ANALYZING THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND STAFF REQUIREMENT OF E- GOVERNMENT SERVICES PRIORITIZING THE DEPLOYMENT WITH MODULAR DESIGN: IRAQI CORRECTION SERVICES CASE STUDY

Keywords

• eol>E-government
• Iraqi Correction Service
• automation
• modular design

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The greater part of ICS services have not been automated up until this point, especially those services that are provided to prisoners, prisoner's family and citizens. Also, economic recession at Iraq is strictly affecting the money related resources available for governmental events including development of Egovernment services [ 4 ].

The efficient and effective usage of E-government technology requires prioritization of the ICS services to automate which best be delivered through IT means. The point of this research is to decide the development priorities of the ICS services with the suppositions of ICS beneficiaries.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Several studies that have been published about Egovernment applications in various countries. This consists of tax sector [ 5 ], civil status identity verification [ 6 ], local governance services [ 7 ], education occupation [ 8 ], and various other organizations and services [9]. Mohammed and Karim [ 5 ] studied the possibility of introducing e-government services in the general authority for taxation in Iraq. The study included participants from the authority’s employees only. The authors conclude that the introduction of E-government application in Iraqi general taxation authority could face various challenge caused by lack of knowledge and experience of the employees to efficiently run the system as well as absence of the necessary infrastructure for the implementation.

Saeed [ 6 ] studied in his master thesis the readiness of Iraqi general population to use E-government application for requests submission to the ministry of education in Iraq. Saeed’s study finds that only 9% of the respondents report that they receive quick response when they submit request to ministry of education via the internet whereas 49% and 29% of respondents receive late responses or no response at all, respectively.

Anaraki, Plugge, & Hill [ 10 ] suggested that to provide equivalence of care for prisoners, primary care trusts need to implement full electronic clinical records in prisons and to ensure that staff have access to resources on the internet. Shelton, et al [ 11 ] suggested the application of tele-monitoring in hospitals, clinics, and prisons, as they have ambulances equipped with systems connected to the receiving hospital.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research Hypotheses

To achieve the aim of the study, 6 hypotheses were produced and analyzed. Hypotheses where classified to be analyzed either through data gathered from the whole sample of the analysis or through a specific group of the sample. The hypotheses are as follows:

All Samples:

H1: ICS beneficiary category does not have a significant influence on their preference level on using web interface for automating ICS services.

H2: Education level does not have a significant effect on their preference level on using web interface for automating ICS services.

H3: Familiarity with a technology does not have a significant impact on the technology preference of users in automating ICS services.

ICS Employees:

H4: The Administrative position of an ICS staff member does not need a significant effect on his/her choices or perceptions towards ICS services automation. To accomplish assessment this hypothesis, it was broken down into 9 sub-hypotheses.

Other Governmental Employees:

H5: The Administrative position of the governmental staff who handles ICS services does not need a significant impact on his/her choices or perceptions towards ICS services automation. To help in trials this hypothesis, it was divided into 5 sub-hypotheses.

Citizens:

H6: The relative degree with a prisoner does not have a significant impact on a citizen's personal preferences or perceptions towards ICS services automation. To help screening this hypothesis, it was broken down into 9 sub-hypotheses.

B. Instrument Development and Validation

To be able to collect data required for testing the developed hypotheses, three questionnaires were developed. The first Questionnaire (Q1) was used to acquire data from ICS employees, while (Q2) was used for other governmental employees and (Q3) was used to collect data from prisoner's family. For validation purposes, the questionnaire the study has been reviewed as academic review by the supervisor and an older researcher. The study was then translated to Arabic in a back-to-back manner to ensure functional equivalence of the terms used in the two languages (English to Arabic to English). The study was then piloted through 5 members from the sample of the analysis to check comprehensibility of the questions and point out any possible ambiguity. After making trivial modifications predicated on reviewers' and members' commentary, the study was ready for utilization in collecting information from focus on sample. Reliability of the part 2 questions (calculating perceived need for ICS service automation) was tested through Cronbach's alpha coefficient with prices above 0.8 considered acceptably reliable.

