=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2293/jist2018pd_paper1
|storemode=property
|title=Building Structured Manuals for Elderly Care as a Computer Interpretable Knowledge Resource
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2293/jist2018pd_paper1.pdf
|volume=Vol-2293
|authors=Satoshi Nishimura,Lihua Zhao,Ken Fukuda,Takuichi Nishimura
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/jist/NishimuraZFN18
}}
==Building Structured Manuals for Elderly Care as a Computer Interpretable Knowledge Resource==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2293/jist2018pd_paper1.pdf
Building Structured Manuals for Elderly Care as a
Computer Interpretable Knowledge Resource
Satoshi Nishimura1 Lihua Zhao1 Ken Fukuda1 Takuichi Nishimura1
1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
{satoshi.nishimura, ken.fukuda, takuichi.nishimura}@aist.go.jp
Abstract. Long-term care costs and burdens of care workers are increasing.
Emerging related problems that must be solved include reducing staff education
costs. Few knowledge resources exist to which care workers can refer to learn
methods of caring for elderly people in specific situations. We proposed an ‘Ex-
ample of structured manuals for elderly care’ as the first step to compilation of a
referenceable knowledge resource formalized in computer interpretable manner.
As described herein, we constructed the schema for the structured manuals and
then transform the graphical image to a computer-interpretable form. The
knowledge resource is open for use and useful for on-the-job training (OJT).
Keywords: Elderly care service, Knowledge engineering, Serviceology
1 Introduction
Because of the progress of Japan’s aging society, medical and long-term care costs are
increasing [4]. Therefore, care process productivity must be raised by reducing staff
education costs. Some projects have been undertaken to resolve those difficulties. Ro-
botic Care Equipment Development and Introduction Project are aimed at reducing
physical burdens of staff using care robots1. Nishimura et al. developed a system for
reducing the recording time for producing handover records [6].
However, such information systems have no semantics of their own. The data can
be managed from a human-interpretable perspective if the information systems under-
stand the data semantics. One use of semantic technology is to realize such data man-
agement, including data schema and structured dataset [3]. A well-structured dataset
takes a role of reference to other data like incident reports and handover records.
The ultimate goal of this research is to provide a referenceable knowledge resource
of elderly care actions. The knowledge resource provides a controlled vocabulary to
annotate data along with an information system to retrieve data via relations among
vocabularies. Such knowledge resource will contribute to data management.
As the first step, this paper provides a goal-oriented representation of elderly care
actions as a referenceable knowledge resource that contains goals of actions as context
information. First, we constructed structured manuals of eight kinds of care as graphical
1 http://robotcare.jp/?lang=en
2
images. Second, we built RDF schema. Third, we formalized elderly care actions of
eight kinds according to the schema. Then, we obtained knowledge resources of elderly
care actions in the Resource Description Framework (RDF)2 format, therefore the in-
formation system can retrieve the information according to their relations. We desig-
nated them as an ‘Example of structured manuals for elderly care.’ 3
2 Structured Manuals for Elderly Care
We employed CHARM as a goal-oriented, tree-structured model [5] to structure the
elderly care processes. An action is interpreted as a state change of a target object. A
single action is realized as a goal by a sequence of detailed actions. For example, an
action ‘move an elderly person’ is modeled as a state change of location of the elderly
person. The action is decomposed into the sequence of actions, which are ‘a care worker
moves the elderly person onto a wheelchair’, ‘a care worker pushes the wheelchair’ and
‘the wheelchair moves the elderly person’. The same ‘move an elderly person’ action
is also decomposed into another sequence of actions using a cane. Based on CHARM,
we can describe both sequences as achieving the same goal action in a different way.
We constructed eight structured manuals, which covers entire direct-care in a care
facility, based on the CHARM. First, we read two textbooks related to elderly care
actions [1, 7]. From these books, we extracted the essence of care actions and system-
atized them in the goal-oriented manner. The result is presented as graphical images as
depicted at the left part of Fig. 1. Second, we asked a care expert with more than five
years’ work experience working at a care facility for confirmation of its propriety.
According to his advice, we corrected the structured manuals. After the construction
process, we constructed structured manuals of eight kinds of care.
