=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2030/HAICTA_2017_paper86
|storemode=property
|title=Which Orientation for Strategies and Policies for Local Animal Breeds: The Role of ICT and Novel Strategies
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2030/HAICTA_2017_paper86.pdf
|volume=Vol-2030
|authors=Athanasios Ragkos,Georgia Koutouzidou,Christos Christodoulou,Athanasios Batzios
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/haicta/RagkosKCB17
}}
==Which Orientation for Strategies and Policies for Local Animal Breeds: The Role of ICT and Novel Strategies==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2030/HAICTA_2017_paper86.pdf
Which Orientation for Strategies and Policies for Local
Animal Breeds? The Role of ICT and Novel Technologies
Athanasios Ragkos1, Georgia Koutouzidou2, Christos Christodoulou3 and Athanasios
Batzios4
1
Agricultural Economics Research Institute, ELGO Demeter, Terma Alkmanos str. 115 28,
Greece, e-mail: ragkos@agreri.gr
2
Department of Applied Informatics, University of Macedonia, Greece, e-mail:
koutouzidoug@gmail.com
3
Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens
4
School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, e-mail
thanos.batzios@gmail.com
Abstract. Local breeds are endowed with numerous advantages in terms of
adaptability to specific conditions and the sustainable utilization of resources.
Nonetheless, their role is neglected when their multiple societal, economic and
environmental contributions are not properly acknowledged and interest is
focused only on productivity issues. This paper explores the role of local
breeds and the development of effective conservation strategies and relevant
policy measures. The paper focuses on the reasons behind the underestimation
of the values with which local breeds are endowed and discusses how
economic development, policies and market competition have rendered many
of these breeds in danger of extinction. The development of a new paradigm of
conservation strategies, which could also be extended to breeding programs, is
presented here, which incorporates ICT, new technologies and innovations. It
is concluded that using proper measures and achieving synergies between
actors and measures, local breeds can be protected in order to continue
supporting multifunctional production systems and local short value chains.
Keywords: Rural development, Agricultural policies, Livestock farming
systems, Innovation, Animal breeding
1 Introduction
Genetic diversity is an issue of particular importance at the country level but also at
European level. In 1992, it was reported that 28% of livestock breeds had already
disappeared or had become threatened or rare during the last 100 years (World
Conservation Monitoring Centre, 1992). After then, the recognition of the problem is
reflected in scientific and political discussions. In the context of the Interlaken
Declaration in 2007, the main objective was the development of a World Plan of
Action on Genetic Resources of Farm Animals (conservation, sustainable use and
development of genetic resources of farm animals for food and agriculture, global
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food security, improvement of human nutrition and rural development). This
Declaration calls for registration, monitoring, characterization, sustainable use,
development and conservation of the genetic resources of farm animals. The
European Association for Animal Production (EAAP) has developed a genetic
material bank of animal breeds, by encouraging, inter alia, the use of breeds that
contribute to the protection of genetic diversity.
This loss of genetic material entails the loss of traditional farming and jeopardizes
the viability of local production systems (Rege and Gibson, 2003) where the
prevalence of local/autochthonous breeds plays an important role in sustainable land
management. Lacking local breeds, farmers do not always have access to animals
well-adapted to the local climate conditions, which are often very harsh. This
situation highly burdens the production costs and the operation of local short value
chains and also imposes severe threats on local ecosystems: genetic diversity is
threatened by massive imports of foreign breeds which are reared either as purebreds
or to improve the milk and meat productivity of farms.
