=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2091/paper2
|storemode=property
|title=Towards Enabling Cultural-Heritage Experts to Create Customizable Visit Experiences
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2091/paper2.pdf
|volume=Vol-2091
|authors=Carmelo Ardito,Paolo Buono,Maria Francesca Costabile,Giuseppe Desolda,Maristella Matera,Antonio Piccinno
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/avi/ArditoBCDMP18
}}
==Towards Enabling Cultural-Heritage Experts to Create Customizable Visit Experiences==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2091/paper2.pdf
Towards Enabling Cultural-Heritage Experts to Create
Customizable Visit Experiences
Carmelo Ardito Paolo Buono Maria Francesca Giuseppe Desolda
Dipartimento di Dipartimento di Costabile Dipartimento di
Informatica, Università Informatica, Università Dipartimento di Informatica, Università
degli Studi di Bari degli Studi di Bari Informatica, Università degli Studi di Bari
Bari, Italy Bari, Italy degli Studi di Bari Bari, Italy
carmelo.ardito@uniba.it paolo.buono@uniba.it Bari, Italy giuseppe.desolda@uniba.it
maria.costabile@uniba.it
Rosa Lanzilotti Maristella Matera Antonio Piccinno
Dipartimento di Dipartimento di Elettronica, Dipartimento di
Informatica, Università Informazione e Informatica, Università
degli Studi di Bari Bioingegneria, Politecnico degli Studi di Bari
Bari, Italy di Milano Bari, Italy
rosa.lanzilotti@uniba.it Milano, Italy antonio.piccinno@uniba.it
maristella.matera@polimi.
it
ABSTRACT exploit this technology in different domains [9]. Moreover, an in-
In recent years, smart objects are increasingly pervading the envi- creasing number of end users, i.e., non-technical people not experts
ronments we live in. Several studies highlight that Cultural Heritage in computer science, nor willing to be, want to use such a plethora
(CH) is a very promising domain for IoT adoption, since this technol- of smart devices for their daily activities, work, entertainment or
ogy can favor the definition of smart visit experiences that engage other purposes [21, 23, 28]. Several studies highlight that Cultural
visitors by allowing them to acquire CH content while interacting Heritage (CH) is one of the most promising domains for IoT adop-
with the surrounding smart environment and the smart objects tion, since this technology can favour the definition of smart visit
included in it. This paper presents new End-User Development ap- experiences that engage visitors by allowing them to acquire CH
proaches and the related abstractions that can support CH experts content while interacting with the surrounding environment and
to create customizable visit experiences within museums and other the smart objects included in it [8, 29, 31, 33]. So far, even in the CH
cultural sites. domain, research on IoT has primarily focused on technical features
of smart objects [13, 20, 26, 30], while few approaches are trying to
CCS CONCEPTS facilitate the adoption of such a technology by end users in order
to foster the personalization of smart object behaviours. This lack
• Software and its engineering → Application specific devel-
limits the social and practical benefits of IoT; it creates barriers in
opment environments;
all those usage scenarios where experts, e.g., museum curators and
guides in CH sites, would like to personalize the behavior of smart
KEYWORDS
objects but they usually do not have the required programming
Internet of things; smart object behavior; tangible programming; skills.
end-user development End-User Development (EUD) is a discipline that encompasses
ACM Reference Format: methods, techniques, methodologies, situations, and socio-technical
Carmelo Ardito, Paolo Buono, Maria Francesca Costabile, Giuseppe Desolda, environments that enable non-technical people to tailor software
Rosa Lanzilotti, Maristella Matera, and Antonio Piccinno. 2018. Towards En- systems to their needs and desires by modifying or even creating
abling Cultural-Heritage Experts to Create Customizable Visit Experiences. software artefacts without requiring to write programs [3, 15, 19,
In Proceedings of 2nd Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces for Cultural 24]. Based on years of experience of the authors in EUD and the
Heritage (AVI-CH 2018). Vol. 2091. CEUR-WS.org, Article 2. http://ceur-
works we recently carried out in the area of task-automation sys-
ws.org/Vol-2091/paper2.pdf, 5 pages.
tems [5, 18], this paper presents an ongoing research that aims to
provide non-technical users, as CH experts, with natural interaction
1 INTRODUCTION
mechanisms to create smart visit experiences.
