Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors Felix Gniza Florian Strecker actnconnect actnconnect New York, United States Nuremberg, Germany Felix.Gniza@actnconnect.com Florian.Strecker@actnconnect.com KEYWORDS (interoperability). This requires a new dimension of Interoperability, Network, Internet of Actors, platform agility, speed of change, participation and autonomy in economy, entrepreneurial diversity, communication business IT. infrastructure, Semantic, software applications, Transformation, Governance, value, Market Potential, The so-called platform economy, based on geographical, Community, Tiers, Smart Actors, building blocks, sector-specific and/or proprietary approaches, leads either Operating System, business choreographies, to the formation of monopolies (B2C such as Google, decentralization, Amazon, Facebook) or to a multitude of platforms (B2B). However, all existing B2C platforms show that a platform FORWORD can only be fully effective if almost all users use the same platform. The B2B platforms enable communication for This document describes our path and the economics of the their respective sub-communities but are not interoperable interdisciplinary Interoperability Network, a so called with each other. ‘Internet of Actors’. We, the authors, have our background in business mathematics and business informatics. In order This interoperability, which is so necessary, does to grasp the manifold tasks and to develop the methodical not exist today [...]. However, there are also and technological concept of the Interoperability Network, market participants who expect benefits from this it was important for us to expand our circle of consultants obstacle: »Those providers whose systems in order to capture and take all requirements and determine the market are generally favoured by development trends into account. Our closest consultants this deficit. Here interoperability is an important are therefore recruited from the following areas of mechanism for reducing existing economic and expertise: technical dependencies, especially for the German, predominantly medium-sized industry«. • Computer Science, Communication Technology, (1) Production Automation • Knowledge Management, Business Administration The above quote from Bitkom is not only valid for the with Organizational Science and Business Process German economy but also for the European and even Management global economy and should be a wake-up call for most • Economics and Socioeconomics corporations. For the business sector this means absolute dependence on the preferred platform provider. (2) In In preparing this document, we have not only felt the addition to this dependency, a second situation language barrier between the classical languages, but automatically arises that threatens the existence of any above all between the different subject areas. There are enterprise, since a location outside the enterprise is created numerous cases in which, depending on the discipline, where all data can be collected and evaluated across all sometimes even within a discipline, the same subject enterprises. The platform providers have sovereignty over matter has different names. These differences have everything that happens on these platforms. Since platform repeatedly led to long discussions and an intensive search customers have no say and no participation, this model is for the "right" word. We hope that we have always found developing more and more into a serious challenge for the it in this document. digital transformation and Industry 4.0. 1 Initial Situation Particularly in the business sector, there is often the additional demand and necessity to give more autonomy to the acting employees or divisions of the company to Intra- and inter-company workflows are changing from collaborate on the solution of their topics. There is also an classic, predefined, inflexible business processes to global, increasing need to equip machines/devices with more agile value networks. Man, machine and software modules autonomy in accordance with today's technological work and communicate integrated and coordinated on possibilities. application level to achieve their objectives together Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker We want to ensure and sustain the entrepreneurial diversity 2.1 Methodical Technical Characterization and sovereignty of the participants in the digital economy. of Interoperability The growing social sensitivity towards platforms leads to The definition of a network also applies to a (software- the conclusion that social development lies in a digital based) interoperability network: Interoperbility Network and will thus lead to a network economy. The term network is generally used to describe structures and systems that consist of a set of 2 Characterization of an Interoperability elements (nodes) that are linked together via Network connections. [...] The simple principle of nodes and connections allows a multitude of different Network commerce has consequences that go far architectures. Networks form open structures that beyond just a business model. are able to expand without boundaries and to integrate new nodes as long as they are able to communicate within the network. (5) Markets are based on mistrust, Networks on trust. Markets are based on the pursuit of self- Both (software) nodes and connections must be defined in interest, the interoperability network. Networks on shared interests. Markets are arm‘s-length transactions, The EU has generally defined interoperability as follows: Networks are intimate relationships. Markets are competitive, Interoperability is the ability of organisations to Networks are cooperative. (3) interact towards mutually beneficial goals, involving the sharing of information and The above quote from Jeremy Rifkin shows in an knowledge between these organisations, through exaggerated way the differences between markets and the business processes they support, by means of networks. In the network economy, we are not only talking the exchange of data between their ICT systems. about a single software application, but an infrastructure (4) for many/all applications. In