Visual forms of presentation of investigative online journalism in Austrian media Stefanie Braunisch Michael Roither Michael Zeiller Editing, Topics Information Technology and Management Information Technology and Management addendum University of Applied Sciences Burgenland University of Applied Sciences Burgenland Vienna, Austria Eisenstadt, Austria Eisenstadt, Austria s.braunisch@hotmail.com michael.roither@fh-burgenland.at michael.zeiller@fh-burgenland.at Abstract- This article deals with the current visual and rarely be persuaded to pay for journalism. One of the more structural forms of presentation of Austrian media for frequently proposed solution concepts is therefore the focus on investigative content. On a theoretical basis the thematic quality journalism, in which investigative journalism in characteristics and working methods of investigative journalism particular can offer added value [2]. Nevertheless, online are explained, as well as the basis of online journalism. The most journalism is still only used by many media as a second division important and most common visual and structural forms of for the reuse of content, as the special formats of presentation presentation of current online formats are considered for content require more resources: more lead time and often also more analysis. The study examines how investigative findings are investments in implementation tools and personnel [3]. processed for online presentation using the example of historically or self-defined investigative media. The results of a study among This paper investigates how Austrian media that publish Austrian journalists are presented which identify how those investigative content use visual and structural forms of journalists actually use different journalistic text styles, media presentation (i.e., multimedia content) to present the complex elements and visual representations to tell their investigative results of their investigative research in a comprehensible way stories. Text is the dominant form of presentation (86 %) used in to their readers. Additionally, the utilization of media types, text investigative reports, but pictures (64 %) and information styles, and visual representations by Austrian journalists, when graphics (50 %) are frequently used as well. Video and audio are they tell their investigative stories, is analyzed. seldom used to present investigative content. Similar to the actual usage of the analyzed forms of presentation in published reports all journalists consider text to be most important (100 %), followed II. INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM by information graphics (78 %) and pictures (76 %). Investigative journalism is understood as a subgenre of journalism which is particularly concerned with the uncovering Keywords—investigative journalism; online journalism; visual journalism; journalistic forms of presentation; text styles; visual of grievances and consequently with a social balance between representation officials and decision-makers as well as administrative bodies, private companies and the mass of citizens [4]. Historically, early investigative contributions therefore dealt with social I. INTRODUCTION differences between wealthy classes and grievances among, for The Internet has fundamentally changed the communication example, the working class and other socially disadvantaged processes of the media world and makes it possible to use far groups. Often journalists actively represented political positions more diverse forms of presentation and types of use for the personally and through their investigative work in order to stand benefit of readers than classic print products, for example. As a up for social justice [5] [6]. result, the media should also address this change and create web presences that offer added value in terms of both content and In the course of time, several subject areas emerged from this appearance. Since investigative journalism is a particularly motif which became classic content for investigative journalism: research- and fact-intensive form of journalism, content is abuse of authority, institutional mismanagement, self- complex, difficult to understand and as a result often visually enrichment and corruption, nepotism or selfish acts at the more complex to prepare [1]. Due to its social relevance, expense of the general public [7]. However, since such adequate communication of the content of investigative grievances do not only affect the actions of individuals – journalism would be particularly important, as this is the only irrespective of whether they are politicians, office holders or way to guarantee readers' understanding of highly relevant private (economic) power holders – but also gain social reach topics. Online presences with multiple multimedia and and relevance through the position of the actors, they are not just interactive elements make it easier to implement this complex individual incidents. Instead, investigative stories can deal with content in an understandable and comprehensible manner. structural grievances and systemic injustices that arise from the misconduct of individuals or institutions. However, this may At the same time, the