=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2236/paper-04-004
|storemode=property
|title=
The Scheme of Vertical Handover Procedure with Care-of-Address Function
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2236/paper-04-004.pdf
|volume=Vol-2236
|authors=Elvira R. Zaripova,Alexander Yu. Grebeshkov,Yurii N. Orlov ,Vsevolod S. Shorgin
}}
==
The Scheme of Vertical Handover Procedure with Care-of-Address Function
==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2236/paper-04-004.pdf
31
UDC 621.39
The Scheme of Vertical Handover Procedure with
Care-of-Address Function
Elvira R. Zaripova* , Alexander Yu. Grebeshkov† ,
Yurii N. Orlov *‡ , Vsevolod S. ShorginS
*
Department of Applied Probability and Informatics,
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University),
6 Miklukho-Maklaya st., Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
†
Department of Automatic Telecommunication,
Povolzhskiy State University of Telecommunications and Informatics,
23 Leo Tolstoy str., Samara, 443010, Russian Federation
‡
Department of Kinetic Equations,
Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of Russian Academy of Sciences,
4 Miusskaya Sq., Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation
S
Institute of Informatics Problems, Federal Research Center
“Computer Science and Control” of Russian Academy of Sciences,
44-2 Vavilova st., Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation
Email: zaripova_er@rudn.university, grebeshkov-ay@psuti.ru,
yuno@kiam.ru, vshorgin@ipiran.ru
We analyze the possibilities of using the cognitive radio standard IEEE 802.22. Temporarily
unoccupied channels can be used for transferring information where 3GPP LTE service
becomes impossible. The technology is very actual in sparsely populated areas. The current
paper offers a complete vertical handover procedure from 3GPP LTE to the cognitive radio
network IEEE 802.22 with the IP address preserved for easy user recognition. The procedure
includes the authorization phase, registration, authentication and connection. The proposed
procedure includes Care-of-Address Function for saving an IP address, which will be useful for
mobile users. The main idea of proposed vertical handover procedure is saving of a temporary
IP address. The vertical handover procedure based on entities from 3GPP LTE network
and target IEEE 802.22 WRAN network. This procedure consist from 45 signaling messages
(requests and responses) between mobile terminal, ANDSF function, Service Gateway and
Packet Data Network Gateway, Base Station IEEE 802.22 and some other entities.
Key words and phrases: cognitive radio, customer premise equipment, software-defined
radio, IEEE 802.22, WRAN, Care-of-Address.
Copyright © 2018 for the individual papers by the papers’ authors. Copying permitted for private
and academic purposes. This volume is published and copyrighted by its editors.
In: K. E. Samouylov, L. A. Sevastianov, D. S. Kulyabov (eds.): Selected Papers of the 1st Workshop
(Summer Session) in the framework of the Conference “Information and Telecommunication
Technologies and Mathematical Modeling of High-Tech Systems”, Tampere, Finland, 20–23 August,
2018, published at http://ceur-ws.org
32 ITTMM-WSS—2018
1. Introduction
The cognitive radio service allows using temporarily unoccupied channels, so called
"white spots", in the range of TV frequencies from 410 MHz to 862 MHz [1, 2]. It
is relevant for areas with low population density or in emergencies, when 3G/4G
communication cannot be used. There are several radio standards use "white spots"
technologies, primarily the IEEE 802.22 standard and the IEEE 802.11af standard. A
comparison of these standards shows that IEEE 802.22 standard is more preferable
for wireless regional access networks (WRAN). Also IEEE 802.22 standard is the first
standard of cognitive radio, which has the status of international standard [3, 4]. We
estimated channel access delay in cognitive radio network [5] and a vertical handover
delay from Wi-Fi to 3GPP LTE [6]. We never used Care-of-Address (CoA) function
with saving temporary IP-address for mobile users. This approach will include CoA
function for mobile users vertical handover (VHO) delay.