Table 1. RDF Schema for structured manuals
Property name domain range Description
sm:Achieve sm:Action sm:Action An action contributes to achieve another action, e.g. “Raise casters” and “Go down to slope forwardly”
achieves “Go down to slope.”
sm:AchievedBy sm:Action sm:Action This property is an inversed property of sm:Achieve.
sm:Order sm:Action sm:Action The property shows an order of actions, e.g. an action A sm:Order an action B denotes that the action A is
performed before the action B.
sm:NonOrder sm:Action sm:Action An execution order does not care but the both actions are necessary to achieve the goal, e.g. The order of
confirmation of the safety of a wheel chair and the condition of the elderly person does not care but both
are necessary to achieve the goal: preparation of moving by the wheel chair.
sm:InversedOrder sm:Action sm:Action This property is an inversed property of sm:Order.
sm:has Actor sm:Action xsd:string This property represents an actor of the action, e.g. elderly person is an actor of “Hold on arm-support”
action.
sm:has Attribute sm:Action xsd:string This property represents the action's characteristics, e.g. “slowly” is interpreted as an attribute of “Move”
action.
sm:hasCondition sm:Action xsd:string This property denotes a constraint or preferable situation to choose the sequence.
sm:hasRisk sm:Action xsd:string Risk is something bad for caretakers, care facilities, care receivers, and their family.
sm:hasDetailed sm:Action xsd:string This property represents other information which is denoted above.
Information
PREFIX sm:
PREFIX owl:
PREFIX xsd:
2 https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/
3 https://github.com/satoshinishimura2460/Example_of_structured_manuals_for_elderly_care
3
3 Formalization of Structured Manuals using RDF
To make the original structured manuals computer-interpretable, we construct a schema
of structured manuals to formalize them. We formalized the structured manuals accord-
ing to ten properties as shown in Table 1. First, we made a table whose column corre-
sponds to each property and each row in the table denotes one action. Then, we trans-
lated the table to RDF format.
Fig. 1 presents an example of correspondence of a part of graphical image of the
structured manuals and with RDF formatted one in Turtle serialization4. Each part sur-
rounded by a large rectangle denotes each action. For example, an act:259 represents
‘Go down to slope’ as rdfs:label property. An orange rectangle denotes an actor of the
action. In Fig. 1, sm:hasActor ‘Elderly person’ representing ‘Elderly person’ is an actor
of act:259. When the actor is ‘care worker’, it is omitted from the graphical image be-
cause the term occurs too often. In the RDF format, we complemented the information.
A yellow rectangle denotes a condition of the action sequence, e.g. ‘Gentle slope’ is a
condition of the action sequence that consists of act:263 and act:264. The information
is used to choose alternative sequences for goal achievement. A red rectangle denotes
a risk of the action, e.g. ‘Falling down to forward’ is a risk of act:264.
4 Concluding Remarks
We proposed knowledge resources with procedural knowledge for elderly care services
called the ‘Example of structured manuals for elderly care’. The first version of the
resource includes graphical images for humans, which is difficult for systems to under-
stand. Therefore, we provided the RDF schema for the structured manuals. Then, we
transformed the graphical images to RDF format according to the schema.
@prefix sm: .
@prefix owl: .
@prefix rdfs: .
@prefix act: < http://coto.pj.aist.go.jp/ontologies/structured-manual/Action/ > .
Elderly
act:259 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual ,
sm:Action ;
Go down to sm:Achieve act:233 ;
slope
sm:hasActor "Elderly person" ;
rdfs:label "Go down to slope"@en .
Gentle slope
Go down to act:263 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual ,
Raise sm:Action ;
slope
casters sm:Achieve act:259 ;
forwardly
Falling down sm:NonOrder act:264 ;
to forward sm:hasActor "Care worker" ;
sm:hasCondition "Gentle slope" ;
rdfs:label “Raise casters"@en .
act:264 rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual ,
sm:Action ;
sm:Achieve act:259 ;
sm:hasActor "Care worker" ;
sm:hasRisk "Falling down to forward" ;
rdfs:label "Go down to slope forwardly"@en .
Fig. 1. Conversion of structured manuals to RDF format.
4 https://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-turtle-20140225/
4
The limitations of this study are as follows. The aim of the first step is to propose
the referenceable resource. Further requirements should be clarified through the hearing
to care facilities. In this stage, the proposed schema contains only one class, which is
sm:Action. We are planning to revise the schema according to the clarification of the
requirements.
As future work, we will link other related knowledge resources. The International
Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) [9] and the Foundational
Model of Anatomy (FMA) [8] are well-structured resources related to elderly care ser-
vices. The ICF provides vocabulary to represent elderly people’s physical and mental
state, functions and needs. The FMA provides anatomical entities and structural rela-
tions among the entities. The resources are complementary to our proposed knowledge
resource. On the other hand, the current description of actions in the proposed resource
is almost in natural language sentences, which creates difficulty to make the knowledge
consistent. Therefore, we break down the actions to make them more fine-grained ac-
cording to the thought of state-change, which is provided in [2].
Acknowledgement. This paper is based partly on results obtained from a project com-
missioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization.
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