C. Statistical Analysis

Likewise all inquiries were figured Previously, closeended manner, the greater part information got starting with the questionnaire might have been dealt with similarly as ordinal information but to a portion demographic Also socio-investment variables for example, sexual orientation Furthermore managerial positions which were dealt with Likewise nominal variables. Average Furthermore range were used to rundown ordinal variables, Also frequencies Also rates to unmitigated nominal information. Univariate Investigation through Partial Least Square (PLS) regression might have been utilized to hypotheses testing, i. E. , will figure out whether the autonomous variable over theory altogether influences the subordinate variable. At tests were 2-tailed; p-values > 0. 05 were recognized statistically insignificant, <0. 05 significant, Furthermore <0. 01 highly statistically significant. Measurable dissection of every last bit information might have been done Toward SPSS PC program v. 22 (IBM corp. , Armonk, NY).

RESULTS

A. Demographics

Of the 150 reactions received, 13 reactions were excluded on account they were whichever incomplete, invalid alternately conflicting. The excluded reactions were 3 from ICS employees, 4 starting with other employees and 6 starting with Citizens. The studied participant’s ranked website services as the most useful IT application to be used as basis for automation of ICS services. Those median value to fact that those website provision might have been 7 (for The greater part important) while the vitality scores about Facebook Furthermore twitter were least Furthermore positioned 2 Also 1, separately. Figure 2 hint at those relative positioning from claiming fact that distinctive it requisitions similarly contemplate members.

as recognized by those 8 6 4 2 0

ICS Employees

Citizens

Other Employees

Website

Email

WhatsApp Facebook SMS

Twitter

Phone Call

1. Whole sample

Hypothesis 1:

C. Hypothesis Testing:

In this study we will present the results of 4 hypotheses from 6 hypotheses, because we are limited by the number of pages devoted to this research.

In order to properly analyze H1, we have divided it into 7 sub-hypotheses. Each one examines the effect of user type on a different technology preference. To sum up, the analysis of H1 showed that there is an agreement between users of different categories on their preference toward using websites, email, and SMS services. However, ICS beneficiary category significantly affects the degree with which users prefer using phone calls, WhatsApp, Facebook, or Twitter. Table 1 summarizes the regression analysis results for H1.

2. ICS employees:

Hypothesis 4:

Univariate regression analysis of H4 showed that the administrative position of ICS employees significantly affects their perception towards the importance of using email service for legal communications (H41), the importance of promoting trust through announcing ICS responsibilities on the website (H44), and the importance of automating rehabilitation services (H47). However, there was no significant difference between different administrative positions regarding the perceptions about the importance of automating other ICS services. Therefore, H41, H44, and H47 are rejected while H42, H43, H45, H46, H48, and H49 cannot be rejected (association cannot be proven). s is r e e h b t po um y N H

3. Other governmental employees:

Hypothesis 5:

Univariate regression analysis of H5 showed that the administrative position of other governmental employees didn’t have a significant effect on their perceived importance of automating ICS services, contrary to ICS employees. Hence, Hypotheses H51, H52, H53, H54, H55 not rejected (Association between administrative position and perceived importance of ICS services automation cannot be established). Table 3 summarizes the univariate correlation test results for H5.

4. Citizens:

Hypothesis 6:

Univariate regression analysis of H6 showed that the respondent’s relative degree with the inmate does not have significant effect on their perceived importance of automating ICS services except for automating inmate visit permissions for which there was a significant difference between different relative degrees (H69). Hence, H69 is rejected whereas H61, H62, H63, H64, H65, H66, H67, and H68 cannot be rejected (Association between relative degree with the inmate and perceived importance of ICS services automation cannot be established). Table 4 summarizes the univariate correlation test results for H6. H48

Family services

0.048 0.358

DISCSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Overall, it could be noticed that the valid response rate to the survey was satisfactory. Only 13 out of 150 responses (8.67%) received were deemed invalid, incomplete, or inconsistent and therefore were excluded from our analysis. This is considered a good indicator of the comprehensibility of the survey questions and the ease with which it could be completed. It is also notable that the majority of responses were obtained from male respondents compared to females. This significant titling of sample towards male is natural as it reflects the factual sex distribution within ICS beneficiaries and hence we believe that it wouldn’t affect the validity nor the generalizability of the results.

Several studies that have been published about Egovernment applications in various countries those have a little bit of conflicting evidence, our study might invalidate the assumption of Mohammed’s study [ 5 ] as the findings show the familiarity with technology did not

0.03 0.999

<0.001

Saeed’s study [ 8 ] finds that only 9% of the respondents report that they receive quick response when they submit request to ministry of education via the internet whereas 49% and 29% of respondents receive late responses or no response at all, respectively. In our study, more than 85% of respondents reported that email response time is important/very important factor to consider when designing an E-government system. Combining these two finding rises an alarm for a potential factor that may hinder the progression towards fully-automated government services in Iraq. The uniqueness of our study is that we have analyzed the impact of many factors including demographics, familiarity with technology, ICS beneficiary category, and other factors on the preference and attitude toward government services automation.