triumphant advance of the Internet has also mean effects of private or political practices on society, on changed the revenue models of many media. Advertising the environment, or on security [8]. The subject areas of revenues have often fallen drastically as a result, but readers can 60 Visual forms of presentation of investigative online journalism in Austrian media investigative journalism have broadened with society over the diverse way. The publication of content is no longer limited to course of time, but they have in common the social relevance the predetermined medium, but can be adapted to different and uncovering of grievances and misconduct. contents [14]. Although the implementation of multimedia content requires more preparation and thus represents a certain Due to their social relevance, however, affected politicians barrier to frequent use, the change must start with the journalistic or power holders have little interest in the publication of concept. Journalists have to consider different forms of investigative contributions since this shows behavior that is not presentation during the research and produce the respective socially desirable or is even punishable. The task of investigative material [15]. journalists is to obtain and publish this information against resistance [7]. Due to these sometimes adverse circumstances, The first online presentations primarily used text. In the case researches in the past were often carried out under specification of longer contributions, this often has a negative effect on the of false facts, identities or concealment of the journalistic capacity of readers to understand [16]. In order to reduce this intention. Today this approach is legally questionable and has deficit, text alone can create visual stylistic breaks using therefore become rarer [6]. structure or highlighted elements and set priorities or separate content in extra columns or highlighted text elements in info At the same time, it is also possible to search for interlocutors boxes – just like in a printed presentation. The emphasized and informants who provide anecdotes, facts or documents. elements can focus on information, but also offer space for However, the role of informants is particularly critical when the summaries or further information. Texts can also be loosened up amount of information provided by informants exceeds the by images, which, depending on the format, set different information produced by the journalists themselves during the priorities and can push the attention of readers in certain creation of a contribution. Journalists can also be manipulated in directions, both visually and in terms of content. The advantage this way. After all, the level of information is relevant for the of images is not only their visual variety, but they can also overall picture of a story. For example, information provided illustrate content and put readers into a scene through must be regularly checked for the intention of the informant in atmospheric elements [16]. According to previous studies many order to prevent journalists with publications from merely being users react strongly to visual stimuli. Thus, media consumption in the interest of an informant and not in the public interest [5] can be increased by images. Readers remember them better than [7]. text and they can remind content more strongly through optical Investigative journalism has a tradition in Austria back to the support [17]. 19th century. However, due to the social upheavals during the Graphics and illustrations also help to understand data, World Wars, this type of journalism disappeared for a time; only processes, or interrelationships. Depending on the content, from the 1970s did a culture for it emerge again [9]. On the one various display formats are available to present statistical hand, this was due to social change, but in the course of the next correlations, geographical, temporal, or content-related decades magazine foundations also contributed to the fact that relationships. Readers are thus not only dependent on text to individual media – mostly weekly newspapers such as Falter, understand complicated content, but the visual implementation News and Profil – gained a reputation as investigative media of sequences or processes makes it easier to understand them. [10]. Digitisation also had an impact on the sector, and the online Various visualizations are available for different data formats, platforms Addendum and Dossier were founded with a focus on depending on content and context [18]. However, it is relevant enigmatic/ investigative journalism. that graphics require clear and comprehensible labels, so that users can actually grasp this content and do not fail to understand III. ONLINE JOURNALISM AND FORMS OF PRESENTATION the visual representation [16]. Online journalism is characterized by preparation and To bring content to life, videos and audios can be used to presentation [11]. Especially in its initial phase, the Internet was convey scenic content with atmospheric background perceived as an additional presentation platform for journalistic information to readers. These should activate users, whereby the content. In terms of