=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2186/paper14
|storemode=property
|title=“Two Queens and a Pwn, Please.” An ethics for purchase, loot, and advantage design in esports
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2186/paper14.pdf
|volume=Vol-2186
|authors=Veli-Matti Karhulahti,Kai Kimppa
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/gamifin/KarhulahtiK18
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==“Two Queens and a Pwn, Please.” An ethics for purchase, loot, and advantage design in esports==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2186/paper14.pdf
“Two Queens and a Pwn, Please.”
An ethics for purchase, loot, and advantage design in esports
Veli-Matti Karhulahti
Department of Media Studies, School of History, Culture and Arts Studies, University of Turku, Finland
vmmkar@utu.fi
Kai K. Kimppa
Information Systems Science, Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Finland
kai.kimppa@utu.fi
Abstract: In this paper, we provide a new perspective on esports as gamified play by mapping out the
means of their ludic customization with a reflection on ethics. We start by systematizing purchasable
customizations in esport games by their effects: cosmetic in-game purchases, functional in-game
purchases, and out-game purchases. Subsequently, we situate purchasable customizations within the five
demands that contemporary esport games set for their players: money, time, skill, luck, and occasion.
Ultimately, we show that some effect-demand combinations may result in ethical conflicts when perceived
through of the sport-philosophical frame of athletic superiority.
Introduction
Over the past decade or so, the gaming industry has moved increasingly toward monetization
strategies that enable players to customize their experiences by offering contents, entities, and
items that are not accessible immediately without additional monetary or other related
investment. This turn in the design of commercial play—along with the notions of downloadable
content (“DLC”), free-to-play (“freemium”), and loot purchases in particular—has recently
gained noteworthy academic attention (see Lizardi 2012; Kimppa et al 2015).
A gap in this research, however, persists in how the phenomenon relates to the rapidly growing
esport field, i.e. sportified commercial gaming (Karhulahti 2017). Following Petri Saarikoski and
his colleagues’ (2017) approach to esports as gamified play, this paper aims to fill that gap by
systematizing the effects and demands of the abovementioned monetary (and related extra)
investments in the sport-ethical light of athletic superiority. The first section introduces three
basic types of purchasable customization by their effects and situates them in a more general
taxonomy of esport customization demands. The second section probes this effect-demand
system from the sport-philosophical standpoint of athletic superiority. We conclude with a
discussion.
1. Effects and Demands
We propose optional purchases that customize esport play to be divided in three main categories
by their effects: cosmetic in-game purchases, functional in-game purchases, and out-game
purchases. These three distinctively effective purchase types derive from our theory-driven
GamiFIN Conference 2018, Pori, Finland, May 21-23, 2018 115
analytical breakdown of the esport phenomenon, and as such, should not be considered
ontologically inclusive but rather a structural premise that we deem useful for this paper’s
concerns in particular. The three purchase types are examined in the first subsection. The second
subsection proceeds by situating those purchases in the higher structural category of demands,
namely, the requirements that esport games set on their customizing players: time, skill, luck, and
occasion.
Two specifying notes on the concept of “esport” must be addressed before moving onward.
While our examples are selected from leading videogame esports that are digital by their very
nature, the cultural frame through which we look at the phenomenon (sportified commercial play)
does not exclude analog esports like Magic: The Gathering that operate under similar principles.
Additionally, it is worth emphasizing that major differences lie between “esport as professional
play in sanctioned tournaments” and “esport as sub-professional play in ranked online
leagues”⎯albeit the line between the two is sometimes thin. Our focus in this (spatially limited)
paper rests on the latter, yet we do also point at the former whenever relevant.
1.1. Effects
Cosmetic in-game purchases
Cosmetic in-game purchases are modifications of characters, items, and other virtual entities via
extra monetary input. By definition, these modifications are not supposed to impact the player’s
performance, but rather their aesthetic experience (which, as we shall see later, is not always the
case). The most common form of cosmetic in-game purchase is the so-called “skin,” which
regardless of the word’s visual implication may also customize sonic and other properties. With
few exceptions, contemporary videogame esports provide their players with the option to make
cosmetic in-game purchases.
Functional in-game purchases
Functional in-game purchases are performance-affecting customizations acquirable via extra
monetary input. They may affect play in diverse ways; for instance, “boosts” can directly
improve the player’s capacity to perform and progress, whereas playable entities like “cards,”
“heroes,” and “runes” enable the player to perform with new appliances in alternative ways.
