ANALYZING THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND STAFF REQUIREMENT OF E-
GOVERNMENT SERVICES PRIORITIZING THE DEPLOYMENT WITH
MODULAR DESIGN: IRAQI CORRECTION SERVICES CASE STUDY
Mohammed Abdulbasit Alameri Asst.Prof.Dr. Atila Bostan
Master's degree in Computer Engineering Department of Computer Engineering
Atılım University, İncek-Gölbaşı/Ankara Atılım University, İncek-Gölbaşı/Ankara
moh82amed2006@gmail.com atila.bostan@atilim.edu.tr
Prof.Dr.İbrahim Akman
Department of Computer Engineering
Atılım University, İncek-Gölbaşı/Ankara
ibrahim.akman@atilim.edu.tr
ÖZET families, statement of ICS responsibilities, services of
Irak Tutuklu Hizmetleri, Adalet Bakanlığı bünyesinde bir controlling and filtering email between prisoners and
kurumdur. Bu kurumda hizmetlerin çoğu klasik kağıt- their families. The outcomes of the examination likewise
kalem sistemi ile verilmektedir. Bu çalışma şekli hizmet point to the web-based service supply as the best
sunumunda zaman kaybına, kurum çalışanları üzeride iş desired user interface in services’ automation.
yükü yığılmasına sebep olmakta ve bütün bunlar da
Keywords
hizmet sunumunda yüksek maliyetlere neden
E-government; Iraqi Correction Service; automation;
olmaktadır. Tutuklu Hizmetleri kurumundaki süreçlerin
modular design.
otomasyonu için yapılan veri analiz çalışmaları
neticesinde öncelik verilecek hizmetler şunlardır: Resmi INTRODUCTION
iş takibi için müsaade süreçleri, tutuklu durum bilgisinin Recent developments in the information technology (IT)
paylaşımı, tutukluluk durumu sona eren kişilerin and correspondence advancements have played a
rehabilitasyon süreçlerinin takibi, tutuklu ziyaret izni noteworthy role on the move to programmed services.
süreci, resmi e-posta hizmeti, aile bilgilendirme Such applications help governments in limiting resource
hizmetleri, kurum sorumluluklarının ilamı, tutuklular ve utilization, increasing the general population bolster,
aileleri arasında kontrollü ve filtrelenmiş e-posta and assessing the government performance [1]. Since
2003, the Iraqi government has introduced numerous
hizmeti. Analiz sonuçları aynı zamanda otomaik hizmet
new concepts and made numerous amendments to day
sunumunda daha çok web tabanlı arayüzlerin tercih
by day life with the help of e-government applications.
edildiğine işaret etmektedir. The Iraqi government is likewise currently interested in
to establish new projects bolster for the information
Anahtar Kelimeler
revolution and its contributing technologies, with the
E-devlet; Iraq Tutuhlu Hizmetleri; Otomasyon;
point of doing proper e-government [2].
Modüler tasarım.
The main tasks of the ICS are to perform judicial verdicts
ABSTRACT
corresponding to prisoners in prisons for the period
Iraqi Correction Services (ICS) is a department following specified in the court judgments, rehabilitation of free
the Ministry of Justice. Most services are presented prisoners and help them take part in the community,
through conventional paper-based system. This system link with executive powers and non-governmental
results in delays in service arrangement time and work bodies to supply social and mental care for prisoners,
over-stack on ICS members which means a high fees of and treatment prisoner-affairs for example family visits,
service arrangement. Investigation of the collected freedom, and amnesty. As per the interior system, ICS is
information revealed the need ought to be given to the too in charge for providing healthcare and nutritional
next services when automating ICS services: services as well as social and specialized rehabilitation of
Applications of agreement for official job, Sharing prisoners [3].
prisoner status information, Rehabilitation services for
The greater part of ICS services have not been
out prisoners, Applications for prisoners' visits, Legal automated up until this point, especially those services
email services, Informatory services for prisoner that are provided to prisoners, prisoner's family and
citizens. Also, economic recession at Iraq is strictly All Samples:
affecting the money related resources available for
H1: ICS beneficiary category does not have a significant
governmental events including development of E-
influence on their preference level on using web
government services [4].
interface for automating ICS services.
