=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2254/10000123
|storemode=property
|title=Modeling
and visualization of emergency situations at oil storage facilities
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2254/10000123.pdf
|volume=Vol-2254
|authors=Elena Abdulina
}}
==Modeling
and visualization of emergency situations at oil storage facilities==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2254/10000123.pdf
Modeling and visualization of emergency situations at oil
storage facilities
Elena Abdulina
Emergency Protection Dept.
Stavropol
erabdulina@ncfu.ru
North-Caucasus Federal University
Abstract
The article deals with the modeling of accidents at the storage sites
of flammable and combustible liquids. The frequencies of initiating
events used in the calculations, possible scenarios for the development
of accidents, are given. The software for calculating the parameters
of damaging factors in the case of fire of straits and ignition with the
formation of a fireball in case of accidents on objects with flammable
and combustible liquids using the NET Framework was developed. To
visualize the accident, Unity 3D developed an application illustrating
the depressurization of a tank, with a combustible substance with the
formation of a hole in the side wall of the tank through which the flow
occurs, followed by spreading and ignition of the combustible liquid. In
this case, the individual risk is calculated and its value is indicated in
the image.
1 Introduction
On the territory of the Stavropol region there are more than 300 fire and explosion hazard facilities that can be
a source of danger to the population, surrounding objects, the natural environment. Therefore, the modeling of
emergency situations in fire hazardous areas, both at the design stage and in emergency situations, is an urgent
social and economic problem.
2 Emergency situations
The main sources of emergency situations at oil storage facilities: the destruction of reservoirs and their leakproof-
ness for various reasons; leakage due to malfunction of fuel dispensers; overflows due to overfilling of tanks due
to malfunction of the level control equipment; formation of explosive concentrations of vapors of flammable and
combustible liquids due to malfunction of breathing valves, valves, etc.
The following gives the frequencies of the initiating events (Table 1).
Copyright c by the paper’s authors. Copying permitted for private and academic purposes.
In: Marco Schaerf, Massimo Mecella, Drozdova Viktoria Igorevna, Kalmykov Igor Anatolievich (eds.): Proceedings of REMS 2018
– Russian Federation & Europe Multidisciplinary Symposium on Computer Science and ICT, Stavropol – Dombay, Russia, 15–20
October 2018, published at http://ceur-ws.org
Table 1: Table of the frequency of initiating events
Kind of initiating event Event frequency, 1/year
Pipeline depressurization (1 m) 4, 5 · 10−6
Depressurization – rupture of pipeline (1 m) 5 · 10−7
Depressurization of pumps 7 · 10−2 − 1 · 10−3
Damage to pipes or valves in the pump room 7 · 10−7 − 3 · 10−5
The destruction of the wall of the tank body 1, 161 · 10−4
Destruction of thrust joints 0, 678 · 10−4
Destruction of wiring connections 0, 24 · 10−4
Destruction of inserts 0, 192 · 10−4
Other failures 0, 342 · 10−4
Leak from reservoir depressurization with d = 0.5 − 2.5 m 0, 1 · 10−4
Discharges of atmospheric electricity 0, 2 · 10−4
Discharges of static electricity 1 · 10−4 − 1 · 10−3
Friction Sparks 5 · 10−4 − 1 · 10−3
Open flame and sparks 5 · 10−4 − 1 · 10−3
Possible outcomes of emergency situations in case of depressurization of tanks with oil products are presented
in the Table 2.
Table 2: Scenarios for the development of the accident
Scenarios for the development of the accident Probability
Flare combustion 0,0574
Formation of a fireball 0,0287
Strait fire formation 0,7039
Combustion of a cloud of a fuel-air mixture by a detonation mode 0,0119
Combustion of a cloud of a fuel-air mixture in a deflagration mode 0,1689
Safe Dispersion 0,0292
From the data given in Table 2 it can be seen that scenarios related to fires in the spill of oil products and the
combustion of a cloud of a fuel-air mixture in the deflagration regime have the highest frequency of realization.
As is known, modeling and supporting decision-making in emergency situations includes the following main
stages [1, 2, 3, 7]:
• Collection and systematization of information on the source of emergencies;
• System study of emergencies as a control object;
• Structuring of knowledge about emergencies as an object of management;
• Constructing a conceptual model;
• Structural analysis and assessment of the adequacy of the conceptual model;
• Structural and functional decomposition of the conceptual model;
• Synthesis of methods and control algorithms;
• Modeling of control scenarios;
• Comprehensive analysis of simulation results;
• Adoption and implementation of decisions.
In the case of air defense accidents, as a rule, a complex of damaging factors operates, of which three main
ones are necessary:
• Destructive impact (during explosions) – destruction of technological blocks, buildings of structures;
• Contamination of the ground layer of the atmosphere by combustion products – poisoning of people and
pollution of the environment;
• Thermal effects on people – burns, overheating and on surrounding objects, damage to buildings, cars etc.
3 Modeling accidents
We have developed software that will allow us to quickly calculate the parameters of accidents involving flammable
and combustible liquids.
The software consists of two parts. The first part of the software package makes it possible to calculate the
amount of thermal radiation in case of a fire in the strait at different distances from the source, the amount of
thermal radiation in the occurrence of the fireball and the time of its existence.
The second part allows spatial representation of the dynamics and consequences of a strait fire from a single
object containing fuel.
The first part of the program is created using the NET Framework. NET Frame-work is a software platform
released by Microsoft in 2002. It is actually an operating system inside the operating system. The basis of
the platform is the Common Language Runtime (CLR) virtual machine, capable of performing both normal
desktop applications and web applications. A distinctive feature of the NET Framework is the ability to execute
programs written in different programming languages. It is believed that the platform NET Framework was the
response of Microsoft to the highly ac-claimed Java platform of Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle), also
based on a virtual machine. Although NET is a proprietary technology from Microsoft and Microsoft Windows,
there are independent projects (primarily Mono and Portable NET) that allow you to run NET programs on
many other operating systems.
