=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2388/paper1
|storemode=property
|title=Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2388/paper1.pdf
|volume=Vol-2388
|authors=Felix Gniza,Florian Strecker
}}
==Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2388/paper1.pdf
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors
Felix Gniza Florian Strecker
actnconnect actnconnect
New York, United States Nuremberg, Germany
Felix.Gniza@actnconnect.com Florian.Strecker@actnconnect.com
KEYWORDS (interoperability). This requires a new dimension of
Interoperability, Network, Internet of Actors, platform agility, speed of change, participation and autonomy in
economy, entrepreneurial diversity, communication business IT.
infrastructure, Semantic, software applications,
Transformation, Governance, value, Market Potential, The so-called platform economy, based on geographical,
Community, Tiers, Smart Actors, building blocks, sector-specific and/or proprietary approaches, leads either
Operating System, business choreographies, to the formation of monopolies (B2C such as Google,
decentralization,
Amazon, Facebook) or to a multitude of platforms (B2B).
However, all existing B2C platforms show that a platform
FORWORD can only be fully effective if almost all users use the same
platform. The B2B platforms enable communication for
This document describes our path and the economics of the their respective sub-communities but are not interoperable
interdisciplinary Interoperability Network, a so called with each other.
‘Internet of Actors’. We, the authors, have our background
in business mathematics and business informatics. In order This interoperability, which is so necessary, does
to grasp the manifold tasks and to develop the methodical not exist today [...]. However, there are also
and technological concept of the Interoperability Network, market participants who expect benefits from this
it was important for us to expand our circle of consultants obstacle: »Those providers whose systems
in order to capture and take all requirements and determine the market are generally favoured by
development trends into account. Our closest consultants this deficit. Here interoperability is an important
are therefore recruited from the following areas of mechanism for reducing existing economic and
expertise: technical dependencies, especially for the
German, predominantly medium-sized industry«.
• Computer Science, Communication Technology, (1)
Production Automation
• Knowledge Management, Business Administration The above quote from Bitkom is not only valid for the
with Organizational Science and Business Process German economy but also for the European and even
Management global economy and should be a wake-up call for most
• Economics and Socioeconomics corporations. For the business sector this means absolute
dependence on the preferred platform provider. (2) In
In preparing this document, we have not only felt the addition to this dependency, a second situation
language barrier between the classical languages, but automatically arises that threatens the existence of any
above all between the different subject areas. There are enterprise, since a location outside the enterprise is created
numerous cases in which, depending on the discipline, where all data can be collected and evaluated across all
sometimes even within a discipline, the same subject enterprises. The platform providers have sovereignty over
matter has different names. These differences have everything that happens on these platforms. Since platform
repeatedly led to long discussions and an intensive search customers have no say and no participation, this model is
for the "right" word. We hope that we have always found developing more and more into a serious challenge for the
it in this document. digital transformation and Industry 4.0.
1 Initial Situation Particularly in the business sector, there is often the
additional demand and necessity to give more autonomy to
the acting employees or divisions of the company to
Intra- and inter-company workflows are changing from
collaborate on the solution of their topics. There is also an
classic, predefined, inflexible business processes to global,
increasing need to equip machines/devices with more
agile value networks. Man, machine and software modules
autonomy in accordance with today's technological
work and communicate integrated and coordinated on
possibilities.
application level to achieve their objectives together
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker
We want to ensure and sustain the entrepreneurial diversity 2.1 Methodical Technical Characterization
and sovereignty of the participants in the digital economy. of Interoperability
The growing social sensitivity towards platforms leads to
The definition of a network also applies to a (software-
the conclusion that social development lies in a digital
based) interoperability network:
Interoperbility Network and will thus lead to a network
economy.
The term network is generally used to describe
structures and systems that consist of a set of
2 Characterization of an Interoperability elements (nodes) that are linked together via
Network connections. [...] The simple principle of nodes
and connections allows a multitude of different
Network commerce has consequences that go far architectures. Networks form open structures that
beyond just a business model. are able to expand without boundaries and to
integrate new nodes as long as they are able to
communicate within the network. (5)
Markets are based on mistrust,
Networks on trust.
