Sports, as cultural element of socialization, play an important role in the behavioral development of children and youngsters [7]. Research have shown the influence of the sports as an essential element of development that contributes to the success of the education system maintaining health, correcting social inequalities, and improving social inclusion and promoting solidarity [21].
In many European countries the promotion of a social and moral development of children through the physical education it is a core element of their curriculum [1]. For this reason, education in values through physical education and sport play an important role in the social and moral development of children [15]. However, in the las two decades some sports have become a negative influence for the children development due to the increasing number of threats presents around it such as violence, racism, discrimination and intolerance, among others [19]. In this context emerges the SAVEit project 4 . This project was born with the idea that the best way to tackle these problems is through the education, so the main goal of this project is to support educational and innovative approaches to prevent and reduce violence and intolerance in the grassroots sports, specially on football, although its results and impacts could be transferred to other sports.
The main contribution of this work is the presentation of our gamification experience to promote sports values for children, who belong to different European clubs of football. The paper aims to describe the methodology applied when designing a gamification experience to teach sport values to a group of children. Through this video game and the application of gamification elements we pretend to motivate children (who are already involved in sportive activities) to learn sports values and, at the same time, modify their behavioral patterns, when these behaviours are not adequate in terms of violence, intolerance or other non desirable values for the society.
Traditionally, sport values have been associated to competition, health, personal effort, equality, spirit of justice and the pursuit of victory by own merits, etc [7]. However, in the research community focused on the sports values, it is possible to find two main groups of opinions: on one hand, those researchers who advocate the idea that activities not generate values of their own, so it is necessary to create learning situations to develop those specific values. On the other hand, those researchers who believes that sports activities promote values of their own and not only positive values, but also negative ones [5], [16], [26]. This work agrees with the idea that it is necessary to provide innovative tools and educational programs in order to teach sports values. Resources such as Virtual Worlds (VW) [3], [12], or Serious Games [20], [28], have demonstrated a huge potential as educational tools. At the same time, research in areas such as Artificial Intelligence or Computational Intelligence, have demonstrated that the application of algorithms, techniques and methods [11], [10], and how their findings and contributions to related areas on Affective Games [17], or Language Learning [4], [2], can be successfully applied to improve educational processes, outcomes and to increase the interest of both, students and teachers.
Games technology is widely available, fun and entertaining for people of all ages. Its utilization combined with traditional training and educational approaches it could provide one of the most powerful tool for knowledge transfer in almost every application domain [9]. Thus, the use of gamification of learning would be an interesting approach that increasing the students motivation towards learning.
Gamification it is a novel concept that has increased its popularity in recent years, it was developed in the Industry in 2008, although it was not until 2010 that the adoption became widespread. The first documented use of the term gamification was in 2008 and this concept was defined as the use of the game design elements, in non-game contexts with the intention of increasing the participation of a person and motivate him/her to learning something or introduce new patterns of behaviour [8].
Increase the motivation of users or provoke them certain motivations through the use of video games is also a new issue that is been studied through the Affective Game. Affective Games research have focused theirs effort to adapt the video games to the users emotional state, through the evaluation of the emotions and replaying them with changes in the dynamics of the game [17]. This technology could provide several benefits to the player experience such as adopting new game mechanics depending on her/his affective state and creating game content dynamically to fit and provoke motivation feelings to the player [17].
The implementation of this type of technologies in the education field has had positive results due to children feel more motivated to complete the activities or challenges proposed [13]. Aware of the potential of video games as educational tool for the learning, it has been developed the SAVEit project.
The main goal of the SAVEit is to design innovative learning materials to promote sports values between children and youngsters football player. For this reason it has been proposed a learning methodology using gamification techniques.
The starting point of this project was developed a football video game and the software system to connect sports values with the video game, and then design a methodology of learning sports values using the video game as a gamificationbased tool.
In order to developed the football video game it has been followed the gamification design elements proposed by Professor Werbach [27]. These elements are Components, Mechanics and Dynamics.
-Components: are the resources and the tools that we use to design the game. These are achievements, avatars, levels of game, process-bars, rankings, quests, virtual goods, etc. -Mechanics: are the basic components of the game that drive the action forward and generate player engagement. These are the rules of the game, the challenges, competitions, cooperation, feedback, resource acquisition, rewards, trading, turns, or win states -Dynamics: are the way in which the mechanics are set in motion; they determine the users' behavior and are related to the motivation of the player. For example constraints, emotions, narration, relationships and progression. Taking into account all these elements (see Figure 1). The outcome was a football video game with the following characteristics: -Components of gamification: it has been used football avatars, rankings and different levels of difficulty, etc.
Related Values Definition 1. TOLERANCE 1. Sportsmanship Positive behaviours towards opponents, accepting defeats.
Respect and consideration for other people, regardless of their personal or social singularities.
Respectful relationship with playmates.
Showing interest for the members of the opposing team.
Accepting the decisions of the coach and /or referee.
Respect rules of the game.
3. TEAM SPIRIT
Do something for someone else and for the sake of the team performance, maintain tactics, and game style (explicit and implicit) recommended by coach.