The recent Internet of Things (IoT) phenomenon and the avail-
ability of a number of smart objects are pushing researchers to
2 BACKGROUND
Different tools supporting non-technical users to configure smart
AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy
© 2018 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).
object behavior have been recently proposed. In particular, the so-
called Task-Automation (TA) tools [14] enable the combination of
1
AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy C. Ardito et al.
social services, data sources and sensors, and have become popular
as they offer very easy and intuitive paradigms to synchronize the
behavior of objects and applications [11, 25]. Through Web editors,
users can synchronize the behavior of smart objects by defining
Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules [27], a paradigm largely used
for the specification of active systems (see for example [12, 16]),
which in the IoT domain can be fruitfully exploited to express how
and when some object behaviors have to be activated in reaction
to detected events. Many of such tools offer visual, intuitive inter-
action paradigms to graphically sketch ECA rules specifying the
interaction among the objects, for example by means of graphs
that represent how events and data parameters propagate among Figure 1: Platform tool for defining and assigning custom
the different objects to achieve their synchronization. This is not attributes.
a trivial task and it often requires data and system re-engineering
[10] together with test [22].
Despite the popularity of such tools, very often their graphical
notations for rule specification do not match the mental model
of most users [32]. Another limiting factor is that the expressive
power of the ECA rules that can be specified is limited to very
simple synchronized behaviors. To overcome these limitations, we
designed a tool called EFESTO-5W for simplifying the creation of
ECA rules that combine smart object events/actions [18]. Some
of the EFESTO-5W visual mechanisms are inspired to the ones
available in the previous version of the platform used for data Figure 2: A single rule determining the behavior of multiple
source composition [1, 6, 7, 17]. cases and coins.
Some studies have shown that the EFESTO-5W composition
paradigm effectively guides users in establishing the behavior of
multiple smart objects [18]. However, we observed that in more in the park. Then, the visit continues in the park museum. Molly
creative and rich contexts, like CH, smart objects cannot be simply engages visitors in playing a serious game in the "smart" rooms
treated as "low-level" devices exposing events and actions, but they of the museum. Here, display cases containing ancient objects are
bring with themselves their own semantics that refer to their role, instrumented with sensors able to detect NFC coins (resembling an
within the CH site, of mediators for content acquisition by visitors. ancient Roman coin, used for identifying each visitor) each visitor
For example, a smart card depicting an Egyptian vase should not is provided with. During the game, Molly asks different questions
be simply considered as a hexadecimal code that can be read by and, accordingly, sets the sensors of the display cases in different
an RFID reader; rather it represents a find dated back to a certain modalities by means of an app installed on her smartphone. For
époque, discovered in a particular place, having an ancient name. example, she sets the "Age = Roman" modality and asks visitors to
This semantics could be exploited to simplify the definition of ECA find the display cases where Roman objects are shown. The visitors
rules by stakeholders who are more interested in the semantics of move through the museum, identify the cases matching Molly’s re-
the objects (i.e., what content they can convey during the visit), quest and insert one of their own coins in the case coin slot. If they
more than in the signals they can emit or they can receive as in- are successful, the light inside cases turns green and the visitor’s
put. In order to enrich smart objects with semantics, it should be current score is increased. Then, Molly asks other questions and
possible for domain experts to define the sensible attributes that are sets the display cases in the corresponding modality, thus the game
representative of such a semantics. continues focusing on the topic of the new modality.
To reach this goal, we aim to extend our platform for ECA The synchronizations between cases and NFC coins are estab-
rule definition by implementing intuitive and natural interaction lished by the guide using our platform through the creation of ECA
paradigms that allow non-technical users to define sensible at- rules, which define the synchronization between a single case and
tributes on smart objects. In the following, we describe the prelimi- a specific coin. Thus, Molly has to replicate this rule for coupling
nary design of three novel paradigms. all the other cases and coins.