Markets are based on the pursuit of self- Both (software) nodes and connections must be defined in
interest, the interoperability network.
Networks on shared interests.
Markets are arm‘s-length transactions, The EU has generally defined interoperability as follows:
Networks are intimate relationships.
Markets are competitive, Interoperability is the ability of organisations to
Networks are cooperative. (3) interact towards mutually beneficial goals,
involving the sharing of information and
The above quote from Jeremy Rifkin shows in an knowledge between these organisations, through
exaggerated way the differences between markets and the business processes they support, by means of
networks. In the network economy, we are not only talking the exchange of data between their ICT systems.
about a single software application, but an infrastructure (4)
for many/all applications.
In addition to the written definition, we also see in Figure
2 the profound meaning of the term interoperability for the
digital world. The interdisciplinary stack for
interoperability is created.
Figure 1 Number of Business Software Applications
per Company (Schematic Diagram)
Figure 1 shows how the number of software applications
in companies has gradually increased over the past Figure 2 EIF-Layers (4)
decades, partly because automation has increased. Today,
large companies have more than 1000 different software A distinction is made between four layers of
applications in use to support their employees in their work interoperability. Although the layers build on each other,
or to manage their workflows. This constant integration the aim is to develop the layers as independently as
task across all systems and releases consumes a large part possible.
of the existing IT budget. At the same time, the complexity
of the requirements continues to increase exponentially, • Technical Interoperability
e.g. due to the IoT, AI and the topics related to Industry
4.0 with their horizontal and vertical integration. The layer at which all basic technical agreements
are made that enable meeting the requirements of
the upper three layers; here the nodes and
Chapter 2.1 describes the methodological and technical connections of the interoperability network are
characteristics of an Interoperability Network based on the defined;
EU Interoperability Framework (EIF) (4) and Chapter 2.2
explains the organisational characteristics. • Semantic Interoperability
The layer that ensures that the organisational,
content, communicative and legal requirements are
described in such a way that they can be
S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 2 of 9
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker
implemented with the technology agreed at the variety of devices and software solutions are developed
layer of Technical Interoperability; that are interchangeable thanks to standardized
communication. Standardization prevents the lock-in
• Organizational Interoperability
effect to hard-and software vendors (vendor lock-in) and
The layer at which all organizational and context- at the same time guarantees the diversity that is desired and
relevant facts are described and specified between necessary in social policy. Examples are the GSM protocol
the participants resp. those responsible on the basis for mobile communication as well as the TCP/IP protocol
of the agreed semantics; for the expansion of the Internet.
• Legal Interoperability
Figure 3 shows in exemplary fashion this development
The layer at which the legal framework is
since the 1970/80s, when the OSI 7-layer model (6) was
coordinated by the parties involved. For the digital
world, the legal framework is also described in developed. Over time, one layer after another was
semantics. From this follows automatically the standardized, and thus, on the one hand, the vendor lock-
requirement on the involved parties to determine in was pushed back and, on the other hand, the
these rules so exactly that the guidelines allow a manufacturers of software applications no longer had to
technically distinct processing. develop the communication layers. This was just one
reason why less IT and comomnication expertise was
The technical and semantic interoperability layers and required for software application development.
their derived scope of services thus represent the software
infrastructure for all layers in the EU Framework. This is At the same time, however, the scope and complexity of
the prerequisite for global value creation networks. the requirements increased steadily. Another driver for
increased complexity will be the IoT with its trillions of
software modules just as the ever faster change of business
2.1.1 Technical interoperability with its
models requires a new dimension of software agility.
communication at application level
Internet of Things, Internet of Everything, Industry 4.0,
Networked Economy and Digitalization imply the vision
of a global communication network on application level
(Interoperbility Network). The particular challenge is the
inter-company communication, which requires the
interoperability of all digital network nodes. Global
interoperability can only be achieved through
standardization.