content the contributions of all previous use is extended to different communication modes and readers media types can be adopted, whereby we can exploit the fact that online platforms have de facto no temporal restrictions and take themselves are actively involved in the use [16]. over an archive function for print, TV and radio. For a long time, Nevertheless, readers benefit most when content is this archive function was seen as the main use of the Internet in implemented in such a way that they can experience it for journalism. However, the possibility of permanently updating themselves, leaving the speed of perception and selection to the the content is also a key aspect. Ideally, care should be taken readers themselves – i.e., when it is implemented interactively. during implementation to ensure that content is up-to-date, but In this way, interactive information graphics or data formats can updates can also provide great added value in some cases [12]. provide additional dimensions. This increases the entertainment Real online journalism is characterized by interactivity and factor during reception, which allows users to actively receive multimedia. Originally interactivity referred to the possibility of and remember more content. Timelines or information graphics interconnecting different websites, but the possibilities of can combine different media formats, use vertical or horizontal multimedia implementations developed rapidly, since various navigation individually and make processes comprehensible in modes of media are embedded and presented [13]. detail with the help of additional information. This allows users to grasp parallel strands of action or effects between certain Due to the different possibilities of the forms of presentation events. By using interactivity, these events can be experienced in online media, online journalism has to be thought of in a more at second hand, so that they remain in mind. 61 Visual forms of presentation of investigative online journalism in Austrian media Data processing can also represent different dependencies TABLE I. INVESTIGATIVE TOPICS through interactivity, which makes abstract data connections an Investigative contents Naming of media individual experience. The same applies to networks or maps Addendum Falter Dossier Profil that can be moved out of their two-dimensional representations 0 1 4 2 through interactivity and, for example, receive an additional Mismanagement temporal component, so that users can not only perceive Abuse of authority 2 3 2 0 geographical connections or personal interrelationships in 1 0 2 0 networks, but can also experience independently how these Self-enrichment developed in the course of time. Nepotism / cronyism 1 2 1 0 Corruption / bribery 0 0 0 1 IV. THEMES IN INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM Self-interest at the expense 2 3 1 3 Based on these findings, the websites of Austrian media – of the general public e.g., online media, magazines, weekly newspapers – were not Fraud, ignorance, conflicts 1 1 2 1 examined on a daily basis since online investigative content does of interest 2 1 0 2 not occur to a high extent. In accordance with this starting point, Systemic grievances four Austrian media dedicated to investigative journalism – Ecological grievances 0 1 0 0 "Addendum", "Falter", "Dossier", "News" and "Profil" – were 0 0 0 0 analyzed with regard to the forms of presentation used for Security risks investigative contributions. The aim was to analyze the content Transparency 3 1 4 3 of ten different investigative journalistic online articles per media, which were finally collected from all media on 15 July 2018. The selection of the investigative contributions was based Although transparency is the most common topic, the further on the theoretically derived categories: mismanagement, abuse distribution shows that the "classical" topics as defined by of authority, self-enrichment, nepotism, corruption, assertion of Ludwig together make up the majority of contributions. The self-interests at the expense of the general public, fraud/ canon of topics that constitutes the core of investigative ignorance/ conflicts of interest, systemic grievances/ injustice, journalism has not changed overall, but has been expanded [7]. ecological grievances, security risks, transparency [3]. The medium News had to be removed from the analysis, V. IMPLEMENTATION OF FORMS OF REPRESENTATION IN since at the time of the study no article with investigative content INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM was available on the medium's website – although the weekly Based on the literature and various practical examples, a paper is characterized by such content both historically and to category catalogue was created for the forms of presentation. some extent in current print editions. These are the categories used in the analysis within which a 53 evaluations of investigative content were recorded in distinction was made between static and interactive formats: individual articles (Table I) [3]. Overall, transparency was the  Highlighted quote most pronounced category with eleven entries. One of the reasons for this could be the strong official secrecy in Austria.  