From the previous scenario, it is evident that the personaliza-
tion of a smart visit experience might not be limited to a trivial
3 EXPLOITING CUSTOM ATTRIBUTES FOR
synchronization of smart objects, but it might also require creat-
DEFINING SMART EXPERIENCES ing digital narratives threads that professionals themselves need
To better explain what a smart visit experience is, we describe a to put in context with respect to the CH-site content. Driven by
scenario where the main persona is Molly, a guide of the archae- these emerging requirements, we introduced the notion of custom
ological park of Egnathia, which was an ancient Roman city in attributes [5], as a means to characterize smart objects not only by
Southern Italy. Molly first guides a group of visitors through the native events and actions (as conceived in many IoT platforms) but
ruins; she explains the history of the city and illustrates the places also by properties that the domain experts (i.e., the designers of
2
Enabling CH Experts to Create Customizable Visit Experiences AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy
the smart experience) can define to assign semantics to the objects.
Such semantics empowers and simplifies the creation of ECA rules.
Visual mechanisms have been proposed to simplify the creation of
custom attributes and their association to smart objects [5].
To understand some of the advantages of custom attributes and
how they can be visually defined in EFESTO-5W, let us go back to
the above scenario. Before creating ECA rules, Molly interacts with
a tool offered by our platform, which allows her to assign attributes
to each case by manipulating widget interfaces, without the need
of writing code. In the example of Figure 1, she defines and assigns
the Age attribute, representing the age of the artifacts contained
by the cases, Points, representing the number of points the visitor
gains if the answer is correct, Blinking time, indicating for how
many seconds the case has to blink. From now on, the creation of
ECA rules can exploit this terminology (see for example Figure 2).
In Molly’s scenario, she does not need to define a multitude of very
similar rules for coupling every single case and coin, since they are Figure 3: A tangible programming approach that exploits a
all encompassed by the single rule shown in Figure 2. mobile phone to digitalize the association among physical
Albeit the process illustrated above supports end users in defin- attributes and smart objects.
ing terms about a domain that can be useful when creating ECA
rules [5], we believe that there is room to improve the proposed
visual approach by means of more natural paradigms that facilitate
the attributes creation, stimulate the designers creativity and foster
the technology acceptance. Therefore, the ongoing research aims
to investigate intuitive and natural interaction paradigms that al-
low to extend the native properties of a smart object (events and
actions) with custom attributes, in order to exploit them while
synchronizing smart objects.
4 NOVEL EUD PARADIGMS FOR HANDLING
SMART EXPERIENCES
The starting point of this research was the identification of a set
Figure 4: Exploration of a smart environment to look for at-
of attribute types that the end users can exploit to describe the
tributes to be copied to a smart object.
semantic properties of smart objects. We found that types like text,
number, and geographic position can be used to define a wide
variety of significant attributes on smart objects. Starting from objects, the physical attributes, the associations among them and
these attributes, we designed three different composition paradigms the attribute names and values reported on the post-it, and creates
during a design workshop study involving 28 users arranged in the custom attributes on the smart objects.
groups of 5/6 participants. The second paradigm is a pervasive solution based on the use of
The first paradigm is a tangible solution based on the use of real the real world as a source of attributes. The surrounding environ-
objects representing the three types of attributes. Initially, each ment is conceived as a set of passive objects with their attributes.
group was asked to identify, for each type of attribute, at least one Let us think, for example, to a museum in which there are paintings
object of the real world whose affordance refers to the attributed and cases labeled with QR-codes that can be scanned with a mo-
meaning. For example, for the string attribute, objects like pens, bile phone to visualize additional information (e.g., style, painter,
inkwell and sheet were proposed. Then, they were asked to propose history). These passive objects could be exploited to copy their
interaction mechanisms to combine physical attributes with smart attributes and paste them into the smart objects. During our study,
objects. In the resulting paradigm, each physical attribute can be each group was asked to figure out a solution to capture the at-
associated to a smart object by 1) putting close the smart objects tributes of passive objects and to send them to the smart objects. In
and the custom attributes they want to associate and 2) assigning the resulting idea, a smartphone is used to explore the surrounding
attribute name and value by using a post-it. For example, in Figure environment in an augmented reality fashion; here everything is
3 in the left side of the desk, a smart card depicting a vase has 3 visualized in black and white, except the passive objects that expose
physical attributes around, each with a post-it indicating its name attributes. Indeed, they are augmented with colored pins, each one
and value. The design process implemented by this paradigm thus associated with a type of attribute (e.g., a brown pin for a string
occurs in the physical world. When the associations are established, attribute). When a user approaches a passive object, its pins are
their digitalization/formalization is carried out by using a mobile enriched by their names and values, according to a semantic-zoom
app that, by taking a picture of the desk, recognizes the smart technique. Users can collect all the useful attributes, also edit their
3
AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy C. Ardito et al.