Figure 3 Impact of New Communication Standards on
Business IT (Interoperability Network and
Over the past four decades, the telecommunications
Communication Orientation)
industry and the IT industry have shown that standardized,
global communication networks generate enormous
wealth effects. The Internet and the global mobile network In order to overcome this increase in complexity and
are the most prominent examples. Global communication avoid the lock-in effect of the platforms, an Interoperbility
networks fulfill two mutually dependent requirements, Network must be created in which the digital nodes
they are supported by a largely democratically organized connect via a universal and standardized communication
community, and the technologies and architectures used protocol.
offer members of the community the opportunity to
participate. In an Interoperbility Network, software applications are
created by connecting autonomous software nodes. This
A sustainable digital, global communication infrastructure means a paradigm shift for the development of software
on application level (Interoperbility Network), which applications. The focus is no longer on object orientation,
enables its users to participate, can be identified by the but on the communication of the digital nodes.
following criteria:
2.1.2 Semantic Interoperability as a Basis
• scientifically proven for the Simplicity of Software Application
• unique, modular, standardized, interoperable, Development
• democratic, regulated, non-discriminatory
• decentralized, horizontal The creation of software has developed considerably over
the past decades and has become simpler in many ways.
Standardization in the field of communication technology (see also Figure 4) In order to program a fixed scope of
has always led to a great leap in the dissemination of
services, only a fraction of the effort and knowledge
technological progress in recent decades. At the same time,
required in the 1970s and 1980s is required today.
standardization has always laid the technical foundation
Programming languages have become more powerful, and
for a new market. Based on a common standard, a wide
S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 3 of 9
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker
object orientation in particular has led to a considerable also due to the larger performance volume of programming
increase in performance. Today, small and singular tasks languages and their tools.
can be programmed and solved very quickly.
Figure 4 shows that the current software development
process will collapse with an exponentially increasing
number of software applications unless it is fundamentally
simplified and automated. Only then can it meet the user
requirements of an Interoperability Network.
The following functionalities are required:
• Definition of (software) nodes and connections to
Figure 4 Change in the Allocation of Tasks in the enable the multi-use (also automatic) of each node.
Software Development Process • Autonomy of the software nodes to replace
orchestration by choreography (7) and thus achieve
Figure 4 shows how the software development process agility at node level.
has changed over the decades. In order to illustrate the • simple semantics based on nodes and connections
change, especially the manual effort, one can define the to describe business requirements
following three areas for the division of work in the • immediate executability of semantics (Turing
software development process: complete)
o to eliminate the costs of
transformation, misunderstandings
• Description of Requirements and translation errors
o to reduce the knowledge required for
comprises all work from the analysis of the task
programming and execution
to the optimization of the way of working and
processing. Various tools are available for this
implementation, from pure text systems to Above functionalities ensure that a software application is
complex model languages such as BPMN. The established in the Interoperbility Network and that the
required expertise in this area is characterized by Description of Requirements and the Programming &
the required business requirements and less by Execution segments merge into a new segment called
IT knowledge. Executable Description. The transformation segment is
• Transformation simplified and therefore requires much less effort.
contains the work that is necessary to develop an
Based on the specifications made in the areas of technical
IT concept from requirements. This also
includes tasks such as integration into the and semantic interoperability, the organisational and legal
existing IT landscape and synchronization of the requirements are identified, defined and implemented.
various IT teams. Working methods such as
SCRUM are used in this segment to resolve 2.2 Organizational Characterization of
misunderstandings and translation errors as
quickly as possible. In this area, expertise in Interoperability
business, organization and IT, including
programming, is required. The technical and methodological approach of an
Interoperbility Network is supplemented by economic and
social considerations. Standardization is an important
• Programming and Execution prerequisite for global interoperability.
contains the programming in the respective
programming language with the corresponding An Interoperbility Network is like a digital economic
tools and the execution on the target system space with a single type of product - software.
including all necessary testing and operating
conditions.
It needs democratic structures for standardization,
participation of users and ongoing technical and economic
Due to the increasing complexity of business development. This must be ensured by an ordoliberal
requirements, the description of requirements segment is framework.
increasing in relation to total effort. (see also Figure 4) The
same effect can be seen in the segment of transformation,
which has expanded considerably over the decades due to 2.2.1 Governance
more complex tasks, larger project teams, the dissolution
of software monoliths into smaller service units and the Governance also plays an essential role in a digital
need for integration into existing IT landscapes. In the economy and must be future proof. Governance structures
segment of pure programming, on the other hand, the of successful digital communities can serve as guidelines,
relative effort has decreased considerably in recent years, such as those of the IHE community in the healthcare
industry. (8)
S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 4 of 9
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker
2.2.2 Guidelines for the governance of an it. This value creation network with its users and rules can
Interoperability Network be completely digitally modeled. It ensures that all
agreements are executed as negotiated between the users.