The declining populations of local breeds are mainly due to information
deficiencies to the general public as well as to a lack of training of farmers. When it
comes to consumers, they are usually unaware of the environmental benefits of
supporting genetic diversity or of the good quality characteristics of products from
autochthonous breeds. Farmers, on the other hand, are not always trained to
understand the indirect benefits of rearing autochthonous breeds and insist on
imported breeds of higher yields, which nonetheless incur significantly more costs
(feeding, illness treatment etc.), thus being detrimental to the profitability of farms.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss and propose potential measures and
remedies to protect local animal breeds from their declining trends. Firstly, the paper
endeavors a discussion of the reasons behind this reduction and seeks to find whether
this trend is justified or whether there are factors, which are disregarded, thus leading
to this situation. Based on this, the paper proposes assessment methodologies for
these factors. Then, potential policies and strategies to support the protection of these
'valuable' resources are discussed, especially based on the use of modern
technologies, ICT and novel socioeconomic approaches.
2 Local Breeds: "Victims" of the Development Process?
The adverse situation that many local animal breeds face nowadays is mainly due
to the under-estimation of their real values. This is directly related to the economic
development process, the agricultural policies in force for decades but also to market
competitive conditions.
The economic growth process in the agricultural sector of most European Union
(EU) countries, including Greece, was characterized by a transition from extensive
labor-intensive to modern capital-intensive systems. New modern farms started to
emerge some decades ago, which adopted novel technologies and developed an
entrepreneurial organization model. Farms stopped to pursue subsistence and geared
towards strategies to reduce production costs, including the achievement of
economies of scale. The average farm size increased and this was accompanied by
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specialization in the production of one or a few livestock products, signaling the end
of the era of 'economies of scope'. In order to improve their economic performance,
livestock farms were in need of animals which would be pertinent to a holistic
management approach, so as to facilitate workers to include a new lifestyle, with less
work on the farm and more free time to enjoy other non-rural activities. At the local
level, the economic development pattern led to specialization in non-farming
activities as a result of rural diversification procedures. Under these circumstances,
livestock systems were geared to market requirements, where the demand for
products of animal origin has been ever-increasing. The increased productivity of the
improved breeds was thus a particularly desirable feature for farmers, who further
increased the import of such animals into their livestock farms. For all these reasons,
traditional local breeds were gradually substituted by others, fewer in number, of
foreign origin and of lower resilience.
Apart from economic growth, the policy framework favored a productivist model
through the provision of subsidies, which has contributed substantially to the
devaluation of animal genetic resources. EU price policies, especially in livestock
production, encouraged high milk yields, thus leading to an increase of dairy breeds
at the expense of dual-purpose local breeds. At the same time, high subsidies to crops
altered the competitive relationships between crop and livestock production
substantially: the former became more profitable thus several livestock farmers
abandoned livestock production. In addition, the alternative cost of grazing increased
due to the increased profitability of crops and the cultivation of fodder plants was
substituted by other highly subsidized crops, burdening the production costs of
livestock farms and further reducing its competitiveness in relation to agriculture.
The farms that ceased to operate as a result of these issues were mainly those that
reared local breeds. Policies also encouraged increased productivity at the national
level also for political reasons, related to the consolidation of national sovereignty
and the treatment of market uncertainty, non-cyclical market fluctuations and
unexpected extreme conditions. Surprisingly, in livestock farming, productivity
growth was pursued in many countries through the introduction of improved genetic
material from abroad, ultimately increasing the reliance on imported genetic material
and partly counter-balancing the advantages of self-sufficiency in domestic markets.
Market conditions combined with the characteristics of modern livestock farming
intensified threats to local animal breeds. Companies marketing the genetic material
of breeding animals often supported intensive production systems that require
improved genetic material at the expense of genetic diversity. In this context, private
consultants in rural areas, without the operation of a central Extension service in
many countries, often favored the expansion of improved breeds, without reassuring
first that they are adapted to local conditions or are suitable for semi-extensive
traditional production systems. So, although these breeds were inappropriate in
numerous contexts they displaced local ones in several cases. In addition, this trend
limited the focus of breeding programs on only a small number of primary traits,
with a direct and observable effect on farm economic performance (dairy production,
prolificacy), thus increasing the demand for breeds with such characteristics and
shifting interest from local breeds with desirable secondary traits (e.g. durability).
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3 Values of Autochthonous Breeds: How Can They Inform
Targeted Protection Strategies?