The efficient and effective usage of E-government
technology requires prioritization of the ICS services to H2: Education level does not have a significant effect on
automate which best be delivered through IT means. their preference level on using web interface for
The point of this research is to decide the development automating ICS services.
priorities of the ICS services with the suppositions of ICS H3: Familiarity with a technology does not have a
beneficiaries. significant impact on the technology preference of users
in automating ICS services.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Several studies that have been published about E- ICS Employees:
government applications in various countries. This
H4: The Administrative position of an ICS staff member
consists of tax sector [5], civil status identity verification
does not need a significant effect on his/her choices or
[6], local governance services [7], education occupation
perceptions towards ICS services automation. To
[8], and various other organizations and services [9].
accomplish assessment this hypothesis, it was broken
Mohammed and Karim [5] studied the possibility of down into 9 sub-hypotheses.
introducing e-government services in the general
Other Governmental Employees:
authority for taxation in Iraq. The study included
participants from the authority’s employees only. The H5: The Administrative position of the governmental
authors conclude that the introduction of E-government staff who handles ICS services does not need a significant
application in Iraqi general taxation authority could face impact on his/her choices or perceptions towards ICS
various challenge caused by lack of knowledge and services automation. To help in trials this hypothesis, it
experience of the employees to efficiently run the was divided into 5 sub-hypotheses.
system as well as absence of the necessary
Citizens:
infrastructure for the implementation.
H6: The relative degree with a prisoner does not have a
Saeed [6] studied in his master thesis the readiness of significant impact on a citizen's personal preferences or
Iraqi general population to use E-government perceptions towards ICS services automation. To help
application for requests submission to the ministry of screening this hypothesis, it was broken down into 9
education in Iraq. Saeed’s study finds that only 9% of sub-hypotheses.
the respondents report that they receive quick response B. Instrument Development and Validation
when they submit request to ministry of education via To be able to collect data required for testing the
the internet whereas 49% and 29% of respondents developed hypotheses, three questionnaires were
receive late responses or no response at all, developed. The first Questionnaire (Q1) was used to
respectively. acquire data from ICS employees, while (Q2) was used
Anaraki, Plugge, & Hill [10] suggested that to provide for other governmental employees and (Q3) was used
equivalence of care for prisoners, primary care trusts to collect data from prisoner's family. For validation
need to implement full electronic clinical records in purposes, the questionnaire the study has been
prisons and to ensure that staff have access to resources reviewed as academic review by the supervisor and an
on the internet. Shelton, et al [11] suggested the older researcher. The study was then translated to
application of tele-monitoring in hospitals, clinics, and Arabic in a back-to-back manner to ensure functional
prisons, as they have ambulances equipped with equivalence of the terms used in the two languages
systems connected to the receiving hospital. (English to Arabic to English). The study was then piloted
through 5 members from the sample of the analysis to
check comprehensibility of the questions and point out
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY any possible ambiguity. After making trivial
A. Research Hypotheses modifications predicated on reviewers' and members'
commentary, the study was ready for utilization in
To achieve the aim of the study, 6 hypotheses were
collecting information from focus on sample. Reliability
produced and analyzed. Hypotheses where classified to
of the part 2 questions (calculating perceived need for
be analyzed either through data gathered from the
ICS service automation) was tested through Cronbach's
whole sample of the analysis or through a specific group
alpha coefficient with prices above 0.8 considered
of the sample. The hypotheses are as follows:
acceptably reliable.