• Participaton: Membership should be open to all The digitization of the management of an Interoperability
interested parties. Private sub-communities (e.g. Network will affect all areas:
companies, countries, etc.) could adopt their own
rules and structures within the framework.
• Project management, controlling and partner
• Transparency: Fundamental information on and human resources management
governance, activities and decisions should be • Knowledge management, quality assurance and
accessible to all users. user training
• Representation of users: The Governance and all • Legal management, the accounting of all
administrative activities are representing the will services and the coordination of users along the
and the needs of a wide range of users governance.
• Scientific support: Consulting accompaniment and
partnership by scientific organizations are of crucial An Interoperability Network can provide a global digital
importance to ensure the further development to the
marketplace to enable users to trade software applications
benefit of the users.
and business choreographies. All functions and processes
• Representation of the industry: The commitment of
on such a marketplace can be executed digitally.
providers in the IT industry (hardware, software,
system integration, IT operations) is substantial for Standardization and interoperability ensure that by design
the marketability of an Interoperability Network. interoperable software applications are provided (technical
• Non-partisanship and balance of interests: No matching). All users can join the marketplace.
special interest should dominate the decision-
making processes. Such a marketplace should essentially meet the following
• Efficient decision-making structures: Decisions criteria:
should be taken through procedures that ensure that
all opinions are taken into account. There should
also be a dispute settlement process.
• High scalability and reach
• Consensus: In all decisions, the greatest possible
• Exclusively quality-assured software applications
and business choreographies from certified
consent by users should be sought.
providers/users
• Competition: Users of an interoperability network
include business organisations that compete directly
• Individual pricing and remuneration of the
providers/users in accordance with agreed
with each other. The governance of an
compliance
interoperability network must therefore ensure
compliance with the relevant legal requirements, • Closed sub-marketplaces or multihoming for users,
including antitrust law. user groups or industries
• Relevance: The governance of an interoperability
network should pay particular attention to the
applicability of the technologies and structures
developed.
3 Economic Aspects in an Interoparability
• Effectiveness: Decisions should be designed in
such a way that they can be implemented as quickly Network
as possible.
• Interoperability orientation: Sustainable In a software infrastructure as represented by an
Interoperability should be given the highest priority Interoperability Network, software shows specific
in the further development of an Interoperability characteristics such as:
Network.
• high production costs in relation to lowest marginal
2.2.3 The Value of an Interoperability costs
Network for the User • complex protectability
• costly proof of use
The value of any infrastructure increases with the number
of users. For an Interoperability Network, mechanisms The associated difficulties of valuation and remuneration
should be developed to reward early adopters. For mechanisms deserve special attention.
example, usage certificates could be issued which, similar
to tokens in Blockchains, grow in value with increasing
In order to address the problem of the valuation of
usage. software, the valuation for the use of the Interoperability
Network could consist of two components, a base
2.2.4 Digital Management of an component and a market component.
Interoperability Network
A base component can be automatically calculated using a
An Interoperability Network becomes a value creation predefined algorithm and distributed to the users involved
network through the economic activities that take place on in development or operations. Each software application
S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 5 of 9
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker
should have a base component to ensure a fair minimum Besides the governance and the economic view on the
remuneration of the users. Internet of Actors, we will focus in particular on the
following for the remainder of this document:
A market component that can be freely negotiated among
all participating users of the Interoperability Network can • the technological developments leading to the
be added. This process can also be implemented largely decentral and interoperable Internet of Actors, and
digitally. • the possible framework to ensure fair remuneration
for the services provided by each member.
All rules and processes for valuation should be
continuously adapted by the members and committees of The scientific technological core of the Internet of Actors
the Interoperability Network. is described in the white paper "Internet of Actors, a Peer-
to-Peer Value Creation Network" (9) by actnconnect.