The values of animal breeds, particularly of local ones, can be divided in two
broad categories, use values and non-use values (Turner et al., 2000, Bateman et al.,
2003, Roosen et al., 2003, Ragkos 2008a). Use values derive from characteristics,
which directly or indirectly affect the economic performance of farms. According to
relevant literature, local breeds are better adapted to local conditions (Legarra et al.,
2007), exhibit higher resistance to disease (Mpizelis, 2013), adaptability (Ragkos and
Lagka, 2014) and have relatively low requirements for purchased inputs (mainly
feedstuff) (Roustemis, 2012, Ragkos et al., 2014). Also, the quality characteristics of
the products of these breeds are very satisfactory (high fat and protein content)
(Vafeiadakis, 2013), but these are not always remunerated to their true potential
because in many cases the pricing policy of food companies is based only on
quantity (Roustemis, 2012). With these characteristics, local breeds are suitable for
traditional farms that formulate multifunctional production systems in many
European settings (OECD, 2001, Lankoski and Ollikainen, 2003, Rege and Gibson,
2003, Ragkos and Lagka, 2014). These systems play multiple roles beyond
production of market goods (social, economic environmental, developmental) thus
contributing to sustainability (Ripoll-Bosch et al., 2013).
The non-use values of genetic material, on the other hand, are neither reflected in
the economic performance of farms nor in the market prices of products and are
generally not linked to tangible benefits (bequest value, existence value,
philanthropic value, quasi-option value). The sum of use and non-use values is
referred to as the "Total economic value" (TEV) of local breeds (Pearce and Turner,
1990, Pearce, 2001), which reflects their overall contribution to the economy,
environment and society and points towards the need to protect them.
The estimation of the TEV is necessary for the design and implementation of
integrated protection programs for local breeds, but also for any genetic improvement
program. Indeed, when society recognizes and values genetic diversity, an important
argument is provided in favor of funding improvement programs. On the contrary, if
society is not interested in the protection of genetic resources there is no justification
for 'sacrificing' funds for genetic improvement. In addition, through a valuation
process, all values of genetic diversity can be recognized and be used in the design of
integrated protection policies, the selection of the most important genetic resources
and the efficient allocation of scarce financial resources. The valuation process is
also necessary for the definition of proper policy measures, especially in order to
determine the "optimum" level of financial compensation for those who rear them - a
model close to Payments for Ecosystem Services (Villanueva et al., 2015, Caro-
Borrero et al., 2015).
The design of genetic improvement programs itself requires such an assessment.
By recognizing the heterogeneous preferences of potential consumers of genetic
material, which are volatile over time especially in relation to functional traits, it is
possible to identify the role of actors involved and to improve the overall operation
of the breeding system. The systematic recording of these preferences allows critical
questions to be addressed in the design of breeding goals: what are the characteristics
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of the animal, the producer, the farm and the territory (natural, economic, social) and
what are the marketing and information channels which influence the producer's
decision to "consume" a particular animal. This is the first step towards designing
better-oriented genetic improvement programs, which meet the needs of livestock
farmers.
4 Evaluation Methodologies for Genetic Diversity
The methods conventionally used for the valuation of genetic diversity presuppose
competitive market conditions, the application of market valuation techniques (for
example, profit functions (Legarra et al., 2007) and linear programming (Theodoridis
2008)) allows for the evaluation of traits with use values such as milk production and
prolificacy and for the examination of competitiveness based on purely economic
criteria. However, such conditions are not always met for transactions made by
farmers when purchasing animals for their farms. The demand for local breeds (from
the point of view of producers who are "consumers" of genetic material) and for their
products (from the perspective of consumers who buy dairy products and meat) is
distorted. Asymmetric information (Rousseau and Vranken, 2013), the distance
between buyers and sellers, and the importance of local breeds only for specific
territories are the main causes of market failures (Ragkos and Abas 2015, Ingersent
and Rayner, 1999). In this context, the market fails to attach monetary values to
characteristics with indirect contribution to economic performance, such as resistance
to disease and adaptability to grazing, which are of particular importance to extensive
systems. Regarding the consumption of products of animal origin, these methods do
not allow the evaluation of their non-use values as described above (Arrow et al.,
1993), leading to a potential underestimation of their true value by consumers.