Again, it is worth stressing that functional in-game purchases need not always improve the
player’s competitive performance explicitly.
Out-game purchases
Out-game purchases refer to equipment and service acquisitions that esport players do outside the
game. These experiential customizations may include devices like mice and keyboards as well as
coaching services and software tools. The primary effect is thus on the organic player per se.
Unlike above, we do not distinguish between cosmetic and functional out-game purchases, as the
binary appears useful only if the customizing transactions are integrated in the game software (to
be discussed in more detail later).
GamiFIN Conference 2018, Pori, Finland, May 21-23, 2018 116
1.2. Demands
Dollars, euros, and other hard currencies, as outlined above, set specific monetary demands the
meeting of which sometimes enables customizing esport play. Next, we submit four further
customization demands: time, skill, luck, and occasion. It should be kept in mind that one and the
same customization may be acquirable by fulfilling two or more alternative demands, some
customizations entail meeting multiple types of demand, and one demand may also be relevant
for acquiring a customization without granting direct access to it (see Karhulahti 2015). Hence,
depending on the customization in question, a demand may be definite (always required to access
the customization), optional (one way to access the customization), or factorial (does not grant
access to the customization directly but is a factor in the process).
Time
Most esport games provide their players with unique in-game currencies as rewards for playing,
and these currencies can sometimes be used to acquire the same functional in-game entities that
are also sold in the game’s hard currency market (cf. Lehdonvirta & Castronova 2014). Many
functional in-game entities that are purchasable in esport games with hard currencies can thus be
alternatively “grinded out” by playing a lot, i.e. contributing loads of time.
Skill
Some customizations cannot be purchased or grinded out but are only granted as rewards for high
performance. For instance, certain skins may be given out as seasonal awards for exceptional
ranked performance alone. Acquiring such skin thus demands a predefined skill level from the
player.
Luck
A number of customizations such as certain account-typifying “icons” cannot be purchased,
grinded out, or earned as awards, but can only be acquired by chance. Today, this is most
commonly tied to so-called loot boxes, i.e. surprise in-game prizes the contents of which are
more or less random. While playing more grants more loot boxes and increases the chances for
unique discoveries, there need be no guarantee for them in case of a definite luck factor.
Occasion
The fifth and last of our customization demands is occasion, i.e. temporally, regionally, or
otherwise locally defined conditions of acquirement. In other words, some optional
customizations are only available during a specific period of time or for players in a specific
region, which can make acquiring these customizations impossible for others by any legal means.
GamiFIN Conference 2018, Pori, Finland, May 21-23, 2018 117
Of note and further emphasis, few of the five demands ever surface alone but rather in groups
with other demands. Hence, when they are addressed respectively, they should not be thought of
as instances where the demand is solitary, but rather dominant. The five demands are summarized
with examples below (Table 1).
Table 1.
Demand
/ Money Time Skill Luck Occasion
Customization
Hearthstone
playable card: Optional demand Optional demand Factorial demand Factorial demand Factorial demand
Preparation
Overwatch
cosmetic icon: Factorial demand Factorial demand Factorial demand Definite demand Factorial demand
Bunny
League of
Legends skin: N/A Factorial demand Definite demand N/A Definite demand
Victorious Jarvan
Many playable cards in Hearthstone, such as Preparation, can be acquired by either purchasing packs that grant
random cards, earning those packs by playing, or by transforming owned cards into new ones. Either money or
time is thus always required, whereas skill (winning more packs), luck (discoveries from packs), and occasion (being
at the right time and place to earn extra packs) remain factorial. The cosmetic Overwatch Bunny icon, in turn, is a
customization that can only be acquired via a loot box, i.e. money and time do not guarantee acquirement (Bunny
cannot be gained via transformation or bought directly) yet skill and occasion remain factorial (winning more at
right times grants extra loot boxes). Finally, the Victorious Jarvan skin in League of Legends was granted only as a
ranked reward in Season 1, hence money and luck are not (and never were) factors in its acquirement. The fact that
players could acquire the skin only by reaching Gold or higher ranked tier in 2011 makes skill and occasion definite
demands, whereas time remains factorial (all positive win rates benefit from temporal contribution).