The program for the NET Framework, written in any supported programming language, is first translated by
the compiler into a single, easy-to-understand, Common Intermediate Language (CIL) for the person (formerly
called Microsoft Intermediate Language, MSIL). The compiler then translates the CIL code into an object
bytecode (in NET terms, assembly is obtained, English assembly), and the bytecode is either executed by
the CLR virtual machine, or translated by the utility NGen.exe into executable code for the specific target
processor. The use of a virtual machine is preferable, as it saves developers from having to take care of the
hardware features. In the case of using a CLR virtual machine, the built-in JIT compiler on-the-fly (just in
time) compiles the intermediate byte-code into the machine codes of the desired processor. Modern technology
of dynamic compilation allows achieving a high level of performance. The CLR virtual machine also takes care
of basic security, memory management and exception systems, saving the developer from part of the work.
Using the software platform NET Framework, we have developed a program that allows the following:
• to calculate the parameters of damaging factors in the fire of spills of flammable and combustible liquids;
• to calculate the consequences of the formation of a fireball.
After downloading the program, the user must select the scenario for the failure of the calculation of the
parameters to be carried out. To do this, there are two function buttons in the upper part of the window. Two
types of scenarios for the ”Flammable and combustible liquids strait” and ”Fire Ball” crashes are shown on the
top of the window.
After selecting the alarm scenario, the user must enter the alarm parameters and set the value of the heat
radiation to which the calculation will be made. In the field of the accident parameters it is necessary to set the
area of the strait and the type of fuel involved in the accident.
During the selection of the necessary accident parameters, the program immediately performs all calculations
and presents the results of the calculation in the form of a graph and a table.
In the upper right corner of the program window there are functional buttons for generating the report as a
word processor file and printing the report. They allow you to get a printed version of the calculations made by
the program.
User interface of the program for input of initial data are presented in Fig. 1.
The results of calculations for the ”Fireball” scenario are shown in the Fig. 2.
Figure 1: The input data input window
Figure 2: Window of calculation results for the scenario ”Fireball”
An example of printing the results of the calculation for printing is shown in the Fig. 3.
Figure 3: Results of calculation under the scenario of fire of the spill of a flammable and combustible liquid
The second part of the program includes a graphical representation of the accident at a fire and explosion
hazard site. Taking into account the numerous numbers of scenarios for the development of accidents at fire and
explosion hazard sites and the difficulty of creating a three-dimensional model for each of these scenarios, we
chose the accident scenario that is most relevant at the time. It includes the depressurization of the tank, with
combustible material, as a result of the formation of an opening in the side wall of the container through which
the flow occurs, followed by spreading and ignition of the combustible liquid.
The implementation of the three-dimensional image and the execution of calculations is formed on the basis of
Unity 3D - it is a multi-platform tool for developing three-dimensional applications, including a powerful engine
(Unity Engine) for developing 3D applications and games, as well as an integrated development editor.
Unity Engine includes a highly optimized 3D graphics engine for both DirectX and OpenGL. It allows you to
create animated 3D objects, particle systems, advanced lighting and shadows. Unity Engine supports delayed
rendering technology (Rendering is a term in computer graphics that indicates the process of obtaining an image
on a model using a computer program.). Unity provides a visual creation of a particle system, through which it
is possible to create rain, sparks, dust poles, flames, explosions and other effects.
It is possible to combine 3D real-time graphics with streaming audio and video.
Unity supports a wide range of platforms to run the created project. 3D applications created with Unity work
on Windows, MacOS, Wii, iPhone, iPod, iPad, Android, Play Station 3, XBox 360, and also through the Unity
web player (connects to a browser on Windows or Mac OS as a plug-in).
Due to a large set of mathematical, trigonometric and other functions contained in the .NET libraries, the
software implementation of the mathematical model of the application is greatly simplified. The rich functionality
of the .NET libraries, together with the powerful 3D engine Unity, allows you to create simulation models of
real processes and phenomena and visualize them in the form of three-dimensional inter-active applications. In
accordance with the results of calculations performed in the software implementation of the mathematical model,
a set of parameters characterizing the simulated phenomenon is obtained, with the help of which it is possible
to control the visual display of three-dimensional objects.
The calculation is carried out in the same manner as the first part of the program [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. The software
complex for modeling the process of development of an accident with a spill of flammable and combustible liquids
is intended for:
– visual construction of the potential spill sector;
– viewing the dynamics of the development of the accident;
– construction of zones of intensity of thermal radiation at various distances from the center of the spill;
– construction of fire risk zones.
After downloading the program, the user must specify:
– type of fuel involved in the accident;
– the filling of the tank with fuel;
– hole height;
– diameter of the hole;
– the required value of the intensity of thermal radiation.
After entering the necessary parameters, the user starts the simulation process and the program performs the
necessary calculations. As a result of the calculation, we obtain a three-dimensional image of the accident with
the designation of safe and dangerous zones of thermal radiation and fire risk.
The data entry window is shown in the Fig. 4.
Figure 4: Window for selecting emergency settings
The visualization of the results of calculations is shown in Fig. 5.
Figure 5: Imaging Results
4 Conclusion
During the work, an analysis of the causes and scenarios for the development of emergency situations at oil
product storage facilities was carried out.
Two programs have been developed. One is designed to calculate the consequences of emergency situations
associated with the formation of a fire in the strait and the fireball, and the second is designed to visualize the
dynamics of an emergency situation associated with the formation of a strait fire. To perform calculations, the
NET Framework and the Unity Engine are used. These developments will be useful for a wide range of specialists
involved in providing security.
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