Infobox Nevertheless, the so-called traditional theme categories, as  Header image proposed by Ludwig, represent a majority of the themes [7].  Full image It is also evident how individual topics are set. Three out of  Picture in continuous text four media have a broad range of topics and achieve at least one  Provided picture entry in two thirds of the categories. All in all, it can be seen  Audio embedding from the topics of the analyzed media that they are widely spread. Only the topic security risks is not dealt with in the  Video sample of articles that has been analyzed.  Information graphic The high number of contributions on the subject  Scale transparency suggests that the way in which topics are set has  Bar/bar chart changed and that investigative journalists perceive their role  Relative bar chart differently. More articles are published, for example, which  Dot graphic independently analyze a topic, its functions and interrelationships and make it publicly available without  Scatterplot/ connected point graphic external cause. Thus, the public sector is controlled at an own  Linear Graphics initiative, often with data-driven content. Depending on the  Pie chart medium, specific priorities are set. For example, Dossier already  Treemap/ Area Chart has a strong focus on advertising expenditures of public institutions from its founding history, and expenditures for  Radar Graphics/ Network funding are also suitable for data-related contributions.  Arc graphics  Flow chart 62 Visual forms of presentation of investigative online journalism in Austrian media  Timeline TABLE II. ANALYSIS OF THE FORMS OF PRESENTATION USED  Map presentation mode Naming of media  Original document Addendum Falter Dossier Profil  Interactive info box Highlighted quote 20 0 14 0  Picture galleries Infobox 4 0 0 0  Document Galleries Header image 10 8 0 10  Vertical Timeline 9 0 2 2 Picture in continuous text  Horizontal Timeline 0 0 2 0  Interactive information graphic Added image 6 0 0 0  Interactive bar/bar chart Audio embedding  Interactive Relative Bar Chart Video 5 2 1 0  Interactive point graphics Information graphic 1 0 0 0  Interactive scatterplot/ linked point graphic 3 0 0 0 Scale  Interactive linear graphics 13 0 1 0  Interactive pie chart Bar/bar chart 0 0 2 0  Interactive treemap/ area chart Relative bar chart  Interactive radar graphics Linear Graphics 0 0 3 0  Interactive arc graphics Radar Graphics/ Network 0 0 2 0  Interactive Flowchart 1 0 0 0 Map  Interactive network Original document 1 0 9 1  Interactive map 4 0 0 0  Scrollytelling Interactive info box Document Galleries 7 0 0 0 The analysis revealed that the use of forms of representation Interactive bar/bar chart 3 0 0 0 is strongly related to the medium itself and possibly also to its 2 0 0 0 Interactive linear graphics founding history (Table II). For example, the print media Falter and Profil hardly use any different forms of presentation. The Interactive map 1 0 0 0 two platforms Addendum and Dossier, which were founded as online media, use different forms of presentation – especially with a focus on data visualization. Although they appear in the list for the sake of completeness, the audio contributions of Addendum may not be counted as Common to Addendum, Falter and Profil is the default use separate forms of presentation. They do not represent any added of header images. Addendum inserts them over the entire width value of their own, as they are merely a soundtrack to the of the page, Falter and Profil use a preceding image that is contributions, which should allow readers a further mode of located at the beginning of the article. These images are used in consumption (keyword: accessibility). Since the audio tracks of combination with headlines and teaser texts. The arrangement the contributions appear with different lead times, not all around the header image differs for all three media. Addendum contributions included an audio track already, and consequently inserts title and teaser in the image. Falter positions the title and only six audio files appear in the analysis. teaser above the image. Profil inserts the title above the image, but the teaser below the image. However, in the evaluation the The use of data visualizations differs with Addendum and category "Header Image" is identified only 28 times. This is due Dossier since Addendum uses much more interactive elements, to the fact that two videos that had been leaked to Falter have but in principle the classic visualization using bar charts and been inserted instead of the header image. Apart from these linear graphics is similar. However, it must be added that the bar preceding images and videos Falter does not use any other forms and column diagrams and linear diagrams in Addendum are only of representation. Profil uses only a few design options: once a interactive in the sense that the respective data set is displayed source document is inserted into the continuous text, as well as during a mouse-over. Since both media use the Datawrapper two images were inserted to loosen up the text. Addendum and program for such data visualizations, the difference between the Dossier, that have been founded as online media with a focus on data visualizations of Dossier and Addendum could be due to the investigative and enigmatic journalism, use different forms of different financial resources of the two media. presentation. They show pictures for illustration and highlighted Addendum has the most different forms of presentation with quotes to change the reading flow, as well as original documents 90 elements in 16 categories, followed by 36 forms of to substantiate statements and findings. Also noticeable is a presentation in nine categories that could be identified in focus on data collection and data processing, which are used Dossier. In principle, it can be stated that highlighted quotations very frequently in connection with transparency-related content. 