2. Ethics and Athletic Superiority
In this section, our concern is to estimate the sport-ethical nature of the demands that esport
games set on players’ customization acts, and in this task, we consider the philosophical topic of
fair athletic competition most relevant. For the purpose, we employ Nicholas Dixon’s (1999)
notion of “athletic superiority,” which is based on the assumption that “the athlete who deserves
to win is the one who performs better within the game’s rules and under conditions of equality”
(13). While both “game rules” and “conditions of equality” are visibly prone to fruitful criticism
and discussion (e.g. Hämäläinen 2013), they should also provide us with reasonable (enough)
means to scrutinize esports in a valid sport-ethically colored light.
Accordingly, our goal here is to figure out how cosmetic, functional, and out-game effects align
with the notion of athletic superiority in esports. Our premise, built on the widely recognized
“ethos of sport” (to be revisited later), is that money, luck, and occasion demands should be
irrelevant or minimal factors in estimating athletic superiority, whereas time and skill should be
relevant and maximal. Acknowledging that an absolute removal of the former and inclusion of
the latter is rarely possible, our account aims first and foremost at determining practical
parameters for them.
GamiFIN Conference 2018, Pori, Finland, May 21-23, 2018 118
2.1. Cosmetic Effects
Despite the fact that cosmetic in-game purchases are, by definition, designed not to have
significant impact on the game performance-wise, sometimes they do. And when they do, their
position in the context of fair play becomes relevant.
For instance, some cosmetic skins might be considered harder for players to visually distinguish
from the game environment, for which a number of organizations and tournaments (e.g. in
Heroes of the Storm) do not allow certain skins to be used in sanctioned competitive play. 1 From
the perspective of athletic superiority and its concrete application, the ethical substance in this
matter does not, however, pose the question “what skins should be banned?” but rather “should
such skins be banned in the first place?” If all players have an equal opportunity to purchase
skins that have been developed in concert with the game’s rules, why should some of them be
banned in the first place? Our previously established premises yield two counterarguments.
Initially, it could be pointed out that skins are mainly acquirable via hard currencies, which is
generally considered a factor external to athletic superiority. Keeping in mind that officially
sanctioned esport tournaments tend to allow the participants to use all available skins free of
charge, this viewpoint does not concern tournament play with such exceptional conditions.
Furthermore, if the tournament does not grant free access to all available skins, it is still worth
noting that a skin rarely costs more than 10–20 dollars or euros, hence even if multiple skins are
beneficial, the monetary sum required to purchase them would hardly be an exception in the
history of sports where equipment acquirement has always played more or less critical roles. As
long as the skins remain within a reasonable price range and the benefits they yield stay marginal,
there is no major reason to ban them on monetary grounds.
The second counterargument concerns the fact that skins appear differently for different players.
For instance, certain skins are frequently reported having negative effects on colorblind players’
performance due to their unique combinations of visual effects. This can be considered
conflicting with player equality. Nonetheless, the problem here seems to be that of design rather
than ethics and fair play. All major esport developers are known to run colorblind (and other
related) tests on the skins they release. That is to say, if a cosmetic skin sets a group of players
(e.g. those with deuteranopia) into a disadvantaged position, such instance is primarily a mistake
in game design: none of the leading esports developers that we are aware of consciously maintain
cosmetic designs that run against this principle. Whenever such design flows occur, banning the
skin temporarily is a rational procedure until a fix is released.
Ultimately, the potential benefits of cosmetic effects are presently so small that there seem to be
few reasons for considering them unethical or unfair in terms of athletic superiority even when
their acquisition is limited to monetary input. The foremost problem points tangle around
cosmetics that can only be acquired by luck and occasion (e.g. Victorious Jarvan in Table 1), but
as long as their impact on the game is solely aesthetic, there is no reason to discuss such instances
more broadly. Designers should pursue minimizing the impact that cosmetics have on player
performance unless they wish to include money, luck, or occasion in their ideal of athletic
superiority.
1 For an example, see https://heroeshype.com/naopen/
GamiFIN Conference 2018, Pori, Finland, May 21-23, 2018 119
2.2. Functional Effects
Many of us would see little sense in a player purchasing the queen piece in a chess tournament,
and yet, the spider queen Elise (a playable virtual champion in League of Legends) has been
available for purchase in the game’s store since 2012, currently priced around 5–10 euros or
dollars. In some esports, players are thus given the chance to make functional in-game purchases,
i.e. performance-affecting enhancements acquirable via additional hard currency input. Since the
complexities of diverse esports way exceed our present word limit, we do not try to cover all
nuances of functional customization but rather focus on the paradigm that exemplifies the core of
the issue: speeded up resource acquirement.
