=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2104/paper_255
|storemode=property
|title=Reducing Power Consumption of Measurement and Control Modules Fed with
Autonomous Power Supply
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2104/paper_255.pdf
|volume=Vol-2104
|authors=Pavlo Bykovyy,Anatoliy Sachenko,Volodymyr Kochan,Oleksandr Osolinskyi,Roman Kochan
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/icteri/BykovyySKOK18
}}
==Reducing Power Consumption of Measurement and Control Modules Fed with
Autonomous Power Supply==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2104/paper_255.pdf
Reducing Power Consumption of Measurement and
Control Modules Fed with Autonomous Power Supply
Pavlo Bykovyy1[0000-0002-5705-5702], Anatoliy Sachenko2[0000-0002-0907-3682], Volodymyr
Kochan3[0000-0001-8376-4660], Oleksandr Osolinskyi4[0000-0002-0136-395X] and Roman Kochan
5[0000-0003-1254-1982]
1,3,4 Ternopil National Economic University, 3 Peremoha Square, Ternopil 46020 Ukraine
1pb@tneu.edu.ua
3orestvk@gmail.com
4osolinskiy.oleksandr@gmail.com
2 Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland
2sachenkoa@yahoo.com
5
Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12 Bandera str., Lviv, 79013, Ukraine
5kochan.roman@gmail.com
Abstract. In this paper, a detailed analysis is made of the possibility of re-
ducing the energy consumption of the measuring and control modules when
they are powered by an autonomous source, a battery, without the possibility of
restoring its charge. These modules are designed, in particular, to work in the
system for emergency and post-emergency monitoring of equipment and the
territory of complex technical systems (for example, nuclear power plants),
which must ensure a long (according to regulatory documents - at least 72
hours) data and commands exchanging. The issue of saving energy consump-
tion is considered: (i) at all levels of building measurement and control modules
- from wireless data interchange and commands at the level of the structure of
the system as a whole to the structure of the most measurement-control modules
and circuits of their nodes (ii) in the context of providing informativity, surviv-
ability and reliability of data exchange and commands in the system of emer-
gency and post-emergency monitoring of equipment and the territory as a
whole. It is shown that the use of modern technical elements (in particular,
drones operating as data and instructions retransmitters) and structural solutions
(in particular, calibration of analog-digital and digital-analog converters) ena-
bles to ensure a high reliability of data and commands exchange despite simpli-
fying the structure of nodes for saving energy consumption.
Keywords: monitoring, measuring and control modules, power consumption,
autonomous power supply, wireless communication.
1 Introduction
Reducing power consumption of devices that obtain power supply from battery
without the possibility of recharging in the case of technical facility accident is an
important problem to be solved. For example, the power supply and communication
2
networks are the most vulnerable subsystems among the emergency and post-
emergency monitoring systems (EPEMSs) on the territory of complex technical facili-
ties because of their long length.
It should be noted that the methods for ensuring complex technical facility security
have not been developed yet, so large man-made disasters are inevitable. The speed of
their elimination and the amount of losses depend on the quality of the decisions tak-
en during the elimination. The best decisions can be taken only on the basis of the
relevant information about the current state of the facility. Therefore, the development
of EPEMSs is an urgent task today, which is economically justified. The costs for
development of such systems are not equal to losses caused by non-optimal decisions
taken during the elimination of the consequences of an accident.
According to the above-mentioned, important parameters of complex technical fa-
cilities, for example, nuclear power plants (NPPs), should be monitored by measure-
ment and control modules (MCMs), which can operate in isolation mode [1, 26]. This
implies long battery life without the possibility of its recharging (72 hours according
to regulatory documents).
The task is complicated due to the necessity of the use of wireless communication
over long distances. For example, in the case of nuclear power plant accident, the
center of decision-making should be several kilometers far from the reactor. And,
according to [2, 3], transmitters of wireless modules consume up to 70% of the power
of the entire module. Therefore, let us consider the general concept of reducing power
consumption of EPEMS, as well as the possibilities of its implementation in relation
to MCMs, which are the components of such a system.
According to [4 - 6], the reliability of wireless sensor networks is determined,
among other things, by their ability to work from autonomous power supplies. More-
over it’s very important to provide a metrological reliability - the property of MCMs
to maintain the established values of metrological characteristics for a certain time
under normal and operating conditions [19, 24, 25].
Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide a set of measures aimed at reducing
power consumption of MCMs fed with autonomous power supply that are designed to
monitor and control over critical decision making parameters.
2 A general concept of creating the emergency and post-
emergency monitoring systems
According to [1, 26], the main parameters of EPEMS are determined as the follow-
ing ones: informativity, durability and reliability of the data:
1. Informativity is determined as the ability to provide a consistent, steady flow of
reliable data on all the facility and adjoining territory parameters, which are necessary
for making the optimal decisions.
2. Durability is defined as the ability to provide informativity under the conditions
of the intense impact of the destructive factors.
3. Reliability is defined as the ability to ensure the unity of the measurements, that
is, the state at which the measurement results are given in the specified units and are
3
accompanied by the current error parameters [7, 8]. If the error parameters do not fit
into the permissible limits, then the MCM must apply the built-in error reduction
means. If it is impossible to provide the specified error parameters, then these results
will be accompanied by the current parameters of the actual error [9].
According to these definitions, the main parameters of EPEMS are mutually de-
pendent. Informativity of EPEMS relies on its durability. And reliability is an im-
portant condition for informativity. It cannot be asserted that optimal decisions based
on data, the reliability of which has not been proved (in the conditions of emergency
and post-emergency doubts have justified about the reliability of the measurement
results and created control effects of each MCM that is in the area of the accident),
can be taken.
Long-distance wireless communication during 72 hours requires a significant bat-
tery power that feeds the MCM. Therefore, in [1, 26] the concept of EPEMS creation
is proposed. This concept provides the following technical decisions making for en-
suring the high informativity, durability and reliability of data:
1. providing the MCMs, which monitor critical parameters, with autonomous pow-
er supply;
2. providing the MCMs with wireless communication modules, which are econom-
ical in terms of consumed power;
3. retransmission of wireless communication module signal by means of drone-
repeater fleet;
4. providing the possibility of adapting (decreasing) the transmitter power of
MCMs due to the commands of drone-repeaters in accordance with the conditions of
data exchange;
5. deploying the drone-repeater fleet immediately after an accident. Therefore,
such a fleet will not be damaged in the case of an accident, and the damaged drone
can be easily replaced after the accident;
6. recharging the battery, the drones must be returned to the base, and their func-
tions must be performed by the drones sent from the base;
7. reducing the power consumption, drone-repeaters can land in the selected loca-
tion;
8. providing the drones equipped with a video camera are used to select the loca-
tion of drone-repeaters landing;
9. foresee, when the MCM monitoring the critical parameters is damaged, drones
can deliver the backup module to the specified location;
10. selecting the location for landing the drone-deliverer of the backup module,
then the observation results of the drone equipped with the video camera are used;
11. using the methods for power consumption monitoring of MCM in order to
reduce a power consumption;
12. using the methods for reducing the power consumption for all units of MCM.
Thus, as it can be seen from the above-mentioned, high informativity, durability
and reliability of the data transmitted from the MCM, even in the case of limited
power consumption, can be provided. Implementation of these possibilities allows to
simultaneously increase the same parameters referring to the subsystems monitoring
4
the MCM. Therefore, we will consider the possibilities of implementing the ways of
reducing the MCM power consumption intended for use in EPEMSs.
3 Reducing the power consumption of wireless communication
subsystem
A significant reduction of the wireless communication subsystem power consump-
tion is mainly provided by the use of drone-repeaters. However, in this case it is pos-
sible to additionally reduce power consumption due to the proper drone-repeaters
deployment and the adaptation of the power of wireless communication transmitters
to the data exchange conditions.
Drone-repeaters interaction promotes solution to the first problem. In this case, the
following tasks must be performed:
1. to determine the efficiency of the decision-making center in the case of the
MCM accident [1,26] and estimate approximately the data exchange conditions, i.e.
the level of the signal, the intensity of the noise, the availability of dead zones;
2. to distribute preliminary, the required for the drone-repeaters MCMs to retrans-
mit data from them taking into account the required efficiency of the MCMs and the
bandwidth of the drone-repeaters;
3. to perform a preliminary optimization of drone-repeaters deployment according
to the criterion of the minimum power of wireless communication modules, included
in MCM [10];
4. to determine the conditions of communication and adapt the power of the wire-
less communication module transmitters of the MCM to these conditions after drone-
repeaters deployment;
5. to specify, if it is necessary, the distribution of the required for the drone-
repeaters MCMs and their location.