addition to the written definition, we also see in Figure 2 the profound meaning of the term interoperability for the digital world. The interdisciplinary stack for interoperability is created. Figure 1 Number of Business Software Applications per Company (Schematic Diagram) Figure 1 shows how the number of software applications in companies has gradually increased over the past Figure 2 EIF-Layers (4) decades, partly because automation has increased. Today, large companies have more than 1000 different software A distinction is made between four layers of applications in use to support their employees in their work interoperability. Although the layers build on each other, or to manage their workflows. This constant integration the aim is to develop the layers as independently as task across all systems and releases consumes a large part possible. of the existing IT budget. At the same time, the complexity of the requirements continues to increase exponentially, • Technical Interoperability e.g. due to the IoT, AI and the topics related to Industry 4.0 with their horizontal and vertical integration. The layer at which all basic technical agreements are made that enable meeting the requirements of the upper three layers; here the nodes and Chapter 2.1 describes the methodological and technical connections of the interoperability network are characteristics of an Interoperability Network based on the defined; EU Interoperability Framework (EIF) (4) and Chapter 2.2 explains the organisational characteristics. • Semantic Interoperability The layer that ensures that the organisational, content, communicative and legal requirements are described in such a way that they can be S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 2 of 9 Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker implemented with the technology agreed at the variety of devices and software solutions are developed layer of Technical Interoperability; that are interchangeable thanks to standardized communication. Standardization prevents the lock-in • Organizational Interoperability effect to hard-and software vendors (vendor lock-in) and The layer at which all organizational and context- at the same time guarantees the diversity that is desired and relevant facts are described and specified between necessary in social policy. Examples are the GSM protocol the participants resp. those responsible on the basis for mobile communication as well as the TCP/IP protocol of the agreed semantics; for the expansion of the Internet. • Legal Interoperability Figure 3 shows in exemplary fashion this development The layer at which the legal framework is since the 1970/80s, when the OSI 7-layer model (6) was coordinated by the parties involved. For the digital world, the legal framework is also described in developed. Over time, one layer after another was semantics. From this follows automatically the standardized, and thus, on the one hand, the vendor lock- requirement on the involved parties to determine in was pushed back and, on the other hand, the these rules so exactly that the guidelines allow a manufacturers of software applications no longer had to technically distinct processing. develop the communication layers. This was just one reason why less IT and comomnication expertise was The technical and semantic interoperability layers and required for software application development. their derived scope of services thus represent the software infrastructure for all layers in the EU Framework. This is At the same time, however, the scope and complexity of the prerequisite for global value creation networks. the requirements increased steadily. Another driver for increased complexity will be the IoT with its trillions of software modules just as the ever faster change of business 2.1.1 Technical interoperability with its models requires a new dimension of software agility. communication at application level Internet of Things, Internet of Everything, Industry 4.0, Networked Economy and Digitalization imply the vision of a global communication network on application level (Interoperbility Network). The particular challenge is the inter-company communication, which requires the interoperability of all digital network nodes. Global interoperability can only be achieved through standardization. Figure 3 Impact of New Communication Standards on Business IT (Interoperability Network and Over the past four decades, the telecommunications Communication Orientation) industry and the IT industry have shown that standardized, global communication networks generate enormous wealth effects. The Internet and the global mobile network In order to overcome this increase in complexity and are the most prominent examples. Global communication avoid the lock-in effect of the platforms, an Interoperbility networks fulfill two mutually dependent requirements, Network must be created in which the digital nodes they are supported by a largely democratically organized connect via a universal and standardized communication community, and the technologies and architectures used protocol. offer members of the community the opportunity to participate. In an Interoperbility Network, software applications are created by connecting autonomous software nodes. This A sustainable digital, global communication infrastructure means a paradigm shift for the development of software on application level (Interoperbility Network), which applications. The focus is no longer on object orientation, enables its users to participate, can be identified by the but on the communication of the digital nodes. following criteria: 2.1.2 Semantic Interoperability as a Basis • scientifically proven for the Simplicity of Software Application • unique, modular, standardized, interoperable, Development • democratic, regulated, non-discriminatory • decentralized, horizontal The creation of software has developed considerably over the past decades and has become simpler in many ways. Standardization in the field of communication technology (see also Figure 4) In order to program a fixed scope of has always led to a great leap in the dissemination of services, only a fraction