[2] Carmelo Ardito, Paolo Buono, Maria Francesca Costabile, and Giuseppe Desolda.
2015. Interaction with Large Displays: A Survey. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
47, 3, Article 46 (Feb. 2015), 38 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2682623
[3] Carmelo Ardito, Paolo Buono, Maria Francesca Costabile, Rosa Lanzilotti, and
Antonio Piccinno. 2012. End Users as Co-designers of Their Own Tools and
Products. Journal of Visual Languages & Computing 23, 2 (2012), 78 – 90. https:
//doi.org/10.1016/j.jvlc.2011.11.005 Special issue dedicated to Prof. Piero Mussio.
[4] Carmelo Ardito, Paolo Buono, Maria Francesca Costabile, Rosa Lanzilotti, and
Adalberto L. Simeone. 2009. Comparing Low Cost Input Devices for Interacting
with 3D Virtual Environments. In Proceedings of the 2Nd Conference on Human
System Interactions (HSI’09). IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 289–294. http:
//dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1689359.1689411
[5] Carmelo Ardito, Paolo Buono, Giuseppe Desolda, and Maristella Matera. 2018.
From Smart Objects to Smart Experiences: An End-User Development Approach.
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 114 (2018), 51 – 68. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.12.002 Advanced User Interfaces for Cultural Heritage.
[6] Carmelo Ardito, M. Francesca Costabile, Giuseppe Desolda, Rosa Lanzilotti,
Maristella Matera, and Matteo Picozzi. 2014. Visual Composition of Data
Sources by End Users. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Working Conference
on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI ’14). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 257–260.
https://doi.org/10.1145/2598153.2598201
[7] Carmelo Ardito, Maria Francesca Costabile, Giuseppe Desolda, Markus Latzina,
and Maristella Matera. 2015. Making Mashups Actionable Through Elastic De-
sign Principles. In End-User Development, Paloma Díaz, Volkmar Pipek, Carmelo
Figure 5: Tabletop system that assists the composition of Ardito, Carlos Jensen, Ignacio Aedo, and Alexander Boden (Eds.). Springer Interna-
tional Publishing, Cham, 236–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18425-8_22
physical attributes and smart objects. [8] Carmelo. Ardito, Maria Fransesca Costabile, and Rosa Lanzilotti. 2010. Gameplay
on a Multitouch Screen to Foster Learning About Historical Sites. In Proceedings
of the International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI ’10). ACM, New
names/values, and then they can scan a smart object to paste the York, NY, USA, 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1145/1842993.1843006
collected attributes. [9] Luigi Atzori, Antonio Iera, and Giacomo Morabito. 2010. The Internet of Things:
The third paradigm is a tactile solution based on the use of A Survey. Computer Networks 54, 15 (Oct. 2010), 2787–2805. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010
a tabletop interactive display that was designed by some of the [10] Alessandro Bianchi, Danilo Caivano, and Giuseppe Visaggio. 2000. Method and
authors of this paper exploiting their knowledge and expertise on Process for Iterative Reengineering of Data in a Legacy System. In Proceedings of
interactive displays [2]. The tabletop surface becomes a workspace the Seventh Working Conference on Reverse Engineering (WCRE’00) (WCRE ’00).
IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 86–. http://dl.acm.org/citation.
that facilitates the association between attributes and smart objects. cfm?id=832307.837101
The attributes are represented as tangible objects, for example, the [11] Federico Cabitza, Daniela Fogli, Rosa Lanzilotti, and Antonio Piccinno. 2017. Rule-
based Tools for the Configuration of Ambient Intelligence Systems: A Compara-
ones used in the tangible paradigm. To assign an attribute to a tive User Study. Multimedia Tools and Applications 76, 4 (Feb. 2017), 5221–5241.
smart object, users putting on the surface the smart object (e.g. a https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-3511-2
smart card); afterward, a proximity area appears around the smart [12] Stefano Ceri, Florian Daniel, Maristella Matera, and Federico M. Facca. 2007.
Model-driven Development of Context-aware Web Applications. ACM Transac-
object (e.g., a rounded halo) meaning that physical attributes can tions on Internet Technology (TOIT) 7, 1, Article 2 (Feb. 2007). https://doi.org/10.
be placed inside it (see Figure 5). Each time a physical attribute is 1145/1189740.1189742
put inside the area, a pop-up on the surface asks users to define the [13] Angelo Chianese and Francesco Piccialli. 2014. Designing a Smart Museum:
When Cultural Heritage Joins IoT. In Proceedings of the 2014 Eighth International
attribute name and value. Conference on Next Generation Mobile Apps, Services and Technologies (NGMAST
’14). IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 300–306. https://doi.org/10.
5 CONCLUSION 1109/NGMAST.2014.21
[14] Miguel Coronado and Carlos A. Iglesias. 2016. Task Automation Services: Au-
This paper has presented an ongoing research on interaction paradigms tomation for the Masses. IEEE Internet Computing 20, 1 (Jan. 2016), 52–58.
that can support domain experts in the creation of smart visit ex- https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2015.73
[15] Maria Francesca Costabile, Daniela Fogli, Piero Mussio, and Antonio Piccinno.
periences. Three different composition paradigms have been iden- 2007. Visual Interactive Systems for End-User Development: A Model-Based
tified, i.e. tangible, pervasive and tactile. As future work, we are Design Methodology. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part
A: Systems and Humans 37, 6 (Nov 2007), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1109/
going to evaluate them by assessing their usability, their ability to TSMCA.2007.904776
support the creative design of smart interactive experiences, and [16] Florian Daniel, Maristella Matera, and Giuseppe Pozzi. 2008. Managing Runtime
their acceptance in real contexts, also comparing them with further Adaptivity Through Active Rules: The Bellerofonte Framework. Journal of Web
Engineering 7, 3 (Sept. 2008), 179–199. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2011271.
composition paradigm we implemented and 3D possibilities [4]. 2011273
[17] Giuseppe Desolda, Carmelo Ardito, and Maristella Matera. 2016. EFESTO: A
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Platform for the End-User Development of Interactive Workspaces for Data
Exploration. In Rapid Mashup Development Tools, Florian Daniel and Cesare
The research described in this paper was supported by the Project Pautasso (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 63–81. https://doi.org/
"Opera Lirica e Realtà Aumentata - opeRA" - Prog. n. F/050075/01/X32 10.1007/978-3-319-28727-0_5
[18] Giuseppe Desolda, Carmelo Ardito, and Maristella Matera. 2017. Empowering End
- MISE - D.M. 1 Giugno 2016 "Horizon 2020 - PON 2014/2020". Users to Customize Their Smart Environments: Model, Composition Paradigms,
and Domain-Specific Tools. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
REFERENCES (TOCHI) 24, 2, Article 12 (April 2017), 52 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3057859
[19] Gerhard Fischer, Daniela Fogli, and Antonio Piccinno. 2017. Revisiting and
[1] Carmelo Ardito, Paolo Bottoni, Maria Francesca Costabile, Giuseppe Desolda, Broadening the Meta-Design Framework for End-User Development. Springer Inter-
Maristella Matera, Antonio Piccinno, and Matteo Picozzi. 2013. Enabling End national Publishing, Cham, 61–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60291-2_4
Users to Create, Annotate and Share Personal Information Spaces. In End-User [20] Piccialli Francesco and Chianese Angelo. 2017. A Location-based IoT Plat-
Development, Yvonne Dittrich, Margaret Burnett, Anders Mørch, and David form Supporting the Cultural Heritage Domain. Concurrency and Computation:
Redmiles (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 40–55. https:
//doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38706-7_5
4
Enabling CH Experts to Create Customizable Visit Experiences AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy
Practice and Experience 29, 11 (2017), e4091. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.4091 237–264. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.2000.0410
arXiv:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/cpe.4091 e4091 cpe.4091. [28] Charith Perera, Arkady Zaslavsky, Peter Christen, and Dimitrios Georgakopoulos.