C. Statistical Analysis requisitions similarly as recognized by those
Likewise all inquiries were figured Previously, close- contemplate members.
ended manner, the greater part information got starting
with the questionnaire might have been dealt with 8
similarly as ordinal information but to a portion
6
demographic Also socio-investment variables for
example, sexual orientation Furthermore managerial 4
positions which were dealt with Likewise nominal
2
variables. Average Furthermore range were used to
rundown ordinal variables, Also frequencies Also rates 0
to unmitigated nominal information. Univariate ICS Employees Other Citizens
Investigation through Partial Least Square (PLS) Employees
regression might have been utilized to hypotheses
testing, i. E. , will figure out whether the autonomous Website Email SMS Phone Call
variable over theory altogether influences the WhatsApp Facebook Twitter
subordinate variable. At tests were 2-tailed; p-values >
0. 05 were recognized statistically insignificant, <0. 05 Fig.2 Preference ranking (median) of automation
significant, Furthermore <0. 01 highly statistically platforms.
significant. Measurable dissection of every last bit
information might have been done Toward SPSS PC
program v. 22 (IBM corp. , Armonk, NY). C. Hypothesis Testing:
In this study we will present the results of 4 hypotheses
from 6 hypotheses, because we are limited by the
RESULTS number of pages devoted to this research.
A. Demographics 1. Whole sample
Of the 150 reactions received, 13 reactions were
excluded on account they were whichever incomplete, Hypothesis 1:
invalid alternately conflicting. The excluded reactions In order to properly analyze H1, we have divided it into
were 3 from ICS employees, 4 starting with other 7 sub-hypotheses. Each one examines the effect of user
employees and 6 starting with Citizens. type on a different technology preference. To sum up,
the analysis of H1 showed that there is an
50 agreement between users of different categories on
40 their preference toward using websites, email, and
30 SMS services. However, ICS beneficiary category
20 significantly affects the degree with which users
10 prefer using phone calls, WhatsApp, Facebook, or
0 Twitter. Table 1 summarizes the regression analysis
Male Female Prefer Male Female Prefer Male Female Prefer results for H1.
not to not to not to 2. ICS employees:
disclose disclose disclose
Hypothesis 4:
ICS Employees Citizens Government Employees
Univariate regression analysis of H4 showed that
less than 20 30-21 40-31 50-41 51 or older
the administrative position of ICS employees
Fig.1 Age and gender distribution of respondents significantly affects their perception towards the
broken by ICS beneficiary category. importance of using email service for legal
communications (H41), the importance of promoting
B. Technology Preferences
trust through announcing ICS responsibilities on the
The studied participant’s ranked website services as the website (H44), and the importance of automating
most useful IT application to be used as basis for rehabilitation services (H47). However, there was no
automation of ICS services. Those median value to fact significant difference between different administrative
that those website provision might have been 7 (for The positions regarding the perceptions about the
greater part important) while the vitality scores about importance of automating other ICS services. Therefore,
Facebook Furthermore twitter were least Furthermore H41, H44, and H47 are rejected while H42, H43, H45, H46,
positioned 2 Also 1, separately. Figure 2 hint at those H48, and H49 cannot be rejected (association cannot be
relative positioning from claiming fact that distinctive it proven).