As it is shown in the above-mentioned, the development of specialized software is
necessary in order to solve the problem of optimal interaction between the MCM and
drone-repeaters. In this case, there are two possible ways of developing such software
– all drone-repeaters "negotiate" with each other or one of the drone-repeaters as-
sumes the role of the leading one and controls all the rest. The first way is much more
complicated, but the most important is the fact that the time required for the imple-
mentation of points 1 – 3 above is sharply increasing. However, the availability of a
leading drone-repeater causes sharp decrease in the durability of EPEMS, that is, its
damage or malfunction leads to the EPEMS failure.
This contradiction can be solved due to the fact that each drone-repeater with the
necessary software can be the leading one. A drone is specified as a leading one at the
place of the accident. To avoid conflicts, a clear criterion must be determined, which
is not related to the drone-repeater hardware or software, which is unified. It is pro-
posed to use as a criterion the unique numbers of drone-repeaters, for example, a lead-
ing one becomes a drone, whose number is the smallest among those flying to the
facility. When a leading drone is damaged, it cannot give control signals. These sig-
nals are monitored by other drones. According to the drone-repeaters replies that
5
come to the leading drone, all drone-repeaters have a list of their numbers and deter-
mine who will lead. In this case, to reduce the requirements for the processor re-
sources of the drone-repeaters, a leading drone ceases to transmit the data. It shares its
tasks among other drone-repeaters. If it is necessary, a leading drone will call reserve
drone-repeaters. Also, the task of a leading drone is to distribute and determine the
tasks of the reserve drone-repeaters, which it calls when it is necessary to recharge the
battery of the drones that need it. Such algorithm ensures a high reliability of the
EPEMS operation [11, 12, 27] and the possibility of significant energy savings for all
MCMs.
The criterion for adapting (decreasing) the power of the MCM transmitters may be
the level of errors in the data exchange in accordance with the conditions of data ex-
change [1, 26]. It should be noted that in the event of accidents, especially at nuclear
power plants, there is a sharp increase in the noise level. Therefore, to ensure the data
exchange, error combating codes should be used [13]. However, there is a danger that
drone-repeaters and MCMs cannot be able to communicate due to the lack of the data
exchange protocol immunity (although the data itself will have sufficient noise im-
munity). Therefore, it is necessary to solve the following problems:
1. reengineering of one of the standard protocols of data exchange for a sharp in-
crease in its noise immunity and the possibility of error correction [14];
2. ensuring this protocol by function of the current analysis for the number of er-
rors in terms of the possibility of their correction [15];
3. providing the possibility of adapting the power of the MCM transmitter to the
level of the noise-proof code accepted for the use [16].
It should be noted that the methods of reducing the power of the MCM transmitter
by reducing the voltage of the input signal are ineffective [16]. In this case, the power
consumed from the battery decreases in proportion to the decrease in the amplitude of
the signal, and the output power decreases in proportion to the reduction square. That
is, with decreasing the power of the MCM transmitter, the system efficiency drastical-
ly decreases. The supply voltage decreases in the same way due to the serial turned on
resistor, stabilizer or digital-to-analog converter. Only a high efficiency pulse stabi-
lizer can increase the efficiency of the power reduction of the MCM transmitter.
However, the transmitter consumes power as short pulses. Therefore, when these
impulse devices interact, transient processes take place, causing additional errors in
the data exchange. In [16, 17] it is proposed to use a capacitor divider of the transmit-
ter supply voltage, which regularly recovers the charge. This method provides a more
moderate reduction in the efficiency.
4 Reducing power consumption for other components of
measurement and control modules
4.1 The structure of measurement and control modules
In general, the possibility of significant reduction of the MCM power consumption
is determined by the use of microcircuits implemented according to CMOS technolo-
gy. But there are methods of additional power reduction and increased reliability by
6
means of modifying the structure of the MCM and its units. Methods of power reduc-
tion will be considered according to the structure of the typical MCM (Fig. 1). The
selected multi-point structure of the measurement channel is more promising than
multichannel structure in terms of power consumption, durability and reliability.