63 Visual forms of presentation of investigative online journalism in Austrian media are most frequently used (20 respectively 14 times) to loosen up The online survey was conducted in June 2018. 2716 long texts and to emphasize individual passages. Austrian journalists have been invited per email to participate in the online survey. Since the email addresses have been derived Addendum uses additional forms of presentation in all from the Austrian media handbook (Medienhandbuch) the contributions; not a single analyzed contribution contains only a survey type is Internet survey of specifically named persons header image. Nevertheless, interactive forms of representation [19]. 250 persons accessed the questionnaire, but only 166 are relatively rare: only four different forms of representation respondents actually started the questionnaire. There was a and 13 elements have been identified. The other contributions significant number of respondents that broke off after the first use between two and 21 elements, usually the contain between page. This might be due to the fact that those respondents felt two and five forms of presentation. Depending on the content of involved by the email in the initial approach, but realized lateron the contribution, different forms of presentation such as tables, that their working practice did not correspond to a more precise diagrams, maps and graphics are used. As a minimum, header definition of investigative journalism. A total of 109 respondents image and audio – which, as mentioned above, offers no added completed the questionnaire, however some of them did not fill value in terms of content – are used as illustrative forms of in all questions (i.e., partial interview). The overall response rate presentation There are only two contributions that are based on is only 4.01 % (based on the number of eligible contacts) [19]. text only, apart from the header image and the audio file. The low response rate is influenced by the fact that only a small The ten contributions of the platform Dossier contain a total number of journalists are active in investigative journalism and of nine different forms of presentation, including quotations, only those journalists of selected media types have been images, videos, original documents and data pieces (bar/bar addressed. chart; ratio-oriented bar chart, linear chart, network). The majority of the responding journalists is male: 65% of The most frequently used form for loosening up texts are male respondents vs. 35% female respondents. Journalists embedded quotations, which were used a total of 14 times in five working on investigative topics are typically somewhat older contributions. In second place follow pictures that are embedded (Table III). in continuous text, as well as provided pictures. Altogether eleven pictures have been identified in six contributions. A video TABLE III. AGE DISTRIBUTION (N=107) has also been used to illustrate and display an advertising insert, but in fact it has been used for purely illustrative purposes. Apart Age Percentage from the illustration, the video does not offer any added value in 18 to 30 11.2 % terms of content. In the case of Dossier, it is noticeable that data formats in particular are used in the sense of time series – a 31 to 40 24.3 % visual focus that can be explained by the focus on data 41 to 50 23.4 % journalism in terms of content. 50 plus 41.1 % In general, it can be stated that Dossier selects display formats on a content-oriented basis, so the display formats also vary depending on the content. It is noticeable that quotations Most journalists work on investigative stories on politics are often used to loosen up or emphasize content. Pictures and (40), economy (37), or society & social issues (31). Stories on illustrations are used according to individual needs. However, in sports (14), health (11), or science (11) are less frequent. Stories this way individual contributions are created which hardly on culture are very rare (4). Other topics including crime, local contain an optical loosening of the continuous text. On the other news, and justice have been mentioned 22 times (Fig. 1; N=84, hand, various and different forms of presentation are used in multiple references possible). individual contributions to support and illustrate content. VI. USAGE OF VISUAL PRESENTATIONS BY AUSTRIAN ONLINE JOURNALISTS To complement the content analysis of the online