2. Care-of-Address for mobile users in Inter System VHO
TA model for VHO from 3GPP LTE to a cognitive network IEEE 802.22 with
"white-spots for the Wireless Regional Access Network (WRAN) was developed in [7].
Such transition refers to inter system vertical handover and needs for a new IP-address
in a target network. Current versions of an IP protocol for mobile users allow to link
the "Home Address" and the address of user equipment in the target network.
This temporary address is denoted as the address for the CoA transfer [8, 9]. This
solution allows redirecting traffic from the user’s home network to the target network
using CoA, including with inter-system VHO, which becomes essentially a "seamless
handover". The corresponding possibilities are available in mobile versions of the IP
protocol, MIPv6 and MIPv4 (Mobile IP version 6 and 4). In this case, inter-system VHO
provides macro-mobility at the level of the IP protocol. Such capabilities are provided
by the MIPv6 protocol, HMIPv6 (Hierarchical MIPv6 Management protocol), FMIPv6
(Fast Handover for MIPv6). To ensure CoA with inter-system VHO, it is most expedient
to use MIPv6. The user device that uses MIPv6 receives information about the Home
Agent, the home agent address, and the IPsec protocol parameters through the current
service network. To ensure flexibility and prevent disruption of the session, the IKEv2
security protocol extension called MOBIKE (IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming) protocol
is used.
Previously, we did not consider the vertical handover delay at the IP protocol level.
For example, the RTT (Round Trip Time), jitter (jitter), and the packet loss ratio was
used in [10]. For real-time services and a transfer rate of 3 Mbit/s the RTT is equal
59 ms for the Wi-Fi network and114 ms in the LTE network. In [11] the IP protocol
was not considered, studies were conducted only for the physical and channel level. The
horizontal handover delay from one to another cell in the IEEE 802.22 network is 150
-180 ms for the mobile users with speed 2 -10 mps for the Media Access Control level
without the delay for registration and authentication. In [12] you can see a general
scheme for delay formation for different versions of a MIP protocol, but there is no delay
analysis for any stage of the horizontal handover. The propose [13] use unanchored IP
address to support the streaming services and the corresponding IP session, and the
main role belongs to the user equipment. In [14] economic aspects are considered for
different market strategies for the wireless access networks development, but without
the analysis of the access delay to fixed wireless networks through which off-load traffic
is carried out. Thus, the problem of providing CoA function for mobile users is very
important and actual, and there is no an analytical model for VHO delay estimating
with CoA.
Let the mobile terminal (User Equipment) support a physical connection and an IP
session through the 3GPP LTE base station (eNodeB). We consider the case where the
Zaripova Elvira R. et al. 33
mobile terminal uses the IP address received in 3GPP LTE when going to the target
IEEE 802.22 network.
The IEEE 802.22 and the ANDSF (Access network discovery service function) have
the same functions within the overall model of the process of accessing heterogeneous
cognitive network resources, these nodes are treated as a single functional entity, "ANDSF
/ Spectrum Manager", but each node processes alarm messages for different times. Given
the coincidence of the functional assignment of the radio frequency spectrum manager
IEEE 802.22 and Access network discovery service function (ANDSF ) within the general
model of access to heterogeneous cognitive networks resources, these nodes are considered
as a single functional entity, "ANDSF/Spectrum Manager", but each node processes
signaling messages differently.
3. A VHO Procedure with saving an IP address
The mobile terminal organizes an IP session through the current 3GPP LTE network
through the eNodeB, S-GW (Service GateWay) and P-GW (Packet Data Network
Gateway). The mobile terminal due to the deterioration of the QoS (Quality of Service)
makes inter-system VHO to the target IEEE 802.22 WRAN network. In an IEEE 802.22
network, the mobile terminal (UE) is treated as a CPE (Customer Premises Equipment).