The Internet of Actors covers the following main topics,
which must be further elaborated by the community of the
4 Market Potential of an Interoperability Internet of Actors:
Network
• Governance of the Community
An Interoperability Network should provide an attractive, • Smart Actor Economy
fair and performance-oriented framework for all users.
• Community Management
By establishing global, interoperable B2B value creation 5.1 The Software Building Blocks of the
networks, the size of the expected economic area can far
exceed that of the existing Internet. It can be assumed that
Internet of Actors
an increasing migration of proprietary IT systems and
platforms into a global Interoperability Network will take The Smart Actors (software nodes) are the smallest self-
place. This can create a global Network comparable to the sufficient value creation building blocks of the Internet of
Internet or mobile networks. Actors. To simplify the requirements gathering these
Smart Actors are available in three basic variations:
In the long term, the available global market potential of Business Actor, Service Actor and Physical Actor (see also
an Interoperability Network can reach the aggregated Figure 5).
global market volume forecasts for the IoT, Industry 4.0
and digitalization in general. The level of welfare gain for
the international community can only be imagined and
should be many times higher.
A global Interoperability Network offers attractive
strategic investments in a sustainable ordoliberal digital
space. Users maintain their independence, and investors
make targeted long-term commitments.
Figure 5 The Smart Actor as the Incremental
Software Building Block
The Smart Actors communicate with each other (network
5 The Internet of Actors as an connections) utilizing a to be standardized universal
Interoperability Network protocol which we call Role Behavior Interface (RBI). (9)
In order to achieve the characteristics of the The definition of the Smart Actor with its three basic
Interoperability Network, actnconnect has developed a variations and the RBI result in a universal modular
modular software network architecture based on scientific software system. From these basic options, an infinite
methodologies. The core of this network are the nodes we number of individual task-specific Smart Actors can now
call Smart Actor (9). We therefore call the Interoperability be modeled. With this software toolkit, all domain-specific
Network 'Internet of Actors' (IoA). functions of the value creation networks can be
implemented. The domain-independent Smart Actor
Software applications on the Internet of Actors consist of Operating System (SmAOS) is added to this toolkit. (see
any number of independent and interoperable Smart also Figure 6)
Actors. Software applications are created agilely and
dynamically using the ability to connect Smart Actors in a This separation of individual functionalities and the
standardized way. This results in cross-company value operating system for value creation networks in
creation networks. (see also (9)) connection with the communication of the Smart Actors
ensures that each Smart Actor has its own independent
S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 6 of 9
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker
versioning on application level. This allows to run the Autonomous systems such as Smart Actors therefore no
release cycles of the SmAOS and the Smart Actors longer require an orchestrating body. This characteristic
separately. leads to the name Business Choreography. Each Smart
Actor can be used in 1 to n business choreographies, and
the SmAOS identifies potential communication partners
automatically. This will lead to a very high re-usage
probability and thus to a high number of uses.
The IoAN's scope of services is synchronized with that of
the Smart Actors and SmAOS building block system, so
that any complex and interoperable business
choreographies can be created as value-added networks.
Figure 6 Actorsphere
5.3 Interoperability in the Internet of Actors
To ensure the technical interoperability according to in all Layers
chapter 2.1.1 we offer this modular software toolkit. It
consists of:
Summarising the previous chapters, we see that the issue
of interoperability, as elaborated by the EU, has not only
• Smart Actors, and been met, but in some respects further completed. From
• the Smart Actor Operating System, as well as the perspective of the Internet of Actors, the definition of
contained therein interoperability is then as follows:
• the cross-domain Role Behavior Interface (RBI)
connecting all building blocks. Interoperability means that software building blocks
can communicate with each other according to the
5.2 The Requirements Gathering in the agreements of the partners and work together towards
Interoperability Network common goals. This is independent of the producers of
software building blocks involved. It includes
According to Figure 4, column "Communication", the
segment of transformation is minimized despite the
increasing complexity of the requirements because, with • communicating peer-to-peer with
the help of the modular software design and the semantics each other,
of this modular software design, the structure and • working together as intended, even in
communication of each software node is unified and complex, global value creation
networks and business processes, and
standardized. We call this semantics "Internet of Actors
Notation" (IoAN). As a result, the IT knowledge required • supporting and enabling
collaboration between man, machine
is considerably reduced, because the IoAN is a
and software.
straightforward semantic for describing business
requirements which enables immediate execution in the
SmAOS. (Turing complete (9).
