Towards the Baikal Open Laboratory in Astroparticle Physics

Abstract

The open science framework de ned in the German-Russian Astroparticle Data Life Cycle Initiative (GRADLCI) has triggered educational and outreach activities at the Irkutsk State University (ISU), which is actively participated in the two major astroparticle facilities in the region: TAIGA observatory and Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope. We describe the ideas grew out of this unique environment and propose a new open science laboratory based on education and outreach as well as on the development and testing new methods and techniques for the multimessenger astronomy.

Keywords

• Astroparticle Physics TAIGA observatory Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope astroparticle
• online open data open software deep learning Multimessenger Astronomy

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The only way to study the high-energy processes occurring outside our Galaxy is to detect the radiation and ultra-high energy particles generated by these processes. When colliding with the atmosphere these particles produce secondary cascades, namely extensive air-showers (EAS). Reaching the surface of the Earth, these cascades can cover areas of tens of square kilometers. However, with an increase of the primary energy, the ux falls steeply, reaching one particle per year per thousand square kilometers. It is a main reason why the modern astrophysics is moving towards consolidation and integration of facilities aimed at the detection of various cosmic messengers [ 1 ].

The large-scale astroparticle physics implies the life cycle of experiments in the order of few dozens years, what means the data will be acquired and analyzed by the several generations of the physicists. Thus, not only the data life cycle has to be properly maintained for the sustainability of experiments, but the human aspects, e.g. training and continuity, have to be taken into account as well.

In this work we continue development of the outreach and educational framework declared in the German-Russian Astroparticle Data Life Cycle Initiative [ 2 ]. Tightly connected to the Data Life Cycle, this framework requires open data and software policies and aimed at the training of future experts in the astroparticle physics as well as at the outreach of this eld.

In our case we have a unique environment, which allows us develop towards establishing of the Baikal Open Laboratory in Astroparticle Physics: { International GRADLCI framework provides an informational support for our activity (e.g. platform astroparticle.online) and increases a visibility of outreach and education activity related to astrophysics. { Cooperation with astrophysical facilities in Baikal region, namely with TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic rays and Gamma Astronomy) observatory [ 3 ] and Baikal-GVD (GigaVolume Detector) neutrino telescope [ 4 ] helps us to stay connected with high-level experimental astrophysics. Moreover, the historical, geographical and infrastructure connections between these experiments and members of GRADLCI enhance the integration of data life cycle and open data policies into operating experiments and gives unique options for testing of these policies. { Educational resources at the Irkutsk State University (ISU). Besides bachelor and master programs in particle and astroparticle physics, ISU organizes two famous international schools in this eld, namely Baikal Young Scientists' International School on Fundamental Physics5 and Baikal Summer School on Physics of Elementary Particles and Astrophysics6. This educational activity and participation in TAIGA and Baikal-GVD make ISU e cient and prospective for the training of the experts in the eld.

Within these conditions we can e ectively work on the challenges facing data and knowledge conservation, moreover we can test and evaluate our methods and approaches. The neighborhood of the experiments measuring di erent messengers (TAIGA { gamma and Baikal-GVD { neutrino) and the large educational center (ISU) naturally lead one to the Baikal Multimessenger concept, a testbed for the future multimessenger activity, which can be started within suggested Open Laboratory. 2

The pillars of the Baikal Open Laboratory

The main objectives of the future Open Laboratory are training experts and developing new instruments and methods for the multimessenger astronomy as well as supporting open software and open data initiatives. Taking this and the present environment into account we can de ne the main pillars of it: { Development open training programs. All programs and their sources (i.e.

scripts, slides, problems, etc.) developed in the frame of this Laboratory will 5 http://bsfp.iszf.irk.ru/ 6 https://astronu.jinr.ru/school/current be published online under free license and can be adopted by the third-party institutes and lecturers. These lectures and seminars will be given at ISU (see below) and kept alive and updated. { Focus on modern IT and open source solutions. The modern physics analysis su ers from the lack of the experts in big data and deep learning. We plan to spend signi cant e orts on training of these experts during their education at ISU, attracting new experts and trying to save them in science. Additionally we will focus on data analysis using modern methods [ 5 ]. { Interaction between di erent facilities. The multimessenger astronomy implies data transfer between astroparticle experiments, which can be complicated by the data policies established by the di erent collaborations. Within experiments located in the Baikal region we will focus on the policies, exchange protocols and software for the multimessenger astronomy. 3

The current status of the development of Laboratory

For the time being there are few directions of the development of laboratory: online platform, o ine course and training with operating experiments. 3.1

Online platform

At the very beginning of GRADLCI we have established astroparticle.online, which aims at the following: { Web-interface for the open data services developed in the frame of GRADLCI.