[21] Jayavardhana Gubbi, Rajkumar Buyya, Slaven Marusic, and Marimuthu 2014. Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey. IEEE
Palaniswami. 2013. Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Communications Surveys Tutorials 16, 1 (First 2014), 414–454. https://doi.org/10.
Future Directions. Future Generation Computer Systems 29, 7 (2013), 1645–1660. 1109/SURV.2013.042313.00197
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2013.01.010 [29] Daniela Petrelli, Elena Not, Areti Damala, Dick van Dijk, and Monika Lechner.
[22] Beatriz PéRez Lamancha, Macario Polo, Danilo Caivano, Mario Piattini, and 2014. meSch – Material Encounters with Digital Cultural Heritage. In Digital
Giuseppe Visaggio. 2013. Automated Generation of Test Oracles Using a Model- Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection,
driven Approach. Information and Software Technology 55, 2 (Feb. 2013), 301–319. Marinos Ioannides, Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, Eleanor Fink, Roko Žarnić, Alex-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2012.08.009 Yianing Yen, and Ewald Quak (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham,
[23] Shancang Li, Li Da Xu, and Shanshan Zhao. 2015. The Internet of Things: 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13695-0_53
A Survey. Information Systems Frontiers 17, 2 (April 2015), 243–259. https: [30] Francesco Piccialli and Angelo Chianese. 2017. The Internet of Things Sup-
//doi.org/10.1007/s10796-014-9492-7 porting Context-Aware Computing: A Cultural Heritage Case Study. Mobile
[24] Henry Lieberman, Fabio Paternò, Markus Klann, and Volker Wulf. 2006. End-User Networks and Applications 22, 2 (April 2017), 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/
Development: An Emerging Paradigm. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1–8. s11036-017-0810-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5386-X_1 [31] Martin Risseeuw, Dario Cavada, Elena Not, Massimo Zancanaro, Mark Marshall,
[25] Gabriella Lucci and Fabio Paternò. 2015. Analysing How Users Prefer to Model Daniela Petrelli, and Thomas Kubitza. 2016. An Authoring Environment for
Contextual Event-Action Behaviours in Their Smartphones. In End-User Develop- Smart Objects in Museums: The meSch Approach. In Proc. Workshop on Smart
ment, Paloma Díaz, Volkmar Pipek, Carmelo Ardito, Carlos Jensen, Ignacio Aedo, Ecosystems cReation by Visual dEsign (SERVE ’16). CEUR-WS, 25–30.
and Alexander Boden (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 186–191. [32] Usman Wajid, Abdallah Namoun, and Nikolay Mehandjiev. 2011. Alternative
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18425-8_14 Representations for End User Composition of Service-based Systems. In Proceed-
[26] Vincenzo Mighali, Giuseppe Del Fiore, Luigi Patrono, Luca Mainetti, Stefano ings of the Third International Conference on End-user Development (IS-EUD’11).
Alletto, Giuseppe Serra, and Rita Cucchiara. 2015. Innovative IoT-aware Services Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 53–66. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=
for a Smart Museum. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on World 2022939.2022948
Wide Web (WWW ’15 Companion). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 547–550. https: [33] Massimo Zancanaro, Elena Not, Daniela Petrelli, Mark Marshall, Taco van Dijk,
//doi.org/10.1145/2740908.2744711 Martin Risseeuw, Dick van Dijk, Adriano Venturini, Dario Cavada, and Thomas
[27] Jphn F. Pane, Chotirat Ratanamahatana, and Brad A. Myers. 2001. Studying Kubitza. 2015. Recipes for Tangible and Embodied Visit Experiences. In MW2015:
the Language and Structure in Non-programmers’ Solutions to Programming Museums and the Web 2015.
Problems. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 54, 2 (Feb. 2001),
5