presence of four Austrian media that are well known for publishing investigative contributions, we conducted a study among Austrian journalists to identify how they actually use different journalistic text styles, media elements and visual representations to tell their investigative stories. A quantitative approach based on an online survey was chosen to determine the opinion of journalists engaged in investigative journalism. Since only a small number of journalists is active in this specific type of journalism the survey was restricted only to journalists that work for the journalistic media types that are likely to include Fig. 1. Genres of investigative contributions (N=84, multiple references) investigative contributions: daily newspaper, weekly newspaper, magazine, TV, radio, and Internet. Profound investigative research is a time consuming and costly task. 18.5 % of investigative research lasts less than a day, 64 Visual forms of presentation of investigative online journalism in Austrian media but the largest share of 45.7 % corresponds to research that lasts Additionally, journalists working for daily newspapers, up to one week. 30.9 % of investigative research takes up to one weekly newspapers, and magazines (N=47) were asked how month and 4.9 % takes even longer (Table IV). important they consider the different media types for the representation of investigative content. Remark: Since journalists working for TV and radio are much more limited in TABLE IV. DURATION OF RESEARCH (N=81) their choice of (visual) representation their answers are excluded Value in the following results. For this purpose a four-point Likert Duration Absolute Percentage scale has been applied: very important | rather important | less One day 15 18.5 % important | not important (Fig. 4). Up to one week 37 45.7 % Similar to the actual usage of the analyzed forms of presentation (i.e., media types) the results show that text is most Up to one month 25 30.9 % important. All journalists consider text to be important: 91.3 % More than a month 4 4.9 % very important or 8.7 % rather important. Pictures are important as well for 76.1 % (very important: 45.7 % or rather important: 30.4 %). Only 23.9 % rate pictures less important for Journalists use different sources for their investigative investigative content. The results of the survey show a quite research. Most journalists use information provided by reliable similar outcome for the type information graphics. 78.3 % of the informants from their own network (86.6 %). 61 % use data from journalists rate infographics to be important (very important: public web sources and an own on-site inspection. 59.8 % of the 41.3 % or rather important: 37 %). While 17.4 % expect journalists get their information from publicly available infographics to be less important, a small number of 4.3 % documents while 43.9 % use secret documents. 52.4 % rely on consider them not important. Video is important for 60.9 % of transparent interviewees that may be mentioned, and 46.3 % use the journalists (very important: 17.4 % or rather important: 43.5 transparent interviewees that have to be made anonymous. Data %), while audio is important for 45.7 % of the journalists (very journalistic analysis is performed only by 37.8 % of the important: 13.1 % or rather important: 32.6 %). journalists (Fig. 2; N=80, multiple references possible). Fig. 2. Sources of investigative research (N=80) Fig. 4. Importance of media types (N=47) Journalists use various forms of (visual) presentation of their investigative content. Text is the dominant form of presentation. Since journalists consider text as the most important form of 85.7 % of the respondents (N=84) use text as the primary form representation for investigative content we analyzed which text of presentation. 64.3 % use pictures and 50 % use information styles the journalists use most frequently (based on the usage in graphics. Online media allow journalists to incorporate video daily newspapers, weekly newspapers, and magazines; Fig. 5). and audio in their investigative contributions as well, however The most common text styles are report (95.3 %: 83.7 % very they are used much less (video: 14.3 %, audio: 9.5 %). frequent, 11.6 % frequent) and reportage (69.8 %: 30.3 % very frequent, 39.5 % frequent). Less popular, but still frequently used are news items (55.8 %: 23.3 % very frequent, 32.5 % frequent), column (46.5 %: 20.9 % very frequent, 25.6 % frequent), editorial comment (39.5 %: 13.9 % very frequent, 25.6 % frequent), and portrait (48.8 %: 11.6 % very frequent, 37.2 % frequent). Fig. 3. Media types used by journalists for investigative content (N=84) 65 Visual forms of presentation of investigative online journalism in Austrian media and linear graphics is identical. The experimental factor, which is made possible by the complete implementation of interactive data formats, is also not exploited fully by Addendum, although different forms of presentation are used much more frequently for Addendum than for Dossier. The study among Austrian investigative journalists to identify how they actually use different journalistic text styles, media elements and visual representations to tell