=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-202/paper-10
|storemode=property
|title=SemDAV: A File Exchange Protocol for the Semantic Desktop
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-202/SEMDESK2006_0009.pdf
|volume=Vol-202
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/semweb/Schandl06
}}
==SemDAV: A File Exchange Protocol for the Semantic Desktop==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-202/SEMDESK2006_0009.pdf
SemDAV: A File Exchange Protocol
for the Semantic Desktop
Bernhard Schandl
University of Vienna
Department of Distributed and Multimedia Systems
bernhard.schandl@univie.ac.at
Abstract. The traditional file system is an integral part of how users
interact with their desktop computers: To a great extent, user content
(e.g. business documents, holiday pictures, project plans, etc.) is stored
in a more or less unstructured manner. In the file system, this content
is organized only using hierarchical directories and file names, which
lack advanced expressivity in comparison to ontology-based classifica-
tion schemes. As a result, traditional file systems do not provide suffi-
cient means for organizing and annotating such content, especially when
multiple users access the same file inventory. In this position paper, we
introduce the SemDAV project1 , in which we aim to research technolo-
gies that are able to semantically enrich storage of such unstructured
content. We give an outline of the SemDAV project, explain the motiva-
tion behind it, and discuss how SemDAV can contribute to the Semantic
Desktop movement.
1 Introduction
As we can observe from everyday experience, personal desktop computers must
provide quick, straightforward and traceable means to store user data, e.g. busi-
ness documents or holiday pictures. We denote such data as unstructured content,
since its inner structure is usually not well-defined, but created according to the
current situation and user needs. Since years, the traditional hierarchical file
system serves as such a storage facility: It is possible to store every kind of data
with only very limited organizational procedures. After editing a document, it
is saved by entering a few letters as file name, and it is organized into a purely
user-defined and -managed directory hierarchy. In this way, the document can be
uniquely addressed (on this machine) and be found by the user and applications.
However, these mechanisms entail all data organization and management ef-
fort to the user. Machines cannot understand the meaning of directory or file
names, and file systems do not provide means for storage of advanced meta-
data, e.g. relations between files, or complex attributes. Analysis of content and
1
The SemDAV project is partially founded by the FIT-IT Semantic Systems program
of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology, project
number 812513.
user interaction on the personal desktop computer is in its infancy and mostly
restricted to full-text indexing (cf. current desktop search engines like Google
Desktop Search or Apple Spotlight).
We envision a file system for desktop computers that facilitates interoperable,
open means for users and applications to not only store unstructured content, but
also complex metadata and annotations, which can be created both manually
and automatically. We envision applications that make extensive use of these
options and store as much data and metadata as possible in formats supported
by the file system. We envision browsing and searching interfaces for such file
systems that are able to perfectly support the user’s information needs.
In this paper, we introduce the SemDAV project, which will be carried out at
the University of Vienna and the Research Studio Digital Memory Engineering.
With SemDAV, we aim to contribute to these visions by extending the Web-
DAV protocol[5] with semantic features. WebDAV is by itself an extension to
the HTTP protocol[3] and defines methods to transfer binary content and asso-
ciated metadata in the form of attribute/value pairs[10]. WebDAV supports the
creation and management of collections which are comparable to directories in
a file system, and has built-in mechanisms for document version tracking. Many
applications make use of WebDAV, especially calendar software through the
CalDAV protocol2 , and WebDAV is (at least partially) supported by all major
operating systems. By extending WebDAV, we can provide a smooth transition
path for users and applications to semantically enriched file repositories without
the need to immediately give up all known tools, procedures and practices.
2 A Semantic-Enabled File Storage
The primary goal of SemDAV is to extend the well-known WebDAV protocol
with semantic features. However, such a protocol makes no sense without a
repository which is able to store and manage content and associated metadata.
Also, user clients and applications that are aware of the semantic features and
utilize them to store and retrieve content-related metadata are needed. We en-
vision to make the step from files, that are pure collections of bits, to intelligent
data objects, that can be used to represent knowledge in machine-processable
form. In this section, we describe features of such a object storage architecture,
based on Semantic Web technology and accessible via the SemDAV protocol,
and point out how these features overcomes problems and limitations imposed
by traditional, hierarchical file systems.
Relations instead of hierarchies – The full path of a file (i.e. its directory
path, file name, and extension) is its system-wide identifier and, simultaneously,
a collection of user-defined metadata: The path can be interpreted as classifica-
tion, the file name can be regarded as user annotation, summary, or keywords,
and the extension may give a hint on the inner structure of a file. As a con-
sequence, references to a file become invalid when the user decides to modify
2
CalDAV: http://www.caldav.org
this organization structure. Moreover, it is impossible to attach more expressive
metadata, possibly in different languages, to a file. We propose to solve the prob-
lems imposed by this fact by replacing file names with globally unique identifiers
(most likely URIs), and adding descriptive data (ontology-based classification,
user tagging, summary, keywords, etc.) as external metadata.
Cross-application metadata integration – Hierarchical file systems con-
sist of a single-rooted tree wherein files can be placed at exactly one node.