Generally, none of today’s major esports offer direct purchasable empowerment that would
provide definite competitive advantage. What many contemporary esports do offer, however, is
the chance to speed up the process of acquiring resources that all high-level players are expected
to have. Practically put, entities that are truly functional in a competitive virtual environment
(“cards,” “heroes,” “runes” etc.) are usually acquired over time as free rewards for playing the
esport game, and in this rubric, spending hard currency to purchase something like Elise merely
enables the player to reach the saturation point of available resources faster. As to fair play and
athletic superiority, the question is thus mainly that of time: how many hours it is reasonable to
expect for a new player to play before their free rewards saturate the functional resource cap?
Needless to say, there can be no absolute amount of time that could be used as a universal
reference. One way to draw a pragmatic ballpark could be to employ the figures of expertise
research in the field of psychology, nevertheless. If we accept the classic notion of “expert
performance” that is argued to entail around 10 000 hours of deliberate practice next to
international “good performance” that tends to come with some 5 000 deliberate practice hours
(Ericsson et al. 1993), it would be defendable to assert that esport players should be given access
to all functional resources by 5 000 played hours at the latest. If we are to believe in the
calculations of esport forums⎯e.g. acquiring the largest pool of playable esport characters, that
in League of Legends, has been estimated to take 2000–3000 play hours⎯there seems to be no
conflict between the possibility to purchase functional resources and accumulating the resource
pool via practice. By the time when the player is experienced enough to reach higher
performance levels, they should also have acquired all the functional resources for free.
The above should be submitted with two cautionary remarks: players who compete on low
performance levels may still find themselves in unequal positions due to some accessing all
functional resources faster than others by means of hard currency purchases, and even on higher
performance levels hard currency purchases might provide occasional advantage by granting
some players access (and practice opportunities with) new resources without delay. Without,
again, going into the specifics of different esport games, we do not consider the former markedly
problematic due the minor benefits in question (a purchased playable character becomes useful
only if the player learns to use it via deliberate practice), and the latter mainly concerns esport
games like Hearthstone where a new set of expensive cards is a frequently occurring event (see
Table 1). We do, however, wish to add a call for empirical research especially concerning the
latter point: it would be important to substantiate our view by qualitative interviews with expert
players to investigate, for example, if Hearthstone professionals consider regular card purchases
critical for competitive success (e.g. due to benefits related to gaining more time for
experimentation).
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2.3. Out-game Effects
In brief, we do not consider the out-game effects generated by monetary or other sport-ethically
pertinent demand factors (i.e. esport players’ service and equipment acquisitions) of great
relevance here. Good coaching is often expensive coaching, and this applies to all sports
somewhat equally. There is no need to deprive coaches of their competitive salaries. Likewise,
while it is a fact that apparatuses such as high-quality computers and mice may result in concrete
performance-enhancing benefits for those who are able (and willing) to invest in them, those
benefits are not significantly different from the ones in other established sports. Quality gaming
hardware is not free, not unlike quality bicycles, skis, and sailing boats. If a specific piece of
hardware turns out exceptionally superior in terms of player performance, tournament organizers
should consider banning or restricting their use in case of limited availability.
3. Conclusions
Regardless of their economically driven gamified design, contemporary esport games seem to be
somewhat advanced from the sport-ethical perspective of athletic superiority and fair play:
available customizations that are problematic in terms of rules or player equality (such those
demanding exceptional quantities of money, luck, and occasion) appear to be scarce.
Nevertheless, we would like to conclude by calling attention to the fact that athletic superiority
and fair play, as sport-ethical concepts, both derive from the so-called “ethos of sport” that has
come to grant certain elements with normative value without being able to explain why (see
Nguyen 2017). In other words, by no means do we suggest that sports and esports where factors
like money, luck, and occasion are central should be considered corrupt or poorly
designed⎯such activities can well function as ethically rigid competitive activities operating
under their own (distinct) standards of fairness. While our present goal has been to investigate
esports specifically through the lens of athletic superiority and fair play, as conceived by the
ethos of sport, we encourage future research to explore alternative ethoses that are less (or
differently) restricted in their contextualized framing.
Acknowledgements
We thank C. Thi Nguyen for his insights on the philosophical argument, Ying-Ying Law for her
expert perspective on Hearthstone, Lassi Kimppa for verifying other gaming related parts, and
our three reviewers (especially the second one) for their comments and feedback.
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