Data Slice Search for Local Outlier View Detection: A Case Study in Fashion EC Takumi Matsumoto, Yuya Sasaki, Makoto Onizuka {matsumoto.takumi,sasaki,onizuka}@ist.osaka-u.ac.jp Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan ABSTRACT The exploratory data analysis is one of the current research trends for business data analysis, by which we can identify in- teresting results by executing a large number of OLAP queries. The queries are generated by changing the analytical viewpoints (aggregation attribute or group-by attribute) and/or target data slices (data subset extracted by the select operation). Existing research effectively detects globally unexpected trends (global outliers), however, it cannot detect locally unexpected trends (local outliers), which are known useful in many applications. In this paper, we describe an analysis framework named D4C. Figure 1: Monthly sales of items: X axis and Y axis indicate D4C detects top-n data slices that generate local outlier results of months and normalized sales sum, respectively. There are automatically generated OLAP queries. We also introduce how two clusters (yellow lines and blue lines). Item A (green to use the analysis results in a practical use case of fashion EC. line) is a global outlier and Item F (red line) is a local out- Since there are various types of users and items at fashion EC site, lier. it is useful to investigate the bias of the sales trend and identify meaningful results. We also show how the analysis results help making decisions on sales strategies. given a data slice S of D, we identify query q among various OLAP queries that maximizes the deviation between q(D) and q(S). In KEYWORDS contrast, in the data slice search case, given OLAP query q, we Exploratory data analysis, OLAP, Outlier detection identify data slice S among various data slices that maximizes the deviation between q(D) and q(S). So, they are effective to detect 1 INTRODUCTION globally unexpected trends (global outliers) by computing the distance between multiple query results, however, they cannot Many companies have collected or accumulated enormous detect locally unexpected trends (local outliers). The local outlier and diversified data. Data analysts start their analysis work by factor [2] is a well-known concept in many applications areas, extracting useful information (insight and exceptional data) from such as in fraud detection by detecting unusual usage of credit collected and accumulated data for decision making to make cards, in customized marketing for identifying the unexpected social or economic impact. Generally, in a business data anal- behavior of customers, or in medical analysis for finding unusual ysis work, OLAP (online analytical processing) technology is responses to various medical treatments [6]. frequently used with visualization tools, such as Tableau [1, 19]. In this paper, we describe D4C (Dimensionally Deviated Divi- The analysis workflow consists of two steps, (1) issuing a query sional Data Captor), a framework for automatically identifying that specifies an analysis pattern and a target data slice (data top-n local outliers among OLAP query results. D4C automati- subset extracted by the select operation), and (2) investigating cally generates OLAP queries from a query template specified the query result (view). An analysis pattern is expressed with a by users, executes those queries, and then identifies unexpected combination of group-by attribute, measure attribute, and aggre- trends by computing LOF value for each query result. gate function. A target data slice is specified by WHERE clause. As an application example of D4C, consider a case that a sales However, the analysis work is heavy burden for the analyst be- strategy is decided based on the sales trend over the last six cause the number of OLAP queries increases as the cardinality months. Fig. 1 shows the sales trend of ten items (data slices), A of data and the number of columns increase, and the number to J . Each line represents the monthly sales of each item, and the of times the analyst repeatedly performs (1) and (2) accordingly black dash line represents the average of monthly sales of the increases. whole items. This example has two clusters (1) items sold well For solving the above problem, the exploratory data analysis is during winter (A, B, C, D, and E) and (2) items sold well during promising research area [7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22]. In these studies, spring (F , G, H , I and J ). Items A is global outliers because they analysis axes and data slices that generate exceptional query are deviated largely from the average. Notice that item F (red line) results are automatically identified so that analysts can easily has the smallest global outlier factor among the items, however find interesting views. They are categorized into two types of it has the largest local outlier factor among the items that are dual data analysis over OLAP queries, data slice search and query mainly sold in spring season. Therefore, it may be possible to search. Let D be a database for analysis. In the query search case, increase the sales of item F by investigating reasons why item F © 2019 Copyright held by the author(s). Published in the Workshop Proceedings is a local outlier and by changing the sales strategy according to of the EDBT/ICDT 2019 Joint Conference(March 26, 2019, Lisbon, Portugal) on the investigation (e.g., a discount sale should be made for item F CEUR-WS.org. in April, since its sales is deviated down from the yellow cluster in April). 