=Paper= {{Paper |id=Vol-2259/aics_1 |storemode=property |title=None |pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2259/aics_1.pdf |volume=Vol-2259 }} ==None== https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2259/aics_1.pdf 
                   Informal Algorithms in Children

                                  Monica Bucciarelli [1-2]
                           1 Università di Torino, Torino, ITALIA
               2 Centro di Logica, Linguaggio, e Cognizione, Torino, ITALIA

                           monica.bucciarelli@unito.it

       Keywords: Informal Algorithms, Abduction, Deduction, Recursion, Kinematic
       Simulations.


Abstract

Where does the ability to devise algorithms come from? Most abilities appear to depend
on interactions between innate factors and experience.
   My studies on children, in collaboration with Mackiewicz, Khemlani and Johnson-
Laird, show that fifth-grade children who have had no experience with programming
are nevertheless able to understand informal algorithms and even to devise their own.
The domain concerned re-arranging the order of toy cars in a railway train, using a
single track and a siding. Such a track allows for powerful algorithms, since both the
siding and one side of the track act as places to “store” cars during re-arrangements.
   These studies lead us to three main conclusions.
   First, children can devise algorithms, even those that are recursive (i.e., they depend
on repeated loops of operations), although they are harder than those that are not
recursive (i.e., they depend on a list of operations without loops). The former place a
greater load on working memory than the latter.
   Second, children differ in ability, though there is no reliable difference between boys
and girls. Ability is likely to reflect a difference in the processing capacity of working
memory (at least partially determined by innate factors). So, for example, when
children cannot even touch the cars, their “iconic” gestures of moves help them. When
they are prevented from gesturing, their performance is poorer.
   Third, children (and adults) use kinematic mental simulations to envisage the effects
of moves on the railway track.



References
 1. Bucciarelli, M., Mackiewicz, R., Khemlani, S.S., Johnson-Laird, P.N..: Children’s creation
    of algorithms: Simulations and gestures. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 28(3), 297–318
    (2016).
 2. Bucciarelli, M., Mackiewicz, R., Khemlani, S.S., Johnson-Laird, P.N..: Simulations in
    children’s conscious recursive reasoning. Memory and Cognition doi 10.3758/s13421-018-
    0838-0 (2018).