of the effort and knowledge technological progress in recent decades. At the same time, required in the 1970s and 1980s is required today. standardization has always laid the technical foundation Programming languages have become more powerful, and for a new market. Based on a common standard, a wide S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 3 of 9 Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker object orientation in particular has led to a considerable also due to the larger performance volume of programming increase in performance. Today, small and singular tasks languages and their tools. can be programmed and solved very quickly. Figure 4 shows that the current software development process will collapse with an exponentially increasing number of software applications unless it is fundamentally simplified and automated. Only then can it meet the user requirements of an Interoperability Network. The following functionalities are required: • Definition of (software) nodes and connections to Figure 4 Change in the Allocation of Tasks in the enable the multi-use (also automatic) of each node. Software Development Process • Autonomy of the software nodes to replace orchestration by choreography (7) and thus achieve Figure 4 shows how the software development process agility at node level. has changed over the decades. In order to illustrate the • simple semantics based on nodes and connections change, especially the manual effort, one can define the to describe business requirements following three areas for the division of work in the • immediate executability of semantics (Turing software development process: complete) o to eliminate the costs of transformation, misunderstandings • Description of Requirements and translation errors o to reduce the knowledge required for comprises all work from the analysis of the task programming and execution to the optimization of the way of working and processing. Various tools are available for this implementation, from pure text systems to Above functionalities ensure that a software application is complex model languages such as BPMN. The established in the Interoperbility Network and that the required expertise in this area is characterized by Description of Requirements and the Programming & the required business requirements and less by Execution segments merge into a new segment called IT knowledge. Executable Description. The transformation segment is • Transformation simplified and therefore requires much less effort. contains the work that is necessary to develop an Based on the specifications made in the areas of technical IT concept from requirements. This also includes tasks such as integration into the and semantic interoperability, the organisational and legal existing IT landscape and synchronization of the requirements are identified, defined and implemented. various IT teams. Working methods such as SCRUM are used in this segment to resolve 2.2 Organizational Characterization of misunderstandings and translation errors as quickly as possible. In this area, expertise in Interoperability business, organization and IT, including programming, is required. The technical and methodological approach of an Interoperbility Network is supplemented by economic and social considerations. Standardization is an important • Programming and Execution prerequisite for global interoperability. contains the programming in the respective programming language with the corresponding An Interoperbility Network is like a digital economic tools and the execution on the target system space with a single type of product - software. including all necessary testing and operating conditions. It needs democratic structures for standardization, participation of users and ongoing technical and economic Due to the increasing complexity of business development. This must be ensured by an ordoliberal requirements, the description of requirements segment is framework. increasing in relation to total effort. (see also Figure 4) The same effect can be seen in the segment of transformation, which has expanded considerably over the decades due to 2.2.1 Governance more complex tasks, larger project teams, the dissolution of software monoliths into smaller service units and the Governance also plays an essential role in a digital need for integration into existing IT landscapes. In the economy and must be future proof. Governance structures segment of pure programming, on the other hand, the of successful digital communities can serve as guidelines, relative effort has decreased considerably in recent years, such as those of the IHE community in the healthcare industry. (8) S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 4 of 9 Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker 2.2.2 Guidelines for the governance of an it. This value creation network with its users and rules can Interoperability Network be completely digitally modeled. It ensures that all agreements are executed as negotiated between the users. • Participaton: Membership should be open to all The digitization of the management of an Interoperability interested parties. Private sub-communities (e.g. Network will affect all areas: companies, countries, etc.) could adopt their own rules and structures within the framework. • Project management, controlling and partner • Transparency: Fundamental information on and human resources management governance, activities and decisions should be • Knowledge management, quality assurance and accessible to all users. user training • Representation of users: The Governance and all • Legal management, the accounting of all administrative activities are representing the will services and the coordination of users along the and the needs of a wide range of users governance. • Scientific support: Consulting accompaniment and partnership by scientific organizations are of crucial An Interoperability Network can provide a global digital importance to ensure the further development to the marketplace to enable users to trade software applications benefit of the users. and business choreographies. All functions and processes • Representation of the