3 OUTLIER DETECTION FOR DATA SLICES We extend the technique of the exceptional view detection [13] with the notion of the local outlier factor. We describe a problem of identifying data slices that generate views with the largest LOF values for a given query template. We give our problem definition in Section 3.1. Then, in Section 3.2, we present our framework to solve the problem. 3.1 Problem definition Let D be a set of records and C be a set of dimension attributes Figure 2: D4C Architecture in a database. We define data slice S as a subset of D cuboid sliced by choosing a single value Y for dimension attribute c ∈ C as follows: We apply the D4C to the sales data provided from one of the largest fashion EC site in Japan. The data contains transactions S := σc=Y (D) (6) from April 2015 to March 2016 at the site. The analysis results give us interesting observations and helps making decisions on A query template is given by data analysts in advance. We define sales strategies. a set of data slices S and query template q as follows: Organization This paper is organized as follows. We explain |C | Ø local outlier factor as preliminaries in Section 2. Then, we describe S := {σc i =Y (D)|Y ∈ values(c i )} (7) outlier detection for data slices in Section 3 We give analysis i=1 results for a sales data of fashion EC site by applying D4C in Section 4. We describe related work in Section 5 and conclude q(S) := д G f (m) (S) (8) this paper in Section 6. where values(c i ) is a set of unique values of dimension attribute c i ∈ C, д is a dimension attribute for group-by operation, m 2 LOCAL OUTLIER FACTOR is a measure attribute for aggregate function, and f is an ag- As preliminary, we introduce an outlier detection technique, gregate function. G groups the records using д and aggregates local outlier factor (LOF) [2]. LOF is based on the idea of local the grouped values of m using f . Since query result q(S) is a density in multi-dimensional space. For each data point, we can sequence of pair , we compute LOF value that indicates the outlierness among its near- introduce function t: sequence → point(V [N ]) so that we est neighbors. Intuitively, the LOF value of data point A is high map a query result to a data point in the N -dimentional space if its local density is low and those of A’s nearest neighbors are for computing LOF value. high. Consider data point A, which is represented by a pair of N positive real numbers ai (1 ≤ i ≤ N ): Definition 1. The problem here is to identify the top-n data slices in S that generate views with the largest LOF values for given A := [a 1 , a 2 , · · · , a N ] (1) query template q, defined as follows: n We denote Nk (A), the set of k or more nearest neighbors of A, argmax LOF (t(q(S))) which is defined as follows: S ∈S Nk (A) := {B ∈ P − {A} | d(A, B) ≤ k-distance(A)} (2) Example 3.1. Remember the analysis example in Fig.1. In this case, ItemN ame is used as a dimension attribute, so S = { “Item A”, where P is a set of data points, d(A, B) is the Euclidean distance “Item B”, · · · , “Item J” }. Since X axis and Y axis indicate months between two data points A and B, k-distance(A) is the Euclidean and normalized sales sum, respectively, q(S) is expressed as: distance between A and the kth closest data point to A. The LOF value of A is defined as follows: q(S) = month G sum(sal es) (S) lrdk (B) / |Nk (A)| Í B ∈N k (A) 3.2 D4C Framework LOF (A) := (3) lrdk (A) We develop D4C on top of a relational database, a framework That is, LOF (A) is the ratio of the average density of A’s nearest for automatically identifying top-n local outliers among OLAP neighbors (B ∈ Nk (A)) to A’s density. The density of A, lrdk (A), query results. Fig. 2 depicts the D4C architecture. D4C automati- is the inverse of the average reachable distance from A’s k nearest cally generates and executes OLAP queries from a query template neighbors to A, which is defined as follows: specified by users, and then identifies top-n local outliers among |Nk (A)| the OLAP query results by computing LOF value each query lrdk (A) := Í (4) result. The data analysis by D4C consists of three components: B ∈N (A) reach-distk (A, B) k Query Generator Given that users specify query template where reach-distk (A, B) is a reachable distance from B to A de- q, the query generator lists up various data slices S, instan- fined next: tiate OLAP queries ({q(S) | S ∈ S}) by combining each data slice S with the query template q, and then executes reach-distk (A, B) := max{d(A, B), k-distance(B)} (5) those queries. In Equation (5), k-distance(B) is a term for reducing statistical Outlier Detector The outlier detector computes the LOF fluctuation [2]. Additionally, the value of k should be 10 or more value for each query result and identifies top-n outliers to remove unwanted statistical fluctuations. based on the LOF values. values by the aggregate function for the aggregate attribute. Each aggregated value is normalized as the ratio, so that the trend of each data slice can be equally compared on the same scale. 