For details see Refs. [ 6,7,8 ]. { Educational and outreach materials in astroparticle physics, including VISPAlike interactive services [ 9 ]. { Enhancing the communication between astrophysics. We try to support networking by providing platform for partner experiments7, schools and events. For the time being the portal is under construction, and the content is being lling. We have successfully tested the pilot version (see Fig. 1) of it at the ISAPP-Baikal Summer school8 as a collaboration framework. Moreover, the informational and interactive part of a new regular ISU course described below will be deployed within the portal. The servers of the platform have been deployed at the Matrosov Institute for System Dynamics and Control Theory9. At the very beginning we have used the open-source HUBzero platform [ 10 ], however due to numerous technical problems and di culties, it was decided to move to the widely used WordPress10 and deploy all necessary plugins (e.g. VISPA) separately. 7 see, e.g. tunka-21cm.astroparticle.online and almarac.astroparticle.online 8 https://astronu.jinr.ru/school/archive/school-2018 9 http://idstu.irk.ru/en 10 https://wordpress.com/

O ine educational course on astroparticle physics

The Faculty of Physics of ISU has been established more than a century ago, has a long history connected to physics and astrophysics, and many of the graduates of the Faculty work in the leading research institutes organizations around the world. Moreover, the students and graduates get an opportunity to work in TAIGA observatory and Baikal-GVD neutrino telescope during the study, many of them write bachelor and master theses in the frame of these experiments. Since ISU makes a great contribution to these experiments, we have decided to develop a new regular course \Introduction to experimental astroparticle physics" for the bachelor and master students. The course includes lectures, practical and laboratory works.

The theoretical part of the course consists of about ten lectures devoted to the ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, their origin and acceleration mechanisms, cosmic ray energy spectrum and its features, cosmic ray detection methods, gammaand neutrino astronomy features, review of the largest astrophysical facilities.

The seminars of the course are focused on applied knowledge of simulations and data analysis. We give an introduction to a major programming languages, namely C/C++ and Python, to a main analysis frameworks, namely ROOT11, numpy, scipy and matplotlib. As a result of this course, students are able to solve problems in the modern data analysis. The materials of the course are open-source and published online12. 11 http://root.cern 12 https://bitbucket.org/tunka/ap-seminar-latex/

In the frame of this course three laboratory setups (see Fig. 2) have been developed to familiarize students with the astrophysics detectors. Students perform measurements on these setups, and analyze and interpret the data using knowledge obtained on the lectures and seminars.

As it was mentioned before, the materials and interactive part of the course will be incorporated in astroparticle.online. 3.3

Training with operating experiments

As was mentioned above, the students of ISU as well as visiting students have an opportunity to work with real hardware, software and data of TAIGA and Baikal-GVD. We have an established work ow for the young scientists, which includes interview, training, data analysis and simulation, eld works, etc. This work ow has shown its e ciency, what has resulted in a number of signi cant results obtained by the young members of collaborations (see, e.g. [ 11,12 ]).

Conclusion

After the years of the development of astrophysical experiments in the Baikal region we are ready to make a step further and establish an educational and outreach unit focused on multimessenger astronomy and open science. Having unique environment \on-site" (ISU + TAIGA + Baikal-GVD), it is possible to develop and evaluate modern astrophysical methods and techniques very fast and e cient. We have started from the open science activity declared in the frame of GRADLCI and are going to expand this to the Baikal Open Laboratory in Astroparticle Physics. We hope that the future cooperation with GRADLCI will help us to share our ideas and progress to the global astroparticle community.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation Grant 18-41-06003 (Section 3), by the Helmholtz Society Grant HRSF-0027 and by the Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science (projects 14.593.21.0005 (Tunka shared core facilities, unique identi cator RFMEFI59317X0005), 3.10131.2017/NM, 2017-14-595-0001-003, 3.9678.2017/8.9, 3.904.2017/4.6). We are grateful to the members of the GRADLCI for the informational support of our activity.

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