their investigative stories revealed that text is the dominant form of presentation (86 %) actually used in investigative reports. Pictures (64 %) and information graphics (50 %) are frequently used as well. However, video (14 %) and audio (9 %) are seldom used to present investigative content. When journalists had been Fig. 5. Usage of journalistic text styles for investigative content (N=43) asked which media types they consider being important for the representation of investigative content we got similar results. All journalists consider text to be most important (100 %), followed VII. UPSHOT AND PROSPECTS by information graphics (78 %) and pictures (76 %). Video is Traditionally, in scientific literature the contents of important for 61 % of the journalists, while audio is important investigative journalism have been limited to mismanagement, for 46 % of the journalists. The focus on text may be due to the abuse of authority, self-enrichment or corruption – contents that fact that investigative journalists still heavily rely on classic uncover misconduct by officials, dignitaries, private companies sources of information. For example, data journalistic analysis or those in power in society. Investigative journalism therefore is performed only by 37.8 % of the journalists in our survey. sees itself as a social control authority. Instead of reporting on Consequently, the most common text styles are report (95 %) events, an attempt is made to point out relevant events and to and reportage (70 %), followed by news items (56 %), column direct a social and media focus on stories that otherwise happen (46 %), editorial comment (39 %), and portrait (49 %). outside public perception. In addition to content on active events Overall, the following conclusions result for the visual or actions investigative journalism also examines systemic representation of investigative online journalism in Austria: grievances that can lead to injustice without human intervention. Furthermore its task is to make non-public content public in  Investigation is sparsely represented in Austria, at least order to prevent abuse of power and increase the level of public in the more broadly effective area of online journalism information in the sense of transparency. – despite its corresponding social relevance. The four analyzed media focus on showing non-public  Media that are primarily geared to online presence use content and thus transparency-related stories. However, articles more and more different visual and structural forms of on "classical" categories of investigative journalism as defined, presentation to make content easier to understand. for example, by Ludwig [8] predominate and thus content on However, the interactivity factor was only used to a abuse of authority and power, mismanagement or the limited extent with added value, at least during the enforcement of self-interests. Due to the manifold relevance of survey period. And: These media have comparatively content, 53 investigative aspects could be identified in 40 low audience reach, so many contents do not reach a contributions. large part of the population. Different visual and interactive elements can be used to  Within the media focused on the online presence, there make it easier for readers to understand investigative content. is a difference in the presentation which can at least They also increase attention at reception and the likelihood that partly be traced back to the different resources. users can actively remember content. Despite the variety of static and interactive forms of presentation, however, it became All in all, there is a clear need for Austrian media to catch up in apparent that media that developed their online presence as a investigative online journalism in general, and within this, in second communication channel (Falter, Profil) have problems turn, there are major omissions – or in other words: potentials – in using these possibilities. Only in exceptional cases, videos or in the field of visual representation of it. Like everywhere else documents are embedded and active attention is paid to in journalism today, the question of financing is decisive for the loosening up the text flow. At the same time, potential is also quality of implementation, even among those media that are actively dispensed with, since, for example, info boxes are only currently making better progress. A solution to this problem used in the print edition but are not implemented online. Purely could be reproducible prototypes and tool-based processes for online media use many more elements, including pictures for the representation of investigative online journalism, which illustration and highlighted quotations, to change the reading ensure a more resource-saving implementation and thus enable flow, as well as original documents to substantiate statements the media to ultimately make highly relevant social content and findings. It is also striking that the focus is on data formats available to a larger number of people more simply and cost- which are used particularly frequently in connection with effectively. transparency-related content. 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