4 DATA ANALYSIS In this section, we report the analysis results obtained by ap- plying D4C to the sales data provided from one of the largest fashion EC site in Japan. We observe that D4C automatically finds interesting results that are no easily obtained by traditional analysis tools which requires manual labors. We also discuss how the results can help making decisions on sales strategies. 4.1 Dataset and query templates Figure 3: A visualized result in a 3-dimensional Euclidean Fashion EC dataset: We used a dataset of transactions made space. Top 20 data slices with large LOF values are colored at a fashion EC, which is provided through Joint Association in red. Study Group of Management Science. The data of the fashion EC contains 1, 111, 365 records obtained from April 2015 to March 2016 and its size is 5, 384 MB. Each record contains the attributes View Generator The view generator generates views of the of the purchased item, the purchased user type, purchased date, query results identified as top-n outliers and then displays discount rate, and the questionnaire result. The item type in- them on the system. cludes its sales price, category, color, brand, provider (shop), and Query Generator size. The user type includes his/her sex, age, and living place Users can generate various types of OLAP queries by changing (prefecture and region). query templates. They specify a query template, q = д G f (m) , (di- Query templates: Table 1 shows five query templates used in mension attribute д, measure attribute m, and aggregate function the experiments. The dimensions [#] column indicates the car- f ) and a set of dimension attribute, C, for extracting data slices. dinality of Group-by attribute column, which is the number of unique values of Group-by attribute. The data slices [#] col- Example 3.2. Remember again the example in Fig. 1. OLAP umn indicates the cardinality of the attributes used for extracting queries are {q(S) | S ∈ S}. One of the OLAP queries is expressed Data slice. We set the number of nearest neighbors k of LOF at by an SQL statement as follows: 10 by following the tips described in [2]. SELECT Month, SUM(Sales) FORM D 4.2 Result of Analysis WHERE ItemName = 'Item A' We show the analysis results and describe interesting observa- GROUP BY Month; tions that may help making decisions on sales strategies. Figs. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 depict the identified local outliers with their nearest Outlier Detector neighbors. They are generated from the five query templates in For each generated OLAP query for data slice S, D4C retrieves Table 1. In each figure, the identified local outlier is colored by the query result from the database. This component identifies red, ten data slices in the neighbor of the identified local outlier top-n local outliers by computing LOF value for each query result, are colored by orange, and the average of all data slices is colored q(S) where S ∈ S. The local outlier detection is performed for by blue. data points in a N dimensional Euclidean space (N represents Q1: Which Category is the most Local Outlier in the av- the number of the values of the group-by attribute). That is, erage sales grouped-by Prefecture? The result is depicted in this component transforms each query result with N aggregated Fig. 4. We observe that “trash box” category is identified as the values to a data point in N dimensional Euclidean space, and most local outlier among other categories. The figure shows that then computes the LOF value for each data point. For instance, there are exceptional values in several prefectures. For example, the number of dimensions of Euclidean space N is 12 in the “trash box” sales both in Osaka and Fukushima (16th and 4th case where the group-by attribute is “sales month” (“January”, values from the right on X axis in Fig. 4, respectively) are higher “February”, · · · , “December”). Fig. 3 depicts top-20 local outliers than their nearest neighbors, while in Kumamoto it is lower than in the three dimensional Euclidean space for data slices whose its nearest neighbors. This result is explained by the fact of the number of values of the group-by attribute is three. From this annual emission of garbage per person reported by the Ministry figure, we observe that the data points with high LOF values are of the Environment1 . Osaka was ranked at the top in the emission not away from the average position of the all data points, but are of garbage in 2014. Fukushima was always ranked in top-5 from deviated from its nearest neighbors. 