One of the most effective common method of battery saving is to switch off MCM
units that are not needed at the specified period of time. This solution is suitable to the
MSP430 microprocessor [15]. In order to implement such a method, it is necessary to
include a register into the structure of the MCM, which could control the power on /
off switches of certain units. It is advisable to combine the mode of switching off
power of the MCM units with the mode of "deep hibernation" of the microcontroller
when only the pulse generator and the Watchdog timer are operating.
The first unit of the MCM structure (see a Fig 1) is a switchboard. If it’s necessary
to suppress a common noise and the inter-channel noise with a small amplitude (up to
30 V), then the switchboard will be performed on MOS switches [16]. Their power
consumption is very low. If the voltage noise is high, then the reed switches can be
used. It is necessary to reduce their power consumption due to the fact that the voltage
of these relays is approximately three times less than the voltage of their operation.
Therefore, it is advisable to use a relay, the voltage of which corresponds to the volt-
age of the battery. For their actuation it is advisable to introduce the additional
charged capacitor simultaneously with the battery.
Measurement canal
System
for cali- Switch-
ADC IF
Microcontroller
bration board
Measurement & Control
Sensors
Control canal 1
Ampli-
Object
DAC IF
fier
Actuators
Interfaces
Control canal n
Fig. 1. Block diagram of MCM
Sensor signals are amplified by means of an amplifier in common MCMs. If iner-
tial sensors (temperature, pressure, discharge, etc.) are used, then, it is advisable to
7
apply the 24-bit sigma-delta Analog-to-digital converters (ADC) that have a range of
20 mV conversion [16]. Then, the amplifier is not needed. Other units (see a Fig.1)
are: Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and interface IF.
4.2 Assessment of metrological characteristics.
Proceeding from [19, 24, 25], the values of the metrological reliability for the
measurement and control devices are determining experimentally on the basis of their
metrological characteristics during the statistical tests of such devices. Given the lack
of a ready-made MCM sample, the authors consider it possible, based on the results
of testing the experimental samples of the developed ADCs and DACs, to perform the
following assessment of metrological characteristics.
It should be noted that sigma-delta ADCs provide the zero setting and calibration
to ensure the high accuracy and reliability [19]. However, destructive factors during
an accident can drastically increase the nonlinearity of ADCs. Then, successful zero
setting and calibration can "hide" the big error of the ADC. In [18] methods of deter-
mination and correction of the ADC nonlinearity error on the basis of resistor voltage
dividers are proposed. This divider is connected to the ADC calibration voltage
source. In this case, the errors of the resistors, in fact, do not affect the error of the
determination of the ADC nonlinearity error. If resistors with an acceptable error of
1% are used, the error of determination of the ADC nonlinearity error will not exceed
0.0002% according to [18]. In order to reduce power consumption, it is advisable to
switch on calibration and determination of the ADC non-linearity systems as rarely as
possible. Therefore, it is expedient to transfer their results to the upper level of
EPEMS. This will enable to verify the reliability of data transferred from the ADC
and build the ADC degradation model. The model parameters should be transferred to
the MCM for current use.
The MCM structure (see a Fig. 1) regarding the DACs is the multi-channel one;
each channel must control constantly its actuator. Therefore, the power consumption
of the DAC affects significantly the MCM power consumption. The analysis showed
that most DACs of the MCMs should not have the high performance. That enables to
use the DACs that have only R-2R matrix with powerful resistors and keys for
switching it [19]. Such a scheme is characterized by minimum power consumption.
At the output of this DAC, a micro powerful operational amplifier with MOS transis-
tors at the input should be set. As the source of the reference voltage, the power sup-
ply voltage of the DAC is used.
It should be noted that the errors of such a DAC, due to the instability of reference
voltage, will be rather big. However, the ADC precision measurement channel, as a
MCM part, provides the high metrological reliability due to periodic zero and calibra-
tion [18], as well as the determination and correction of the error of nonlinearity. It
can be used as well to correct the DAC error [10]. For this purpose, it’s necessary to
increase the number of switchboard channels only.