Given these problems, the estimation of the TEV of local breeds and of their
products requires the application of non-market methods, especially of stated
preference techniques (Arrow et al., 1993, Haab and McConnell, 2002, Roosen et al.,
2003, Bateman et al., 2003, Ragkos, 2008b). The main characteristic of these
methods is the formation of a hypothetical market and the elicitation of the
Willingness to Pay (WTP) or of the Willingness to Accept Compensation (WTA) of
the hypothetical consumers (in the case of genetic diversity, the market can comprise
livestock farmers, who are potential "consumers" of genetic material). The Choice
Experiment (CE) method (Adamowicz et al., 1998, Hensher et al., 2005) is quite
pertinent to the particularities of such a valuation task. The outcomes of CEs can
effectively provide orientation to protection and conservation policies for local
breeds. Indeed, identifying the values of particular traits of local breeds will provide
additional arguments for the protection of breeds, which exhibit these traits, because
their overall economic value will justify the mobilization of more funds. Moreover,
higher WTP for products from local breeds is an important argument for their
protection as it demonstrates that an expansion of their rearing would entail positive
market outcomes.
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5 Novel Approaches and New Technologies for the Protection and
Promotion of Local Breeds
The loss of animal genetic diversity indicates that protection and conservation
policies have not been successful. A key argument towards a new paradigm of such
policies and strategies is the recognition of the multifunctional nature (OECD, 2001,
Lankoski and Ollikainen, 2003) of traditional livestock systems. Indeed, goods and
services with non-market values are emerging from the operation of these systems, in
addition to their market outputs. These include the formation of the agricultural
landscape that often identifies the countryside and local history, tradition and
intangible cultural heritage (www.unesco.org/). Also, these systems are a major
source of income in marginal and less-favored areas and play an important role in
rural development. Traditional livestock systems and the protection of local breeds
also entail environmental benefits for local grazinglands. In any case, rearing breeds
which are adapted to specific local conditions is an integral part of sustainable
livestock systems.
In this framework, the overall objective of protection and conservation strategies
should be to save, protect and valorize existing populations of local breeds by
employing interdisciplinary approaches and novel tools addressing all aspects of
these multifunctional systems. These goals have been pursued through public genetic
improvement programs, but also through private initiatives by Cooperatives,
businesses and non-government organizations. Whatever their form, the success of
these actions is highly dependent on the mobilization of all actors through multi-
actor approaches. Wider stakeholder involvement is key to successful conservation
programs, as they should be designed with a bottom-up approach, which should
address the real problems of all actors.
The genetic improvement process, which will enhance the overall state of the local
breeds populations, will need to utilize modern tools, methodologies and
technologies in order to achieve rapid, sound and sustainable results. Considering
that ICT continuously penetrate rural and urban societies, they are some of the basic
tools to be incorporated in effective strategies of the sort. In what follows, some of
these tools are briefly presented.
• Introduction of holistic farm management in farms rearing local breeds,
especially in nucleus farms. This approach is rather a philosophy, which will allow
farmers to make the best of the animals they rear and adopt innovation, without,
however, altering their predominantly traditional production practices.
• An integrated reproduction strategy in farms. This includes the use of ICT
tools for data recording, which will assist controlled mating and choice of animals,
combined with Artificial Insemination and other modern technologies such as
embryo transfer.
• Integrated databases with population statistics and historical, socioeconomic
and on-site measurement data, including productivity and quality characteristics.
These data should be complemented with genotyping results, using cutting-edge
genomic approaches. Such databases could inform current and future conservation
and improvement efforts.
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• Multimedia campaigns for the general public, in order to get them closer to
the benefits that local breeds may bring to society. The internet and social media
constitute low cost alternatives to contribute towards this way.