2014 to 2017. In contrast, Kumamoto was ranked in very low View Generator level. Thus, the outlier detection reveals some hidden knowledge This component generates views that visualize the query re- from the given dataset. Another observation we found is that sults with top-n highest LOF values in line/column charts. For the sales of “trash box” in Gunma and Niigata are relatively low, reference, we also visualize the nearest neighbors of the outliers although these prefectures were ranked in top-10 of the emission so that how the outliers are deviated from their nearest neigh- of garbage per person. This investigation implies that there is a bors. In these views, the horizontal axis denotes the values of the 1 https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/waste_tech/ippan group-by attribute and the vertical axis denotes the aggregated Table 1: Query templates Query Pattern Group-by attribute Aggregate function / attribute Dimensions [#] data slices [#] Q1 Prefecture AVG / Sales Price 47 226 Q2 Prefecture COUNT / Order 47 226 Q3 Purchased date SUM / Sales Price 12 226 Q4 Age SUM / Sales Price 6 226 Q5 Region COUNT / Order 8 226 Figure 4: local outlier “trash box” in the average sales grouped by 47 prefectures is as follows. In Japan, we have a custom to send gifts that re- late to suits (bow ties, necktie pins, suspenders, cuff links) to new business persons in March/April or give accessories (key cases/accessories) to lovers in Christmas season. Therefore, the profit of the sales can be increased by recommending users “cuff links” with long-sleeved shirts in winter and with thin long- sleeved shirts in summer. Q3: Which Category is the most Local Outlier in the Or- der Count grouped-by Prefecture? The result is depicted in Fig. 6. We observe that “sun visors” is identified as the most local outlier, since it has an exceptional trend in several prefectures compared with its nearest neighbors. For example, the sales of Figure 5: local outlier “cuff links” in the sum of the sales “sun visors” are extremely high in Ibaraki and Gunma, but it is grouped by months low in Hokkaido. This result is explained by the fact of the annual sunshine hours reported by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Ibaraki and Gunma were ranked within potential demand of “trash box” for customers in those prefec- top-5 in 47 prefectures in 2014. In Hokkaido, the annual sunshine tures: we can leverage it to improve the profit of the sales. Also, hours is lower than average and the average air temperature is it would increase the profit if we sell a pair of “trash box” and relatively low, so the customers in Hokkaido are not expected its nearest neighbors, such as bath towels and slippers, because to use “sun visors”. Therefore, it may be possible to increase the their sale treads are close each other. profit of the sales by recommending sunshade hats and sunlight Q2: Which Category is the most Local Outlier in the control items to the customers, who live in the prefectures with Sum of the Sales grouped-by Month? The result is depicted long annual sunshine hours or high average air temperature. in Fig. 5. This figure shows the yearly sales trend of men’s ac- From another perspective, the result may follow the Golf popula- cessories (yellow lines), such as suspenders and necktie pins. tion2 . According to this external dataset, the Golf population in “cuff links” (red line) is identified as the most local outlier, which Ibaragi and Gunma rank at 1 and 7, respectively. shows a different trend from other categories. In particular, the Q4: Which Category is the most Local Outlier in the sales from June to August are remarkably low and they are high Sum of the Sales of each Age range of women? The result in December, March, and April. The reason is that, since it is is depicted in Fig. 7. We observe that “necktie pins” is identified summer from June to August in Japan and the temperature is as the most local outlier. It is interesting to find that all its nearest high, we rarely wear long-sleeved shirts and thus we do not need 2 https://todo-ran.com/t/kiji/19677 cuff links. In other seasons, we wear them. Another observation Figure 6: local outlier “sun visors” in the order count grouped by 47 prefectures Figure 7: local outlier “necktie pins” in the sum of the sales grouped by age ranges of women Figure 8: local outlier “ashtray/ignitor” in the order count grouped by eight regions neighbors are the types of women’s items, however, only “necktie pins” is the type of men’s items. The sales of “necktie pins” is exceptional, in particular, it is high for the age range of the early Table algebra. Tableau is a commercial data visualization tool 20’s women and low in the late 30’s or later. We conjecture that for data analysts, which is developed based on Polaris. These the 20’s women present “necktie pins” to their boyfriends in the visualization tools automatically select an optimal visualization same age range, because there are many men who start jobs in settings for a dataset, however they require manual selection of their 20’s. Therefore, there is a possibility that the sales can be all attributes for analysis. Google Fusion Tables and DEVise [12] increased by recommending young women “necktie pins” just are tools that automate processes of collecting, integrating, and before