Thus, the proposed MCM will have the high metrological reliability. All of its
components enable conducting the metrological testing during operation. The only
component that does not subject to metrological testing is the source of the ADC volt-
age calibration. To counteract destructive factors, it is expedient to use two or three of
8
such sources. It is advisable to use the data fusion technology [21, 28] to process the
calibration results.
The proposed approach of the scheme simplification is mostly based on deleting
the components which are a part of the common MCM, for example, voltage regula-
tors and reference voltage sources per each DAC channel. Such simplification can
bring the essential decrease of the metrological reliability because the battery voltage
may reduce by almost 20% during the discharge process. However, the developed
methods for correcting the ADC and DAC errors [18, 20] enable to keep the metro-
logical reliability at the given level.
To ensure the high common noise resection, a galvanic isolation of interfaces IF is
of great importance. The optocouplers used for this purpose consume a significant
amount of power while the LED is glowing. When using a sigma-delta ADC for gal-
vanic isolation, only 2 optocouplers are required. But each DAC channel requires an
individual solution. Reduction of the number of optocouplers as well as the power
consumption can be possible due to the fact that the data should only be transferred to
the DAC. Reverse data transfer is not needed. Data can be transferred to a DAC using
only one optocoupler. Logic 0 and 1 should be transmitted by impulses of different
durations. In order to distinguish them, it is sufficient to use a formulator on two
CMOS logic elements that consume less power than 1 μA.
To ensure the high common noise resection, the galvanic isolation of supply volt-
age is not of less importance. In this case, the whole measurement channel power
supply decoupling is necessary as well as the decoupling of each channel of the DAC,
in particular. Commonly, the high-frequency generator and a transformer are used.
The rectifier filters and stabilizers are connected to the separate secondary windings
of transformers [22]. This solution is rather complicated and has a low efficiency. To
simplify the MCM and reduce its power consumption, it is expedient to use two ways
of decoupling.
Firstly, when the voltage noise does not exceed 30 V, the decoupling should be
performed on the MOS switches. In each channel of the decoupling, the capacitor is
charged from two switches of the power supply circle of the MCM digital units. Then,
from other two switchers, this capacitor transfers its charge to another capacitor,
which consumes a power from the unit that requires for a galvanic isolation. Power
losses in this case are determined only by the voltage drop in the MOS switches re-
sistance during the transient processes of capacitor charging / discharging.
Secondly, when the voltage noise exceeds 30 V, in particular, in the measurement
channel, a relay is used to charge the capacitor in the circle of its power supply [23].
Then, the capacitor must have a sufficient capacitance to feed the measurement chan-
nel for at least one measurement. The relay should charge this capacitor when the
relays of the switchboard are open.
In order to avoid failures in case of the network voltage losses, the network power
supply unit and battery should be constantly switched on to consume power from the
MCM digital units. To avoid a conflict, each unit must be turned on using a diode. In
this case, in order to avoid discharge of the battery in the case of availability of net-
work voltage, the voltage of the power supply unit from the network should be set to
0.2 – 0.3 V higher than the maximum voltage of the battery. To avoid a dissipation of
9
power on diodes, it is shunted by the contacts of the relay. The relay must be fed di-
rectly with the power supply of the network. Properly closed contacts of the relay
should shunt a diode connected to the battery and properly opened contacts should
shunt the diode connected to the network power supply unit.
5 Conclusions
Authors developed a number of methods that can significantly promote reducing
the power consumption of measurement and control modules included into emergen-
cy and post-emergency monitoring systems. Those methods practically do not in-
crease the weight and dimensions of measurement and control modules as well as its
cost. However, they enable to provide the operation of the measurement and control
modules within a given time without recharging the battery.
It should be noted that the proposed methods are largely based on the exclusion of
components included in traditional measurement and control modules, in particular,
voltage regulators and reference voltage sources per each DAC channel. In this case,
the reference voltage for the DAC is its power, which is formed directly from the
battery voltage. The latter falls by almost 20% in discharge process. Only the devel-
oped methods for correcting the ADC and DAC errors enable to provide the high
metrological reliability of such measurement and control module.
One of perspective ways for a future research is to explore the possibility of using
the analytical tool of reliability theory to assess the metrological reliability of distrib-
uted sensor networks, in particular, wireless sensor networks.
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