Data Division is not as the Digital Division, because
this cannot be solved just providing digital access. It is necessary that people whom now have access to
these data are in the position of using this data in a beneficial way for them. So, once the data is available,
who is able to make an “effective use”?
To have access to the digital infrastructure is not the same as having the skills necessaries to use data
effectiveness. For example, a citizen who is looking information about his city will not need the same data
as a researcher working on crime data, a criminologist or as a crime analyst could need. And, the skills
necessaries to use this data will be very different.

         One approach of “effective use” in open data and for that effective use, is data that could be
adapted for the most number of users possible. We need to consider the language of data and technical
requirements for making use if this data, but usually many of those calls for open data are from
professionals whom are using data in his daily jobs, for example as research and for policy intervention
purposes, and that means that usually, coming back to Digital Divide, these people who can beneficiate
of this open data are the people who have resources to make effective the use of data (Gurstein, Michael
B. 2011).
The principal two steps in data are access and use, but is very important to add one more step apart from
these two. This is the interpretation. The interpretation is a critical analysis of data, and how and under
what conditions the data available is being contextualized and meaningful, must be included. To interpret
or understand data is not the same than make an effectiveness use of the data. These two are two different
processes (Gurstein, Michael B. 2011). The interpretation of crime data that a citizen does could be very
different of the interpretation and understanding of data that a criminologist could do. Following the article
of Gurstein, there are 7 important items for effective use of open data. These include: Internet (internet
access, affordability, sufficient bandwidth…), computers and software (access, time and knowledge),
computer/software skills, content and formatting (available data format), interpretation/sense making
(skills and knowledge), advocacy (community or individual support, availability of local resources),

          22
               http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214062,00.html.

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governance (legal or policy regime to allow using data). As we said before is not the same citizen user or
professional user so, if we focus on item “Interpretation/Sense making” we can understand that we need
sufficient skills and knowledge to see what data has value and which data has not, and which data could
offer us information and which data make sense to add in order to increase its value. Janseen et al. (2012)
also noticed about that availability and knowledge of users to use complex data is an underestimated topic
in open data and the same is happening with statistic knowledge. This is considerate for the author as a
possible barrier, because opening data could contribute more to the Digital Divide focusing its use only
for some groups.
As we have seen we can find not just a division in terms of data managing, knowledge and “effectiveness”
usability, we also can notice that the objective to reach is not the same for user citizen than for a
professional. The needs that they need are different and also the data that they are interested to request.
So, should we talk about a different open data?

     6. Spectrum of Data

         Opening data can give us many information but there are several characteristics that we need to
keep in mind depending of type of data. For example, in data related on crimes rates could give benefits
but also barriers. These data could be offered in different way depending of the quality, its utility or the
level of details among others. Also, this kind of data should be dependent on privacy law (Janssen et al.,
2012) and personal data, as we said before, cannot be shared. In Spain, open crime data websites are not
sharing all the total amount of data. These data are done and collected from government organizations
which are dependent of budget from citizens. They are showing enough data for citizens that they could
more or less understand what is going on in their cities, but this is not enough for professionals who have
to deal with this type of data to do their work. This kind of people need more detailed data.
If we take a look on Image 1, we can observe a data spectrum where we can distinguish between Open,
Shared and Closed data depending on the requirements and the kind of shared data.




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Image 1. https://theodi.org/blog/closed-shared-open-data-whats-in-a-name


              For example, if we compare crime open data from Spain and data from UK we can see a very big
    difference. United Kingdom is sharing not only type of crime and date, they are sharing more detailed
    data refereeing to location. In Spain, we can download data in a global way, having spatial data as a lattice
    data. These data could be visualized in some software as a choropleth and we can visualize and compare
    per cities or counties. If we visit Data.Police.Uk23 we can find several police department where we can
    download data from about crime and antisocial-behavior. The file is a ZIP where there is an Excel file and
    it is included the latitude and longitude where the event happened. Other website is UkCrimeStats24 where
    is possible to select to download crime data by police force, by constituency, by neighborhood, by street,
    by subdivision, by postcode area, by postcode district, by postcode sector, by LSOA (Lower Layer Super
    Output Areas) this is the smaller geographical areas in England among other. You can visualize data on
    the website but to download the reports and the CSV file is compulsory to register and pay an amount of
    money monthly in most of them.
    One interesting website is police.uk25 where is possible to visualize a cluster map per zones and select the
    zone from where you want to download data. The data is a CSV file and contains the latitude and longitude.
    There is a website26 where are available many datasets to download. This data tables are from the statistical
    bulletin and they are available in excel format and it shows data as a bulletin.



              23 https://data.police.uk/data/
              24 http://www.ukcrimestats.com/
              25 https://www.police.uk/
              26 https://www.ons.gov.uk/



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          As we can see, the difference between data from Spain and UK is huge big. In Spain is only shares,
from a geographical point of view, data sets as a lattice data, showing crimes within polygons, not giving
exactly information and conversely in UK the share data in a deeper way, being possible to see and analyze
crime in each neighborhood, street or zip code showing crime as a cluster of points.
The difference between the two governments about what kind of data and on which detail can show it to
their citizens their crime data is amazing. In any of both is existing medium term.


     7. Conclusions

                •    Crime Open Data is existing but sometimes is hard to find, to download or to understand.
                     Also, sometimes is hard to use if people do not have the knowledge required. Moreover,
                     these data sometimes is only available by a formal request. Other thing to have into
                     consideration is that from the geographical point of view (which is very interesting and
                     very useful) some of them are sharing where the crimes were judged and not where them
                     were committed, what could mislead to users of the data.
                •    It would be good if the police forces share the events and crimes in the same data base in
                     order to avoid the duplicated data and to be more conscientious about what is happening
                     in every space. Could be useful to create a Spatial Data Infrastructure.
                •    We must fight to have a portal where will be easy to find all data crime from police forces
                     and in the same site, data from Government, Tribunal, etc. We need some data without
                     filters (excluding personal or protected data) to compare the conclusions and results
                     shared from other institutions or organizations.
                •    A good improvement could be taking into account the data spectrum to give access to
                     external professionals to more detailed information as, and for example, more geospatial
                     data for that professionals that should work with this kind of data. Also, this could be a
                     very good opportunity to create the figure of the criminologist and crime analyst as an
                     assistance of government, court, police forces.




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Copyright © by the paper's authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.