There exists no way to define multiple disjunct classification trees, or to place
data objects to more than one location (except shortcuts, or aliases). As a con-
sequence, applications tend to create their own data hierarchies in parallel to
the user-defined data storage. Examples include e-mail clients or web browsers
(bookmarks). To overcome this, a semantic file storage may not limit the classifi-
cation of data objects to single hierarchies; instead, flexible assignment to classes
and concepts must be possible, and these metadata must be formulated in an
application-independent format. We believe that a Semantic Web technology-
based file store would have the ability to bridge existing gaps between applica-
tions, and between applications and users.
Context persistence – A file’s context, i.e. relations to other files, users, or
workflows, is lost at the moment it is written to a storage medium, since current
file systems treat files as stand-alone objects. This fact renders it impossible to
associate files that are semantically related but stored at different places in a
directory hierarchy or on different storage media. SemDAV will provide methods
to store and retrieve such relations and other context metadata.
Efficient browsing and searching – Current file systems do not provide
adequate support for browsing and searching. With the exception of full-text
search engines, there exist no system-wide search facilities for user data in most
operating systems, and metadata-based browsing tools are missing. Based on
the SemDAV protocol, rich user clients can be implemented which make the
metadata accessible to the user and are able to generate new metadata out of
user interaction, content analysis, and manual annotation.
3 Example: A SemDAV-based Mail Application
To demonstrate the usefulness of semantically rich file systems, we plan to imple-
ment sample applications that utilize SemDAV to store their data and metadata.
In this section, we describe features that we want to implement in a semantic
e-mail client and compare them to existing applications.
Folder handling – All common mail applications support the management
of mail messages using hierarchical folder trees. By doing so, these clients estab-
lish parallel, loose organizational structures within the user’s data space. Our
mail client does not define its own folder hierarchy, but uses the organizational
structures of the underlying SemDAV system (which, as mentioned above, do
not have to be hierarchical) to manage mail messages. This allows for unified
handling of data objects, regardless of whether they have been created by the
user, or are received by mail.
Tracking of mail access – Our mail application will be able to record all
user interaction with mail messages, including read, reply, forward, delete, etc.
By storing these access traces into the metadata-enabled file system, they will
be made available for subsequent search queries. The experience of browsing the
data repository is enriched since e.g. additional relations can be displayed. To
increase interoperability and to make metadata interpretable for other applica-
tions, these traces will be stored according to a previously published ontology.
Attachment handling – In current mail software, handling of attachments
is cumbersome. In our mail application, attachments will be stored as files, like
all user documents. By doing so, the laborious task of storing attachments to
folders, locating them, and re-attaching them, is avoided. Moreover, since in our
system every file is identified by a globally unique identifier, our mail application
may implement download on demand, instead of downloading all attachments by
default.
Contact management – Contrary to current mail software, the semantic
mail application will store all contacts as files with associated metadata in e.g.
the FOAF format. Thus, contact data is accessible in SemDAV browsers, and
can be treated like any other file: For instance, it can easily be sent to other
users via e-mail.
Message searching – Our mail client does not need to implement additional
searching capabilities, since the file system by itself will provide facilities to
search content and associated metadata. This is supported by publishing the
ontologies used for metadata to the file system management software.
Application integration – Since the mail application uses SemDAV to
store all its metadata and publishes ontologies that are used for this, it is possible
to integrate mail messages, attachments, and contacts with other applications,
e.g. wiki software: We plan to integrate our mail client with Ylvi[7], developed
at our research group, in order to allow mail messages and attachments to be
published as wiki articles, and vice versa, with a single mouse click.
4 Related Work
The enrichment of file systems with more expressive metadata has been subject
of research both in the scientific area and in commercial operating systems. Gif-
ford[4] introduced a semantic file system for UNIX operating systems. Sedar [6]
provides an archival-oriented semantic file system that treats every update to
a file as new version and provides snapshots for file metadata. In the Windows
NTFS file system, Alternate Data Streams[1] allow to add arbitrary application-
specific metadata to files; Apple supports multiple forks per file, and most UNIX
file systems allow to store and retrieve extended attributes for files. However,
none of these approaches provides platform-independent metadata management,
which causes loss of information when metadata is exchanged across different
platforms. Various approaches aim to increase usability of traditional file sys-
tems: TagFS [8] uses RDF to store user annotations for files, while Connections[9]
and Beagle++[2] aim to improve file system search by tracing file system calls to
infer context information, and by applying sophisticated ranking mechanisms to
desktop objects, respectively. SemDAV attempts to integrate some of these con-
cepts; however, we target a more radical solution that may render, in a long-term
perspective, the hierarchical file system obsolete.
5 Conclusion
In this paper, we introduced the SemDAV project, which will extend the ex-
isting WebDAV protocol by semantic features, and implement semantic-enabled
file repositories and browsing and searching clients. We described which prob-
lems originate from traditional, tree-based file systems and outlined how these
problems can be solved by extending file systems with semantic features, and
how users and applications can utilize the features of SemDAV in order to create
more semantic-oriented desktop environments.
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