industry: The commitment of on such a marketplace can be executed digitally. providers in the IT industry (hardware, software, system integration, IT operations) is substantial for Standardization and interoperability ensure that by design the marketability of an Interoperability Network. interoperable software applications are provided (technical • Non-partisanship and balance of interests: No matching). All users can join the marketplace. special interest should dominate the decision- making processes. Such a marketplace should essentially meet the following • Efficient decision-making structures: Decisions criteria: should be taken through procedures that ensure that all opinions are taken into account. There should also be a dispute settlement process. • High scalability and reach • Consensus: In all decisions, the greatest possible • Exclusively quality-assured software applications and business choreographies from certified consent by users should be sought. providers/users • Competition: Users of an interoperability network include business organisations that compete directly • Individual pricing and remuneration of the providers/users in accordance with agreed with each other. The governance of an compliance interoperability network must therefore ensure compliance with the relevant legal requirements, • Closed sub-marketplaces or multihoming for users, including antitrust law. user groups or industries • Relevance: The governance of an interoperability network should pay particular attention to the applicability of the technologies and structures developed. 3 Economic Aspects in an Interoparability • Effectiveness: Decisions should be designed in such a way that they can be implemented as quickly Network as possible. • Interoperability orientation: Sustainable In a software infrastructure as represented by an Interoperability should be given the highest priority Interoperability Network, software shows specific in the further development of an Interoperability characteristics such as: Network. • high production costs in relation to lowest marginal 2.2.3 The Value of an Interoperability costs Network for the User • complex protectability • costly proof of use The value of any infrastructure increases with the number of users. For an Interoperability Network, mechanisms The associated difficulties of valuation and remuneration should be developed to reward early adopters. For mechanisms deserve special attention. example, usage certificates could be issued which, similar to tokens in Blockchains, grow in value with increasing In order to address the problem of the valuation of usage. software, the valuation for the use of the Interoperability Network could consist of two components, a base 2.2.4 Digital Management of an component and a market component. Interoperability Network A base component can be automatically calculated using a An Interoperability Network becomes a value creation predefined algorithm and distributed to the users involved network through the economic activities that take place on in development or operations. Each software application S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 5 of 9 Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker should have a base component to ensure a fair minimum Besides the governance and the economic view on the remuneration of the users. Internet of Actors, we will focus in particular on the following for the remainder of this document: A market component that can be freely negotiated among all participating users of the Interoperability Network can • the technological developments leading to the be added. This process can also be implemented largely decentral and interoperable Internet of Actors, and digitally. • the possible framework to ensure fair remuneration for the services provided by each member. All rules and processes for valuation should be continuously adapted by the members and committees of The scientific technological core of the Internet of Actors the Interoperability Network. is described in the white paper "Internet of Actors, a Peer- to-Peer Value Creation Network" (9) by actnconnect. The Internet of Actors covers the following main topics, which must be further elaborated by the community of the 4 Market Potential of an Interoperability Internet of Actors: Network • Governance of the Community An Interoperability Network should provide an attractive, • Smart Actor Economy fair and performance-oriented framework for all users. • Community Management By establishing global, interoperable B2B value creation 5.1 The Software Building Blocks of the networks, the size of the expected economic area can far exceed that of the existing Internet. It can be assumed that Internet of Actors an increasing migration of proprietary IT systems and platforms into a global Interoperability Network will take The Smart Actors (software nodes) are the smallest self- place. This can create a global Network comparable to the sufficient value creation building blocks of the Internet of Internet or mobile networks. Actors. To simplify the requirements gathering these Smart Actors are available in three basic variations: In the long term, the available global market potential of Business Actor, Service Actor and Physical Actor (see also an Interoperability Network can reach the aggregated Figure 5). global market volume forecasts for the IoT, Industry 4.0 and digitalization in general. The level of welfare gain for the international community can only be imagined and should be many times higher. A global Interoperability Network offers attractive strategic investments in a sustainable ordoliberal digital space. Users maintain their independence, and investors make targeted long-term commitments. Figure 5 The Smart Actor as the Incremental Software Building Block The Smart Actors communicate with each other (network 5 The Internet of Actors as an connections) utilizing a to be standardized universal Interoperability Network protocol which we call Role Behavior Interface (RBI). (9) In order to achieve the characteristics of the The definition of the Smart Actor with its three basic Interoperability Network, actnconnect has