Table.1 Hypotheses test results for H1 Table.2 Hypotheses test results for H4
Significance
Significance
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Coefficient
Coefficient
Explanatory
Explanatory
R-squared
R-squared
Dependent
Dependent
Constant
Constant
Number
Number
Variables
Variables
Variable
Variable
(SE)
(SE)
(SE)
(SE)
User 6.68 -0.51
H11 Website 0.099 0.029
Administrative
type (0.49) (0.3)
Position
User 5.19 0.02 Legal 3.23 0.22
H12 Email 0.94 <0.001 H41 0.037* 0.048
type (0.45) (0.28) email (0.42) (0.11)
User 4 0.49
H13 SMS 0.085 0.032
type (0.44) (0.28)
User 3.89 0.77 0.009
H14 Phone 0.071
Administrative
type (0.46) (0.29) *
time to
Position
4.06 0.09
User 3.98 -0.62 0.014 H42 incoming 0.358 0.009
H15 WhatsApp 0.064 (0.37) (0.09)
type (0.39) (0.25) * emails
User 3.53 -0.72 0.005
H16 Facebook 0.084
type (0.4) (0.25) *
Administrative
User 0.72 0.57 0.009
H17 Twitter 0.071 Utility of
Position
type (0.34) (0.22) * 4.4 0.0001
H43 website 0.997 <0.001
SE= Standard Error (0.36) (0.09)
services
* Significant
3. Other governmental employees:
Administrative
Hypothesis 5:
Position
announcing ICS 3.14 0.25
Univariate regression analysis of H5 showed that the H44 0.033* 0.048
responsibilities (0.47) (0.12)
administrative position of other governmental
employees didn’t have a significant effect on their
perceived importance of automating ICS services,
Administrative
contrary to ICS employees. Hence, Hypotheses H51, H52, sharing
Position
H53, H54, H55 not rejected (Association between 3.92 -0.001
H45 Inmate’s status 0.993 <0.001
(0.6) (0.17)
administrative position and perceived importance of ICS information
services automation cannot be established). Table 3
summarizes the univariate correlation test results for
Administrativ
H5.
e Position
Legal 2.69 0.16
H46 0.415 0.015
4. Citizens: communication (0.68) (0.19)
Hypothesis 6:
Univariate regression analysis of H6 showed that the
Administrative
respondent’s relative degree with the inmate does not
Position
Automating 2.63 0.4
have significant effect on their perceived importance of H47 0.029* 0.101
rehab. services (0.64) (0.18)
automating ICS services except for automating inmate
visit permissions for which there was a significant
difference between different relative degrees (H6 9).
Administrative
Hence, H69 is rejected whereas H61, H62, H63, H64, H65,
Position
2.69 0.16
H66, H67, and H68 cannot be rejected (Association H48 Family services
(0.68) (0.19)
0.415 0.015
between relative degree with the inmate and perceived
importance of ICS services automation cannot be
established). Table 4 summarizes the univariate
Administrative
correlation test results for H6.
Position
visit 3.72 0.03
H49 0.84 0.001
permissions (0.54) (0.15)
SE= Standard Error
* Significant
Table3 Hypotheses test results for H5 Table4 Hypotheses test results for H6
Significance
Hypothesis
Explanatory
Coefficient
Explanatory
Significance
R-squared
Dependent
Hypothesis
Dependent
Coefficient
Constant
R-squared
Number
Variables
Constant
Variables
Variable
Number
Variable
(SE)
(SE)
(SE)
(SE)
Relative
degree
Administrative
legal email 3.42 0.13
H61 service 0.258 0.03
Position
(0.28) (0.11)
legal email 4.83 -0.06
H51 0.603 0.006
service (0.5) (0.15)
Relative
degree
incoming 4.05 0.0001
H62 emails 0.999 <0.001
(0.24) (0.096)
Administrative
Time to
Position
4.91 -0.06
Relative
degree
H52 incoming 0.605 0.006 Utility of 3.93 -0.04
(0.47) (0.11) H63 website 0.653 0.005
emails services (0.24) (0.01)
Relative
degree
Administrative
announcing ICS 3.32 0.01
H64 responsibilities 0.921 <0.001
Utility of (0.27) (0.11)
Position
4.99 -0.07
H53 website 0.517 0.01
(0.47) (0.11)
services
Relative
degree
Promoting 3.9 -0.05
H65 employment 0.518 0.01
(0.2) (0.08)
Administrative
ICS
Position
4.65 0.02
Relative
degree
H54 responsibiliti 0.865 0.001 Sharing 4.03 0.09
(0.45) (0.1) H66 inmate’s status 0.333 0.022
es information (0.22) (0.09)
Relative
degree
Administrative
legal 3.47 0.14
H67 communication 0.095 0.065
(0.2) (0.08)
Position
Official 4.28 0.11
H55 0.199 0.015
requests (0.38) (0.09)
email
Relative
degree
communication 3.93 -0.02
H68 with the 0.869 0.001
(0.32) (0.13)
SE= Standard Error inmate
* Significant
Relative
degree
DISCSSION AND CONCLUSIONS automating 4.43 -0.32
H69 visit 0.005* 0.172
Overall, it could be noticed that the valid response rate permissions (0.26) (0.11)
to the survey was satisfactory. Only 13 out of 150
SE= Standard Error
responses (8.67%) received were deemed invalid,
* Significant
incomplete, or inconsistent and therefore were
excluded from our analysis. This is considered a good have significant impact on respondents’ preference
indicator of the comprehensibility of the survey toward ICS services automation.