Many communicating Smart Actors result in a software
application or what we call a business choreography. (see
also Figure 7)
Figure 8 Positioning of the Interoperability Network
in the EIF (4)
This results in the following implementation and extension
of EIF's interoperability when using the modular software
system: (see also Figure 8)
Figure 7 The Business Choreography of Value
Networks
• Technical Interoperability is ensured in the IoA by
the modular system with the structure and
A core feature of business choreographies is that all Smart definition of the Smart Actors, together with the
Actors are autonomously acting units. This also implies RBI as communication protocol and the SmAOS.
that each Smart Actor has access to all information about • Semantic Interoperability is ensured by the IoAN
its communication behavior and all required rules. semantics with complete synchronicity to the
technical structure in combination with immediate
executability (Turing complete).
S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 7 of 9
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker
• Organizational Interoperability is achieved when a 5.5 The Community Members of the
business choreography is agreed between all Internet of Actors and their Tasks
participants and used in the IoA.
• Legal Interoperability is achieved when legal
requirements are translated into clear rules in a From a business point of view, the first thing we notice in
business choreography and these become part of the Figure 10 is all Tier-C participants. At this level,
relevant Smart Actors. domain-specific business knowledge is necessary. This is
where the contextual structure of the to be created domain-
5.4 Tiers of the Internet of Actors specific value creation network is designed and defined.
The required Smart Actors are selected with a matching
The IoA in its structure and the used methods results in the process or produced in Tier-B. A lively exchange and
development of four Tiers for business concepts. (see also communication between the aadjacent levels is
indispensable.
Figure 9)
Figure 10 Interaction between Tiers
Figure 9 Community Tiers of the IoA
Tier-B and -C use the Smart Actors and business
Base choreographies of Tier-A as tools for their work. From
The base is the foundation of the Tiers A to C. This level Base to Tier-C, this distribution of tasks will result in a
is a cross domain infrastructure level. Here the central decreasing need for expertise in the methodologies of the
components of the basic types of Smart Actors, RBI, Interoperability Network. However, an in-depth exchange
SmAOS and IoAN are developed and made available to all on the business requirements will be necessary to ensure
other Tiers as a basis. the further development of the Base and the Tier-A.
Tier-A Each member of the IoA Community can take on any role
At this level you will find all Smart Actors and Business depending on their competencies. There are the roles of
Choreographies that aim to create tools for the customer/user and, as shown in Figure 10, developer,
Interoperability Network, e.g. for modeling,
producer and business choreographer.
choreography, management, quality assurance, selection,
accounting, etc. The Smart Actors and business
choreographies of this Tier are mainly used across 6 Conclusion
domains. However, domain-specific tools can also be
created. However, a universal plug-and-play in Industry
4.0 is an illusion. There will be no Industry 4.0
Tier-B standard in the near or distant future to ensure
At this level, the Smart Actors are developed for each universal interoperability for machines and
individual domain. A domain can be an industry as well as equipment of all kinds. Even the meanwhile
a defined subject area. However, a Smart Actor created for intensified cross-industry standardization efforts
one domain can also be used in all other domains. cannot and will not achieve this. (1)
Tier-C This document shows that the technological development
Based on the Tier-B domains, in Tier-C the business has overtaken the above statement.
choreographies of the respective domain are compiled
tested and executed. The next evolutionary step in the standardization of
communication is the interoperability of software
For better orientation, we have assigned the roles applications. With this, the development of a global
commonly used today in the process from management Interoperability Network can now be initiated.
consulting to programming to the above Tiers in the IoA.
See Figure 9. We believe that for the global community the digital
economic space of this Interoperability Network will be
the democratic alternative to the platform economy, Open
Source or Open API initiatives.
S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 8 of 9
Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker
We call such global Interoperability Network the 'Internet 8 List of Figures
of Actors'.