developed a variations and the RBI result in a universal modular modular software network architecture based on scientific software system. From these basic options, an infinite methodologies. The core of this network are the nodes we number of individual task-specific Smart Actors can now call Smart Actor (9). We therefore call the Interoperability be modeled. With this software toolkit, all domain-specific Network 'Internet of Actors' (IoA). functions of the value creation networks can be implemented. The domain-independent Smart Actor Software applications on the Internet of Actors consist of Operating System (SmAOS) is added to this toolkit. (see any number of independent and interoperable Smart also Figure 6) Actors. Software applications are created agilely and dynamically using the ability to connect Smart Actors in a This separation of individual functionalities and the standardized way. This results in cross-company value operating system for value creation networks in creation networks. (see also (9)) connection with the communication of the Smart Actors ensures that each Smart Actor has its own independent S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 6 of 9 Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker versioning on application level. This allows to run the Autonomous systems such as Smart Actors therefore no release cycles of the SmAOS and the Smart Actors longer require an orchestrating body. This characteristic separately. leads to the name Business Choreography. Each Smart Actor can be used in 1 to n business choreographies, and the SmAOS identifies potential communication partners automatically. This will lead to a very high re-usage probability and thus to a high number of uses. The IoAN's scope of services is synchronized with that of the Smart Actors and SmAOS building block system, so that any complex and interoperable business choreographies can be created as value-added networks. Figure 6 Actorsphere 5.3 Interoperability in the Internet of Actors To ensure the technical interoperability according to in all Layers chapter 2.1.1 we offer this modular software toolkit. It consists of: Summarising the previous chapters, we see that the issue of interoperability, as elaborated by the EU, has not only • Smart Actors, and been met, but in some respects further completed. From • the Smart Actor Operating System, as well as the perspective of the Internet of Actors, the definition of contained therein interoperability is then as follows: • the cross-domain Role Behavior Interface (RBI) connecting all building blocks. Interoperability means that software building blocks can communicate with each other according to the 5.2 The Requirements Gathering in the agreements of the partners and work together towards Interoperability Network common goals. This is independent of the producers of software building blocks involved. It includes According to Figure 4, column "Communication", the segment of transformation is minimized despite the increasing complexity of the requirements because, with • communicating peer-to-peer with the help of the modular software design and the semantics each other, of this modular software design, the structure and • working together as intended, even in communication of each software node is unified and complex, global value creation networks and business processes, and standardized. We call this semantics "Internet of Actors Notation" (IoAN). As a result, the IT knowledge required • supporting and enabling collaboration between man, machine is considerably reduced, because the IoAN is a and software. straightforward semantic for describing business requirements which enables immediate execution in the SmAOS. (Turing complete (9). Many communicating Smart Actors result in a software application or what we call a business choreography. (see also Figure 7) Figure 8 Positioning of the Interoperability Network in the EIF (4) This results in the following implementation and extension of EIF's interoperability when using the modular software system: (see also Figure 8) Figure 7 The Business Choreography of Value Networks • Technical Interoperability is ensured in the IoA by the modular system with the structure and A core feature of business choreographies is that all Smart definition of the Smart Actors, together with the Actors are autonomously acting units. This also implies RBI as communication protocol and the SmAOS. that each Smart Actor has access to all information about • Semantic Interoperability is ensured by the IoAN its communication behavior and all required rules. semantics with complete synchronicity to the technical structure in combination with immediate executability (Turing complete). S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 7 of 9 Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker • Organizational Interoperability is achieved when a 5.5 The Community Members of the business choreography is agreed between all Internet of Actors and their Tasks participants and used in the IoA. • Legal Interoperability is achieved when legal requirements are translated into clear rules in a From a business point of view, the first thing we notice in business choreography and these become part of the Figure 10 is all Tier-C participants. At this level, relevant Smart Actors. domain-specific business knowledge is necessary. This is where the contextual structure of the to be created domain- 5.4 Tiers of the Internet of Actors specific value creation network is designed and defined. The required Smart Actors are selected with a matching The IoA in its structure and the used methods results in the process or produced in Tier-B. A lively exchange and development of four Tiers for business concepts. (see also communication between the aadjacent levels is indispensable. Figure 9) Figure 10 Interaction between Tiers Figure 9 Community Tiers of the IoA Tier-B and -C use the Smart Actors and business Base choreographies of Tier-A as tools for their work. From The base is the foundation of the Tiers A to C. This level Base to Tier-C, this distribution of tasks will result in a is a cross domain infrastructure level. Here the