Towards Enabling Cultural-Heritage Experts to Create Customizable Visit Experiences Carmelo Ardito Paolo Buono Maria Francesca Giuseppe Desolda Dipartimento di Dipartimento di Costabile Dipartimento di Informatica, Università Informatica, Università Dipartimento di Informatica, Università degli Studi di Bari degli Studi di Bari Informatica, Università degli Studi di Bari Bari, Italy Bari, Italy degli Studi di Bari Bari, Italy carmelo.ardito@uniba.it paolo.buono@uniba.it Bari, Italy giuseppe.desolda@uniba.it maria.costabile@uniba.it Rosa Lanzilotti Maristella Matera Antonio Piccinno Dipartimento di Dipartimento di Elettronica, Dipartimento di Informatica, Università Informazione e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Bari Bioingegneria, Politecnico degli Studi di Bari Bari, Italy di Milano Bari, Italy rosa.lanzilotti@uniba.it Milano, Italy antonio.piccinno@uniba.it maristella.matera@polimi. it ABSTRACT exploit this technology in different domains [9]. Moreover, an in- In recent years, smart objects are increasingly pervading the envi- creasing number of end users, i.e., non-technical people not experts ronments we live in. Several studies highlight that Cultural Heritage in computer science, nor willing to be, want to use such a plethora (CH) is a very promising domain for IoT adoption, since this technol- of smart devices for their daily activities, work, entertainment or ogy can favor the definition of smart visit experiences that engage other purposes [21, 23, 28]. Several studies highlight that Cultural visitors by allowing them to acquire CH content while interacting Heritage (CH) is one of the most promising domains for IoT adop- with the surrounding smart environment and the smart objects tion, since this technology can favour the definition of smart visit included in it. This paper presents new End-User Development ap- experiences that engage visitors by allowing them to acquire CH proaches and the related abstractions that can support CH experts content while interacting with the surrounding environment and to create customizable visit experiences within museums and other the smart objects included in it [8, 29, 31, 33]. So far, even in the CH cultural sites. domain, research on IoT has primarily focused on technical features of smart objects [13, 20, 26, 30], while few approaches are trying to CCS CONCEPTS facilitate the adoption of such a technology by end users in order to foster the personalization of smart object behaviours. This lack • Software and its engineering → Application specific devel- limits the social and practical benefits of IoT; it creates barriers in opment environments; all those usage scenarios where experts, e.g., museum curators and guides in CH sites, would like to personalize the behavior of smart KEYWORDS objects but they usually do not have the required programming Internet of things; smart object behavior; tangible programming; skills. end-user development End-User Development (EUD) is a discipline that encompasses ACM Reference Format: methods, techniques, methodologies, situations, and socio-technical Carmelo Ardito, Paolo Buono, Maria Francesca Costabile, Giuseppe Desolda, environments that enable non-technical people to tailor software Rosa Lanzilotti, Maristella Matera, and Antonio Piccinno. 2018. Towards En- systems to their needs and desires by modifying or even creating abling Cultural-Heritage Experts to Create Customizable Visit Experiences. software artefacts without requiring to write programs [3, 15, 19, In Proceedings of 2nd Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces for Cultural 24]. Based on years of experience of the authors in EUD and the Heritage (AVI-CH 2018). Vol. 2091. CEUR-WS.org, Article 2. http://ceur- works we recently carried out in the area of task-automation sys- ws.org/Vol-2091/paper2.pdf, 5 pages. tems [5, 18], this paper presents an ongoing research that aims to provide non-technical users, as CH experts, with natural interaction 1 INTRODUCTION mechanisms to create smart visit experiences. The recent Internet of Things (IoT) phenomenon and the avail- ability of a number of smart objects are pushing researchers to 2 BACKGROUND Different tools supporting non-technical users to configure smart AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy © 2018 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). object behavior have been recently proposed. In particular, the so- called Task-Automation (TA) tools [14] enable the combination of 1 AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy C. Ardito et al. social services, data sources and sensors, and have become popular as they offer very easy and intuitive paradigms to synchronize the behavior of objects and applications [11, 25]. Through Web editors, users can synchronize the behavior of smart objects by defining Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules [27], a paradigm largely used for the specification of active systems (see for example [12, 16]), which in the IoT domain can be fruitfully exploited to express how and when some object behaviors have to be activated in reaction to detected events. Many