Figure 1 Number of Business Software Applications per
Company (Schematic Diagram) .......................................2
In order to ensure technical and economic sovereignty for Figure 2 EIF-Layers (4) ...................................................2
the users of the Internet of Actors, a scientific foundation Figure 3 Impact of New Communication Standards on
of the used technologies and the rigorous decentralization Business IT (Interoperability Network and
of all activities are required. This is supported by the Communication Orientation) ...........................................3
inherent interoperability of software applications and the Figure 4 Change in the Allocation of Tasks in the
transformation from programming to modelling. The Software Development Process ........................................4
Internet of Actors software architecture ensures maximum Figure 5 The Smart Actor as the Incremental Software
automation and scalability. The result is software Building Block .................................................................6
interoperability by design. Figure 6 Actorsphere ........................................................7
Figure 7 The Business Choreography of Value Networks
An ordoliberal framework ensures sustainable governance .........................................................................................7
and fair remuneration for the services provided and used Figure 8 Positioning of the Interoperability Network in
by the users of the Internet of Actors. the EIF (4) ........................................................................7
Figure 9 Community Tiers of the IoA ..............................8
Communication itself represents a large part of economic Figure 10 Interaction between Tiers .................................8
activities. With the Internet of Actors, a global trillion
USD eco-system is emerging which offers previously
impossible efficiency gains for the benefit of common
welfare. The avoidance of monopolies and dependencies
alone justifies the efforts to build it. 9 References
1. Interoperabilität, Bitkom-Gremium Industrie 4.0.
We invite all players in scientific, economic and political Industrie 4.0 – Die Bedeutung von Interoperabilität im
life worldwide to play an active role in shaping the Internet Referenzarchitekturmodell Industrie 4.0. Berlin : Bitkom;
of Actors. Bundesverband Informationswirtschaft,
Telekommunikation und neue Medien e. V., 2017. S. 6;
11-14;, Leitfaden.
2. Parsons, Clark, et al. Fair Play in der digitalen Welt.
Berlin : Internet Economy Foundation (IE.F);Roland
Berger GmbH, 2016. S. 29-59.
3. Rifkin, Jeremy. The European Dream. [Hrsg.] Penguin
Group. USA : P.Tarcher/ Penguin, 2004. S. 192-193.
ISBN 1-58542-345-9.
7 Acknowledgements and Copyright 4. European Union. New European Interoperability
We would like to especially thank Christian Stary, Herbert Framework (EIF). [Hrsg.] Publications Office of the
Fischer, Albert Fleischmann, Anton Friedel, Florian European Union. Luxembourg : s.n., 2017. S. 15;22.
Höpfl, Stefan Heidenreich, Reinhard Gniza and the ISBN 978-92-79-63756-8.
members of the i2PM community for the detailed
5. Benger, Alf. Gestaltung von
discussions, advice and hands-on support in preparing this
Wertschöpfungsnetzwerken. [Hrsg.] Norbert Gronau.
document.
Berlin : GITO-Verlag, 2007. S. 13 ; 93 ff ;109 . ISBN 3-
CopyrightCopyright actnconnect as a division of R. Gniza 936771-96-1.
PRAXIS SOLUTIONS GmbH & Co KG, Frankenstraße
6. OSI. OSI Modell. Wikipedia. [Online] 17. 05 2019.
152 90461 Nuremberg. All rights reserved. The content of
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-Modell.
this document is subject to copyright. Changes, reductions,
extensions and additions require the prior written consent 7. Kolo, Katrin. Ode to Choreography. Organizational
of actnconnect, Nuremberg. Any reproduction is only Aesthetics. 5 2016, S. 37-46.
permitted on condition that this copyright notice is retained
on the document itself when it is reproduced. Any 8. IHE. Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise. [Online]
publication or translation requires the prior written consent 17. 05 2019. www.IHE.net.
of actnconnect, Nuremberg. "actnconnect", "actorsphere“,
”IoAN” and all Smart Actor images are trademarks or 9. Internet of Actors a Peer- to- Peer Agile Value
registered trademarks of actnconnect in Germany and in Creation Network. Strecker, Florian und Gniza, Reinhard.
many other countries. [Hrsg.] actnconnect. Sevilla : s.n., 2019. S-BPM ONE.
S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 9 of 9