Admission of another person to the group and active support, seeking their well-being. -Mechanics: in the game the users have to gain points to improve the skills of their Non-Player Characters (NPC). This improvement is translated to a better chance of obtaining best results in the game. Therefore, the video game provides an external reward to those kids with better behaviour during the training and matches. Best players in the game will obtain these rewards given by their coaches, such as tickets to an official football game, visit the first team of the club, etc.
-Dynamics: children have to play a football match against the teams of their colleagues. The main motivation for the children is to gain points to improve their skills in the virtual team, but also to compete for the best position in the virtual league.
Once we had the video game developed, the second step was to identify which are prevalent values in football. After a review, 25 values were extracted from the state of the art related to sports [6], [18], [23], [24]. Once compiled, an online survey for the coaches was created, where they had to assess how important, or relevant, was each of those values using a Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The most voted values would be used for the creation of a learning module for the coaches and also will be included in the video game (Table 2 shows the most voted and its classification in 5 categories).
The third step was to design a software system to connect values with the video game. An application for coaches was developed, where they had to create the football teams and sign up the children on the application, where they could assess the behaviors and sports values (see Figure 2).
Once we had the tools developed (football video game and coaches' application), a learning methodology was established to promote sports values using these tools and it is divided in the following actions: Give thanks when it is appropriate. Respect the rules established by the Club, the team/coaches and facility managers. Respect for colleagues in the pitch Respect for peers in the changing room Respect for the technical staff (not to gesticulate when they make decisions, not to answer...). Accept the differing opinions of his colleagues TOTAL Table 3. Example of a evaluation form to assess the respect value
In first place, a learning course on sport values was developed, it is composed by 5 modules, that coaches must follow in order to learn how to promote sport values, and then implement these contents in their training sessions and assess the values and behaviours of the children. For these evaluations, coaches will have to evaluate each player individually on a set of established indicators through a evaluation form (Table 3 shows an example of questionnaire to assess the respect value, D is the days of evaluation) where, they will have to tick the box of positive attitudes that occur satisfactorily each training day during a period (10 days in the example showed in Table 3). If it is not fulfilled in a positive manner, the box of that indicator should be left blank. After each day there will be a summation that will give us the final score of the child. That will be translated into the application web for the coaches (Fig 3 shows an example of the evaluation of a child in the all the sports values). Once a coach has evaluated their team and the grades have been stored in the database, these data can be accessed from the video game. When a player logging in, the game will get him/her a fix number of skill points. These skill points are calculated as the average value obtained per each kid taking into account the coach assessment. Equation 1, shows how these points are obtained, where e.value is the points given by coach per each "sport value", during the training or match sessions. These points are divided by the total number #e of "sport values" considered per kid. Then, this result is divided by 10 and multiplied by 20, to convert it into a score between 2 (minimum points) to 20 (maximum points). Finally, this number of skill points will be distributed by the player among the five NPC attributes: Speed, Resistance, Strength, Defense and Technique, each affecting to a different aspect of their Non-Player Character in the game (see Figure 4). In the Affective game field, the emotions and behaviour of the user have usually been evaluated through a monitoring hardware systems to gather emotional information from the player [25] or through the developed of new techniques for emotional modelling [14]. In the save-it project, the values outcomes will be evaluated through the results in the video game and reports stored in the video game. Through these analysis we can see the evolution of each user, since children who get worse results in the video game is likely they had had a bad attitude or behaviour during the trainings or matches and vice versa. The final goal of this project is to evaluate if the use of a football video game as gamification element have any impact of the values and behaviours of a group of children.
Currently, the project is running on the second stage, the next step will be to deploying and testing the videogame in order to evaluate their usefulness and impact of the project over the target groups (coaches, parents and children enrolled in grassroots sport clubs).
Education in values is a relevant issue that should be considered as key element in the design of any educational program and have an special relevance in the sports education. As it was mentioned in the introduction of this work, in many European countries the social and moral development through the physical education it is a fundamental part of their curriculum [1]. So it is necessary to raise awareness between the main stakeholders, teachers, parents, coaches, psychologists, etc, in create and develop innovative approaches to education in values. Indeed, learning through video games is touted as a novel way to educate and activate an appropriate acquisition of values.
The gamification presented in this work born with the idea it is possible to transform intentional children behaviours into habitual behaviours through the human motivations present in the games. Although, these behaviours will be learned with the intention to improve their skill points in the video game, the use of these behaviours may be repeated without conscious intention [22] and they can be set in their values systems.
In the near future, the video game will be tested on real scenarios using different football clubs currently involved in the SAVE it project. The different values considered in this research, and presented previously in section 3.1, has been tested and evaluated by a set of 12 professional coaches belonging to the K.A.S Eupen Footbal Club at Belgium5 . The methodology proposed has been evaluated and revised by the different partners associated to project. Currently, a first pilot has been designed to be applied in a control group of kids to assess the usefulness of the methodology proposed.
This work has been supported by the SAVE IT project: "Saving the dream of grassroots sport based on values" under the Erasmus+ SPORT 2016 programme, Support to Collaborative Partnerships action (579893-EPP-1-2016-2-ES-SPO-SCP).