central decreasing need for expertise in the methodologies of the components of the basic types of Smart Actors, RBI, Interoperability Network. However, an in-depth exchange SmAOS and IoAN are developed and made available to all on the business requirements will be necessary to ensure other Tiers as a basis. the further development of the Base and the Tier-A. Tier-A Each member of the IoA Community can take on any role At this level you will find all Smart Actors and Business depending on their competencies. There are the roles of Choreographies that aim to create tools for the customer/user and, as shown in Figure 10, developer, Interoperability Network, e.g. for modeling, producer and business choreographer. choreography, management, quality assurance, selection, accounting, etc. The Smart Actors and business choreographies of this Tier are mainly used across 6 Conclusion domains. However, domain-specific tools can also be created. However, a universal plug-and-play in Industry 4.0 is an illusion. There will be no Industry 4.0 Tier-B standard in the near or distant future to ensure At this level, the Smart Actors are developed for each universal interoperability for machines and individual domain. A domain can be an industry as well as equipment of all kinds. Even the meanwhile a defined subject area. However, a Smart Actor created for intensified cross-industry standardization efforts one domain can also be used in all other domains. cannot and will not achieve this. (1) Tier-C This document shows that the technological development Based on the Tier-B domains, in Tier-C the business has overtaken the above statement. choreographies of the respective domain are compiled tested and executed. The next evolutionary step in the standardization of communication is the interoperability of software For better orientation, we have assigned the roles applications. With this, the development of a global commonly used today in the process from management Interoperability Network can now be initiated. consulting to programming to the above Tiers in the IoA. See Figure 9. We believe that for the global community the digital economic space of this Interoperability Network will be the democratic alternative to the platform economy, Open Source or Open API initiatives. S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 8 of 9 Interoperability Network - The Internet of Actors F.Gniza, F.Strecker We call such global Interoperability Network the 'Internet 8 List of Figures of Actors'. Figure 1 Number of Business Software Applications per Company (Schematic Diagram) .......................................2 In order to ensure technical and economic sovereignty for Figure 2 EIF-Layers (4) ...................................................2 the users of the Internet of Actors, a scientific foundation Figure 3 Impact of New Communication Standards on of the used technologies and the rigorous decentralization Business IT (Interoperability Network and of all activities are required. This is supported by the Communication Orientation) ...........................................3 inherent interoperability of software applications and the Figure 4 Change in the Allocation of Tasks in the transformation from programming to modelling. The Software Development Process ........................................4 Internet of Actors software architecture ensures maximum Figure 5 The Smart Actor as the Incremental Software automation and scalability. The result is software Building Block .................................................................6 interoperability by design. Figure 6 Actorsphere ........................................................7 Figure 7 The Business Choreography of Value Networks An ordoliberal framework ensures sustainable governance .........................................................................................7 and fair remuneration for the services provided and used Figure 8 Positioning of the Interoperability Network in by the users of the Internet of Actors. the EIF (4) ........................................................................7 Figure 9 Community Tiers of the IoA ..............................8 Communication itself represents a large part of economic Figure 10 Interaction between Tiers .................................8 activities. With the Internet of Actors, a global trillion USD eco-system is emerging which offers previously impossible efficiency gains for the benefit of common welfare. The avoidance of monopolies and dependencies alone justifies the efforts to build it. 9 References 1. 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Höpfl, Stefan Heidenreich, Reinhard Gniza and the ISBN 978-92-79-63756-8. members of the i2PM community for the detailed 5. Benger, Alf. Gestaltung von discussions, advice and hands-on support in preparing this Wertschöpfungsnetzwerken. [Hrsg.] Norbert Gronau. document. Berlin : GITO-Verlag, 2007. S. 13 ; 93 ff ;109 . ISBN 3- CopyrightCopyright actnconnect as a division of R. Gniza 936771-96-1. PRAXIS SOLUTIONS GmbH & Co KG, Frankenstraße 6. OSI. OSI Modell. Wikipedia. [Online] 17. 05 2019. 152 90461 Nuremberg. All rights reserved. The content of https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-Modell. this document is subject to copyright. Changes, reductions, extensions and additions require the prior written consent 7. Kolo, Katrin. Ode to Choreography. Organizational of actnconnect, Nuremberg. Any reproduction is only Aesthetics. 5 2016, S. 37-46. permitted on condition that this copyright notice is retained on the document itself when it is reproduced. Any 8. IHE. Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise. [Online] publication or translation requires the prior written consent 17. 05 2019. www.IHE.net. of actnconnect, Nuremberg. "actnconnect", "actorsphere“, ”IoAN” and all Smart Actor images are trademarks or 9. Internet of Actors a Peer- to- Peer Agile Value registered trademarks of actnconnect in Germany and in Creation Network. Strecker, Florian und Gniza, Reinhard. many other countries. [Hrsg.] actnconnect. Sevilla : s.n., 2019. S-BPM ONE. S-BPM-ONE 19, June, 2019, Seville, Spain Page 9 of 9