• Information and training are necessary also for farmers. More and more ICT
techniques are included in curricula for farmer education and they are useful also for
this purpose. E-learning and the use of multimedia are important for providing aware
farmers detailed information about the benefits of local breeds.
• Such methods are also important for establishing meaningful networks of
farmers rearing such breeds. There are examples of Organizations supporting local
breeds at the local level (there are actually more than ten in Greece) many of which
work on the genetic improvement of specific breeds. There also regional or even
national Organizations (e.g. the CORAM (http://www.races-montagnes.com/) in
France) and efforts are currently in force to support even supra-national
organizations (such as the European Shepherds Network - ESN). E-networking
provides an ideal means of constant communication among them, in order to shape
concrete linkages, also considering that these organizations usually operate with
minimum funding and other means. E-networking can also be induced at the vertical
level establishing food value chains (e.g. farmers - dairies - other SMEs - retailers -
special interest tourism businesses (restaurants, visitable dairies etc.) - consumers
etc.).
• The implementation of these strategies could be further enforced by a
branding scheme and/or the certification of products (e.g. Protected Designation of
Origin). This way, local breeds will favor the local short value chains, thus
promoting sustainability and providing significant opportunities for innovation and
development. All these could be contextualized by ICT applications such as e-
commerce and e-sales platforms.
The strategies whose principles were described above can also be imprinted in
policy measures. The new Rural Development Program of Greece (RDP) 2014-2020
is an example of the sort, as it clearly favors endangered animal breeds (M10.1 and
10.2). The protection of local breeds and genetic diversity is also in accordance with
other RDP measures (M01 concerning cooperation for training, M03 about quality
certification, M07 about cultural identities, M14 about animal welfare, M16.4 about
short supply chains etc) but also with various local, regional, national and supra-
national policies concerning animal welfare, dairy products, public health etc, which
have emerged through times in various EU settings. Strategies of this sort are also in
line with Europe 2020 strategy for SMART growth: smart (investments in education
and innovation), sustainable (a low-carbon economy) and inclusive (emphasis on job
creation and poverty reduction in rural areas).
6 Conclusions
This paper proposes an interdisciplinary strategy to encourage collaboration and
networking based on a holistic approach, which will embed the necessity of
protection of local breeds among all relevant actors. Overall, the approach described
in the previous sections is expected to valorize systems rearing local breeds and add
755
value to their products, signaling a territorial development process with wider
economic, social (aversion of depopulation, protection of cultural heritage) and
environmental (restoration of degraded rangelands, production of high quality food)
implications. The benefits of such an approach will affect actors in the whole value
chain. Farmers will have direct access to animals with beneficial characteristics;
stakeholders in the value chain (dairy producers, retailers, other manufacturers etc)
will benefit from increased and efficient primary production and better
communication and networking with other actors; consumers will benefit from the
availability of local, safe and potentially certified dairy products but also from the
protection of genetic biodiversity, which entails environmental benefits.
Interesting conclusions can be drawn regarding the future prospects of systems
rearing local breeds. Relevant programs must incorporate the sustainability of the
production systems to which the genetic material is addressed. Indeed, rearing local
breeds can be environmentally, economically and socially sustainable and this should
be addressed by every conservation initiative. Thus, a bottom-up approach is
proposed, favored by a common forum for communication and exchange of views
between actors. Bearing these in mind, a conservation strategy, more even than a
'mainstream' breeding program, should include
1. the identification of the willingness of farmers and other stakeholders to
participate, e.g. by performing SWOT and stakeholder analyses,
2. economic values for animal traits by combining market and non-market
valuation
3. cost-benefit analyses to demonstrate the feasibility of the program
4. identification of priorities and directions
The proposed interdisciplinary approach will generate additional opportunities
and indirect benefits for primary sector entrepreneurs and local agri-businesses (job
creation and income) and for actors related to the primary and secondary sector in
general.
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