of such tools offer visual, intuitive inter- action paradigms to graphically sketch ECA rules specifying the interaction among the objects, for example by means of graphs that represent how events and data parameters propagate among Figure 1: Platform tool for defining and assigning custom the different objects to achieve their synchronization. This is not attributes. a trivial task and it often requires data and system re-engineering [10] together with test [22]. Despite the popularity of such tools, very often their graphical notations for rule specification do not match the mental model of most users [32]. Another limiting factor is that the expressive power of the ECA rules that can be specified is limited to very simple synchronized behaviors. To overcome these limitations, we designed a tool called EFESTO-5W for simplifying the creation of ECA rules that combine smart object events/actions [18]. Some of the EFESTO-5W visual mechanisms are inspired to the ones available in the previous version of the platform used for data Figure 2: A single rule determining the behavior of multiple source composition [1, 6, 7, 17]. cases and coins. Some studies have shown that the EFESTO-5W composition paradigm effectively guides users in establishing the behavior of multiple smart objects [18]. However, we observed that in more in the park. Then, the visit continues in the park museum. Molly creative and rich contexts, like CH, smart objects cannot be simply engages visitors in playing a serious game in the "smart" rooms treated as "low-level" devices exposing events and actions, but they of the museum. Here, display cases containing ancient objects are bring with themselves their own semantics that refer to their role, instrumented with sensors able to detect NFC coins (resembling an within the CH site, of mediators for content acquisition by visitors. ancient Roman coin, used for identifying each visitor) each visitor For example, a smart card depicting an Egyptian vase should not is provided with. During the game, Molly asks different questions be simply considered as a hexadecimal code that can be read by and, accordingly, sets the sensors of the display cases in different an RFID reader; rather it represents a find dated back to a certain modalities by means of an app installed on her smartphone. For époque, discovered in a particular place, having an ancient name. example, she sets the "Age = Roman" modality and asks visitors to This semantics could be exploited to simplify the definition of ECA find the display cases where Roman objects are shown. The visitors rules by stakeholders who are more interested in the semantics of move through the museum, identify the cases matching Molly’s re- the objects (i.e., what content they can convey during the visit), quest and insert one of their own coins in the case coin slot. If they more than in the signals they can emit or they can receive as in- are successful, the light inside cases turns green and the visitor’s put. In order to enrich smart objects with semantics, it should be current score is increased. Then, Molly asks other questions and possible for domain experts to define the sensible attributes that are sets the display cases in the corresponding modality, thus the game representative of such a semantics. continues focusing on the topic of the new modality. To reach this goal, we aim to extend our platform for ECA The synchronizations between cases and NFC coins are estab- rule definition by implementing intuitive and natural interaction lished by the guide using our platform through the creation of ECA paradigms that allow non-technical users to define sensible at- rules, which define the synchronization between a single case and tributes on smart objects. In the following, we describe the prelimi- a specific coin. Thus, Molly has to replicate this rule for coupling nary design of three novel paradigms. all the other cases and coins. From the previous scenario, it is evident that the personaliza- tion of a smart visit experience might not be limited to a trivial 3 EXPLOITING CUSTOM ATTRIBUTES FOR synchronization of smart objects, but it might also require creat- DEFINING SMART EXPERIENCES ing digital narratives threads that professionals themselves need To better explain what a smart visit experience is, we describe a to put in context with respect to the CH-site content. Driven by scenario where the main persona is Molly, a guide of the archae- these emerging requirements, we introduced the notion of custom ological park of Egnathia, which was an ancient Roman city in attributes [5], as a means to characterize smart objects not only by Southern Italy. Molly first guides a group of visitors through the native events and actions (as conceived in many IoT platforms) but ruins; she explains the history of the city and illustrates the places also by properties that the domain experts (i.e., the designers of 2 Enabling CH Experts to Create Customizable Visit Experiences AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy the smart experience) can define to assign semantics to the objects. Such semantics empowers and simplifies