major anniversaries, Christmas day, or birthday. visualizing data from multiple data sources. Google Fusion Table Q5: Which Category is the most Local Outlier in the gathers various data from the Web, and then creates a table by Count of the Orders of each Region? The result is depicted in integrating the data, and then visualizes analysis results. DEVise Fig. 8. We observe that “ashtrays/ignitor” is identified as the most is a data search system that enables users to view and share local outlier. This figure also shows that the Tohoku region is the visualized analysis results of huge datasets composed of multiple only source of the outlierness. We conjecture that the reason is data sources. that smoking rate is higher in northern part of Japan, including There are many exploratory data analysis techniques, such Tohoku region, as reported in “Overview of National Life Basic as Sarawagi [16], Tang et al. [21], MuVE [5] SEEDB [15, 23, 24], Survey” 3 by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Mizuno et al. [13], and Zenvisage [17, 18]. Sarawagi [16] pro- posed a method that searches for a specific single cell in a multi- 5 RELATED WORK dimensional data cube. Tang et al. [21] proposed a systematic framework that searches for top-n analysis results based on both In this section, we review the related work to our work. We de- multiple utility functions and select operation in order to au- scribe visualization and analysis tools, exploratory data analysis tomatically extract multiple insights without any user inputs. techniques, and LOF techniques. MyVE [5] quantifies each view of data slice by using multiple As for the data visualization, Polaris [19] is a system that utility functions in order to enable group-by in numerical dimen- integrates basic database queries with visualization by using sions, which are not supported by SEEDB, and then identifies 3 https://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/c-hoken/03/hyo2.html OLAP queries with high usefulness. Although SEEDB [15, 23, 24], Mizuno et al. [13], and Zenvisage [17, 18] are different from each [12] Miron Livny, Raghu Ramakrishnan, Kevin Beyer, Guangshun Chen, Donko other in terms of analysis workflow, all of them evaluate the out- Donjerkovic, Shilpa Lawande, Jussi Myllymaki, and Kent Wenger. 1997. DE- Vise: integrated querying and visual exploration of large datasets. ACM lierness of data slices according to the aspect of the global outlier. SIGMOD Record 26, 2 (June 1997), 301–312. Our framework, D4C, automatically searches for exceptional data [13] Yohei Mizuno, Yuya Sasaki, and Makoto Onizuka. 2017. Efficient Data Slice Search for Exceptional View Detection. In International Workshop On Design, slices in a similar way as the systems [13, 17, 18] but it employs Optimization, Languages and Analytical Processing of Big Data. LOF for detecting unexpected trends. [14] Spiros Papadimitriou, Hiroyuki Kitagawa, Phillip B. Gibbons, and Christos LOF is a major technique of anomaly detection, and thus there Faloutsos. 2003. LOCI: Fast Outlier Detection Using the Local Correlation Integral. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering. are many derivatives techniques [3]. LOCI [14] speeds up com- 315–326. puting LOF values by introducing a new outlier measure by using [15] Aditya Parameswaran, Neoklis Polyzotis, and Hector Garcia-Molina. 2013. the standard deviation of the local density of k nearest neigh- SeeDB: Visualizing Database Queries Efficiently. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 7, 4 (December 2013), 325–328. bors. LoOP [10] introduces a probabilistic concept to LOF so that [16] Sunita Sarawagi. 2000. User-Adaptive Exploration of Multidimensional Data. it makes consistent to quantitative interpretation of local out- In Proceedings of the International Conference on Very Large Data Bases. 307– 316. liers even in the distance space having a multimodal distribution. [17] Tarique Siddiqui, Albert Kim, John Lee, Karrie Karahalios, and Aditya Knorr’s method [9] divides the distance space into hypergrids for Parameswaran. 2016. Effortless Data Exploration with Zenvisage: An Ex- reducing computation cost with respect to the number of data pressive and Interactive Visual Analytics System. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 10, 4 (November 2016), 457–468. linearly. [18] Tarique Siddiqui, John Lee, Albert Kim, Edward Xue, Chaoran Wang, Yuxuan Zou, Lijin Guo, Changfeng Liu, Xiaofo Yu, Karrie Karahalios, et al. 2017. Fast- Forwarding to Desired Visualizations with zenvisage. In Biennial Conference 6 CONCLUSION on Innovative Data Systems Research. [19] Chris Stolte, Diane Tang, and Pat Hanrahan. 2002. Polaris: A System for Query, We described D4C, which automatically identifies top-n data Analysis, and Visualization of Multidimensional Relational Databases. IEEE slices that generate local outlier results of automatically gener- Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 8, 1 (Jan. 2002), 52–65. [20] Bo Tang, Shi Han, Man Lung, Yiu Rui, and Ding Dongmei. 2017. Extracting ated OLAP queries. 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