The results of our study form a solid basis for the design and implementation of an E-government application to automate ICS services that meets users’ needs and expectations which may be generalized and extended to other services provided by governmental agencies. Those necessities ought to be given of the next services: 1. Requests of permission for official work. 2. Sharing inmate status information. 3. Rehabilitation services for released inmates. 4. Requests for inmates’ visits. 5. Legal email services. 6. Family services. 7. Announcing ICS responsibilities. 8. Controlled and filtered email services between inmates and their families. • Benefits mechanization is best should a chance to be attained through a web-based provision that is unable will get solicitations from the beneficiaries, store them done An database, What's more answer-paid with solicitations electronically without the requiring beneficiaries should personally available at those

Branch.

CURRICULUM VITAE (C.V)

Mohammed Abdulbasit ALAMERI

In 2004,

Author was awarded the

Bachelor of Computer Engineering from the Technical College of Mosul, Iraq. In from the

University

Ankara, Turkey. Currently, he work as a civil servant in the Ministry of Justice, Iraq as computer engineer.

graduated

He finished his Ms studies on computer

Atılım

University

2009. has more than 50 national/international journal and conference pubkications. İbrahim AKMAN İbrahim

Akman graduted from

Mathematics departmet of Middle East

Techinacal University (METU) in 1976.

Later on, he finished his MSc studies on

Statistics (METU-Statistics) in 1981 and

his Phd. studies on operations research

References

[7] [1] Suna Durmus , “ User-centered design approach in egovernment applications ,” 2012 , Master Thesis .

Morad Sabah Hasan , “ Development of a face recognition system for e-government applications , in Computer Engineering,” 2014 , Master Thesis .

[3] Iraqi Ministry of Justice. ( 2012 ). " Al-Waqai Al-Irqai Newspaper . " Retrieved 03 /05/2017, from http://www.moj.gov.iq/facts/.

[4] Iraqi Correction Services . “ICS: Monthly report” Retrived 18 /05/2017, from http://www.moj.gov.iq/view.3007/

[5] Ali A Karim Mowafaq A. Mohammmed , " ةموكحلا قيبطت ةيناكمإ اهيلماع رظن ةهجو نم بئارضلل ةماعلا ةئيهلا يف ةينورتكللاا ," The Magazine of Economics and Administration , 2012 . Vol.( 92 ):p.p. 37 - 64 .

[6] A. Abdulsahib Aws and J. Mohamad Imad , "A framework prototype for e-authentication of iraqi civil-identity certificate," Iraqi Journal for Computers and Informatics 2014 . Vol. (1 ): p.p. 20 - 25 .

Abas Zohair , Odai Ghani Alasadi, "Effective use of egovernment applications in improving the performance of local governments applied study in the office of the province of babylon" magazine of college Administration and Economics for economic & financial studies 2016 .

Vol. ( 20 ): p.p. 49 - 92 .

[8] Hassan Saeed , “ Development of e-goverment application in iraq: A case study of iraq ministry of ducation employment agency ,” 2013 , Master Thesis M. Al Qasimi Mohammed and M. Hassan Eman , "Electronic government implementation requirements in iraqi organizations : Exploratory study for managerial leadership views in the municipality directorate of mosul," Tanmiat Al-Rafedain , 2013 . Vol.( 113 ) p.p. 9 - 26 .

[10] Anaraki , S. , Plugge , E. , & Hill , A. ( 2003 ). Delivering primary care in prison: the need to improve health information . Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics , 11 ( 4 ), 191 - 194 .

[11] Shelton , R. , Thurman , A. , Person , S. , & Norden-Paul , R. ( 1994 ). U.S. Patent No. 5 , 325 , 478 . Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office .

2017 he was awarded a Master's degree from Land Forces War Collage in 1986 .

Middle East Technical University (METU) in 1997 and his Phd studies on educational technologies in Gazi University in 2007 . Following his retirement from government in 2009, he took his part as an assistant proffesor in Computer Engineerinf Department of (Lancaster University) in 1983 with a NATO scholarship . Prof. Akman studied at METU-Computer Engineering Department as a faculty. After his retirement from METU in 2001, he is holding his academic career in Atılım University Computer Engineering Deparment. At the currrent he is acting as the head of department . He has more than 90