The scheme of intersystem VHO to the target IEEE 802.22 network is presented in
Figure 1.
eNodeB
CPE (UE)
3GPP LTE
(current network)
3GPP LTE network Base station
IEEE 802.22 WRAN
(target network)
AAA for
IEEE TFTP
S-GW 802.22
Server
MME
Transport network
Time
Server
AAA/
HSS P-GW
Manager
ANDSF
RFS
Figure 1. Scheme of intersystem VHO in IEEE 802.22 network
The first phase of vertical handover procedure is shown in Figure 2. The phase shows
detecting the IEEE 802.22 network using ANDSF. As a result, the CPE (UE) receives
information about the available target networks, including IEEE 802.22.
Request (1) ClientHello is transmitted via IP protocol with the PSK keyset for
mutual authentication of CPE and ANDSF and for the organization of the TLS tunnel.
A response (2) is sent to the request indicating the safe transfer of the GBA. The request
(3) indicates the selected method for loading network information using B-TID and
provides a response (4) as the final message for exchanging public keys, after that a
34 ITTMM-WSS—2018
secure TLS connection is formed. Request (5) with data on technical capabilities and
location of the terminal allows receiving a response (6) indicating the identifiers and
radio access technologies (RAT) of the target network.
CPE (UE) ANDSF
(1) ClientHello message
(3) ClientKeyExchange message
IPSec tunnel (TLS)
(5) Access NetworkInfo Request
Figure 2. The authorization phase of CPE in inter-system VHO LTE - IEEE
802.22 WRAN
The mobile terminal (CPE, UE) starts connecting and authenticating to the selected
network IEEE 802.22 WRAN with saving the current IP address. Figure 3 shows the
next phase of registration, authentication and connection to the target network IEEE
802.22 WRAN. The request (7) is about technical characteristics of CPE connecting
to the base station 802.22 RNG-REQ (Ranging Request), an the response message (8)
RNG-CMD message (Ranging Command) put, indicates the frequency bandwidth for
further identifications.
After that, the CPE transmits request for negotiation CBC (CPE Capability Request)
property (9) of the IEEE 802.22 network and receives a CBC Response (CPE Capability
Response) (10) with the values of the required parameters. For EAP authentication
is generated an SCM (11) request, which generates the SCM request (12) to AAA,
and then the SCM response (13) from AAA and SCM (14) from BS IEEE 802.22 for
successful authentication. SCM Key Request (15) protect the streaming traffic and SCM
Key-Reply (16) gives the required Key.
REG request (17) and REG response (18) are responsible for a registration in the
IEEE 802.22 WRAN network. After that the mobile terminal (CPE, UE) is connected
to the IEEE 802.22 network at the physical and data link layer.
We use Care-of-Address (CoA) function for saving IP address and CPE (UE) use
mobile protocol MIPv6. The next phase of VHO scheme with CoA function is shown
on Figure 4. CPE transmits IKE_SA_INIT request (19) over the IKEv2 protocol
for initialization the Security Association (SA) and receives IKE_SA_INIT response
(20) for the secure transfer of the IKE_AUTH request (21) when the CoA procedure
begins. The ePDG node broadcasts the IKE_AUTH authorization request (22) and the
HSS/AAA node transmits the EAP-Request/AKA challenge (23) for EAP authorization.
The response (24) of the IKE_AUTH notifies the CPE of the initial authentication.
IKE_AUTH request (25) confirm the authentication by the client and the request
(26) redirects towards the HSS/AAA node. The response (27) confirms the final
Authentication Answer, which is transmitted as a response (28) to the CPE. CPE
Zaripova Elvira R. et al. 35
transmits a response message IRE_AUTH (29) about the successful procedure through
the IKEv2 protocol. P-GW node via a response (30) IKE_AUTH sends to CPE
configuration information and IP-address with CoA. The mobile terminal CPE receives
information by IKE_AUTH response (31) and the temporary IP address with CoA
function, which is the same as the IP address of the terminal on the 3GPP LTE
network. The CPE software provides readiness for operation in the IEEE 802.22
network through the IPsec tunnel with CoA support. CPE sends a Binding Update
request (32) for registration CoA address in 3GPP LTE network when using DSMIPv6.