the creation of ECA rules. Visual mechanisms have been proposed to simplify the creation of custom attributes and their association to smart objects [5]. To understand some of the advantages of custom attributes and how they can be visually defined in EFESTO-5W, let us go back to the above scenario. Before creating ECA rules, Molly interacts with a tool offered by our platform, which allows her to assign attributes to each case by manipulating widget interfaces, without the need of writing code. In the example of Figure 1, she defines and assigns the Age attribute, representing the age of the artifacts contained by the cases, Points, representing the number of points the visitor gains if the answer is correct, Blinking time, indicating for how many seconds the case has to blink. From now on, the creation of ECA rules can exploit this terminology (see for example Figure 2). In Molly’s scenario, she does not need to define a multitude of very similar rules for coupling every single case and coin, since they are Figure 3: A tangible programming approach that exploits a all encompassed by the single rule shown in Figure 2. mobile phone to digitalize the association among physical Albeit the process illustrated above supports end users in defin- attributes and smart objects. ing terms about a domain that can be useful when creating ECA rules [5], we believe that there is room to improve the proposed visual approach by means of more natural paradigms that facilitate the attributes creation, stimulate the designers creativity and foster the technology acceptance. Therefore, the ongoing research aims to investigate intuitive and natural interaction paradigms that al- low to extend the native properties of a smart object (events and actions) with custom attributes, in order to exploit them while synchronizing smart objects. 4 NOVEL EUD PARADIGMS FOR HANDLING SMART EXPERIENCES The starting point of this research was the identification of a set Figure 4: Exploration of a smart environment to look for at- of attribute types that the end users can exploit to describe the tributes to be copied to a smart object. semantic properties of smart objects. We found that types like text, number, and geographic position can be used to define a wide variety of significant attributes on smart objects. Starting from objects, the physical attributes, the associations among them and these attributes, we designed three different composition paradigms the attribute names and values reported on the post-it, and creates during a design workshop study involving 28 users arranged in the custom attributes on the smart objects. groups of 5/6 participants. The second paradigm is a pervasive solution based on the use of The first paradigm is a tangible solution based on the use of real the real world as a source of attributes. The surrounding environ- objects representing the three types of attributes. Initially, each ment is conceived as a set of passive objects with their attributes. group was asked to identify, for each type of attribute, at least one Let us think, for example, to a museum in which there are paintings object of the real world whose affordance refers to the attributed and cases labeled with QR-codes that can be scanned with a mo- meaning. For example, for the string attribute, objects like pens, bile phone to visualize additional information (e.g., style, painter, inkwell and sheet were proposed. Then, they were asked to propose history). These passive objects could be exploited to copy their interaction mechanisms to combine physical attributes with smart attributes and paste them into the smart objects. During our study, objects. In the resulting paradigm, each physical attribute can be each group was asked to figure out a solution to capture the at- associated to a smart object by 1) putting close the smart objects tributes of passive objects and to send them to the smart objects. In and the custom attributes they want to associate and 2) assigning the resulting idea, a smartphone is used to explore the surrounding attribute name and value by using a post-it. For example, in Figure environment in an augmented reality fashion; here everything is 3 in the left side of the desk, a smart card depicting a vase has 3 visualized in black and white, except the passive objects that expose physical attributes around, each with a post-it indicating its name attributes. Indeed, they are augmented with colored pins, each one and value. The design process implemented by this paradigm thus associated with a type of attribute (e.g., a brown pin for a string occurs in the physical world. When the associations are established, attribute). When a user approaches a passive object, its pins are their digitalization/formalization is carried out by using a mobile enriched by their names and values, according to a semantic-zoom app that, by taking a picture of the desk, recognizes the smart technique. Users can collect all the useful attributes, also edit their 3 AVI-CH 2018, May 29, 2018, Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy C. Ardito et al. 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