questions and the ease with which it could be Saeed’s study [8] finds that only 9% of the respondents
completed. It is also notable that the majority of report that they receive quick response when they
responses were obtained from male respondents submit request to ministry of education via the internet
compared to females. This significant titling of sample whereas 49% and 29% of respondents receive late
towards male is natural as it reflects the factual sex responses or no response at all, respectively. In our
distribution within ICS beneficiaries and hence we study, more than 85% of respondents reported that
believe that it wouldn’t affect the validity nor the email response time is important/very important factor
generalizability of the results. to consider when designing an E-government system.
Several studies that have been published about E- Combining these two finding rises an alarm for a
government applications in various countries those have potential factor that may hinder the progression
a little bit of conflicting evidence, our study might towards fully-automated government services in Iraq.
invalidate the assumption of Mohammed’s study [ 5 ] as The uniqueness of our study is that we have analyzed
the findings show the familiarity with technology did not the impact of many factors including demographics,
familiarity with technology, ICS beneficiary category,
and other factors on the preference and attitude toward [8] Hassan Saeed, “Development of e-goverment application
in iraq: A case study of iraq ministry of ducation
government services automation. employment agency,” 2013, Master Thesis
The results of our study form a solid basis for the design [9] M. Al Qasimi Mohammed and M. Hassan Eman,
"Electronic government implementation requirements in
and implementation of an E-government application to iraqi organizations : Exploratory study for managerial
automate ICS services that meets users’ needs and leadership views in the municipality directorate of
expectations which may be generalized and extended to mosul," Tanmiat Al-Rafedain, 2013. Vol.(113) p.p. 9-26.
[10] Anaraki, S., Plugge, E., & Hill, A. (2003). Delivering
other services provided by governmental agencies. primary care in prison: the need to improve health
information. Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics,
Those necessities ought to be given of the next 11(4), 191-194.
services: [11] Shelton, R., Thurman, A., Person, S., & Norden-Paul,
R.(1994). U.S. Patent No. 5,325,478. Washington, DC:
1. Requests of permission for official work. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
2. Sharing inmate status information.
3. Rehabilitation services for released inmates. CURRICULUM VITAE (C.V)
4. Requests for inmates’ visits.
5. Legal email services. Mohammed Abdulbasit ALAMERI
In 2004, Author was awarded the
6. Family services.
Bachelor of Computer Engineering from
7. Announcing ICS responsibilities. the Technical College of Mosul, Iraq. In
8. Controlled and filtered email services between 2017 he was awarded a Master's degree
inmates and their families. in Computer Engineering from the
• Benefits mechanization is best should a chance to be University of Atilim, Ankara, Turkey.
attained through a web-based provision that is unable Currently, he work as a civil servant in the
will get solicitations from the beneficiaries, store them Ministry of Justice, Iraq as computer
done An database, What's more answer-paid with engineer.
solicitations electronically without the requiring Atila BOSTAN
beneficiaries should personally available at those Asst.Prof.Dr. Atila Bostan graduated
Branch. from Land Forces War Collage in 1986.
He finished his Ms studies on computer
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