For supporting an IP address with CoA function an IP-CAN (IP-connectivity access
network) Session Modification (33) is sent for all active sessions on the IEEE 802.22
network. The Acknowledge IP-CAN Session Modification response (34) confirms IP
session modification, and Binding Acknowledgment response (35) updates the CoA
binding for CPE.
BS AAA for
CPE (UE) IEEE 802.22 IEEE 802.22
(9) CBC Request
(12) SCM Request
(15) SCM Key Request
Figure 3. Registration, authentication and connection to the target network
IEEE 802.22 WRAN
The request for IP address with CoA registration (36) is sent to the BS of IEEE
802.22, after which an IP session establishment with CoA through the IPsec tunnel is
complete for the CPE. As a result, the data packets will be safely routed to the IP
address previously assigned in the 3GPP LTE network.
The last phase of VHO procedure refers to the target IEEE 802.22 network, see
Figure 5.
The request Time and Date (37) sets the exact current time and date to the CPE for
service delivery events registration. The Current Time and Date response (38) confirms
36 ITTMM-WSS—2018
the current time and date on CPE. The Read request (39) sent a configuration file and
informs about session initiation. CPE receives by the Data response (40) a configuration
file for the streaming services organization. TFTP-CPLT (Config File TFTP Complete
Message) request (41) notifies CPE and confirmation of the successful configuration
upgrade is in TFTP response (42). Mobile terminal CPE is ready to session initiation
in the IEEE 802.22 network, an IP address is already assigned. The Dynamic Service
Addition (DSA) request (43) contains technical data, and DSA response (44) includes
the dynamic addition of the streaming services, as confirmed by the DSA-ACK response
(45). After this procedure the mobile terminal CPE can provide communication services
including streaming services through the IEEE 802.22 network with an IP address
from the 3GPP LTE network, which provides IP mobility and continuity of providing
streaming services.
BS
CPE (UE) IEEE 802.22 3GPP ePDG 3GPP P-GW HSS/AAA
(22) IKE_AUTH Request
(23) EAP Request/
AKA challenge
(24) IKE_AUTH Response
(26) EAP Request/AKA challenge
(27) Authentication Answer
(29) IKE_AUTH Request
(30)IKE_AUTH hPCRF
Response
IPSec/DSIMPv6 reconficuration
(33) IP-CAN
(32) Binding Update Request
Session Modification Request
(34)Acknowledge IP-CAN
Session Modification Response
(35) Binding Acknowledgement Response
IP session with CoA
Figure 4. CoA in inter-system VHO in IEEE 802.22 WRAN network
Zaripova Elvira R. et al. 37
BS Time TFTP
CPE (UE)
IEEE 802.22 Server Server
(41) TFTP-CPLT Request
(42) TFTP Response
Dynamic addition
for a streaming service
Figure 5. Streaming traffic transmission with CoA to IEEE 802.22 WRAN
network
4. Conclusions
As further research we plan to analyze such parameters as mean value or quantile of
VHO delay could be found using the data from papaers [4, 15–17]. We will apply the
approaches [18, 19] for analysis of new procedure with Care-of-Address function. The
proposed procedure starts from LTE, and LTE networks are the 5th generation networks
with variety of technologies including radio technologies for wireless communication [20–
22]. For such networks, new quality indicators, such as interference [23, 24] affecting
signal power and spectral efficiency, as well as traditional indicators, i.e. delays, are
analyzed. Sometimes, to optimize the functioning of the system, it is necessary to use
special control mechanisms, for example, hysteresis control [25–28]. Another direction
of our reserch is using the approaches from cluster method [29] or multidimensional
information systems [30].
Acknowledgments
The publication has been prepared with the support of the “RUDN University
Program 5-100” and funded by RFBR according to the research project No 17-07-00845.
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