The purp ose of this article is to substantiate the role of engineering as the basis for the development of the cyber-physical system. The proposed concept is based on the laws of the theory of op en systems and the source sense of the concept of "engineering". In the near future, it is planned to widely introduce cyber-physical systems in industrial enterp rises, which combine advanced industrial (industrial) and digital (information) technologies, which ensures the development of systems. To research of enterp rise development process, the article prop oses to use the theory of open systems L. von Bertalanffy and substantiates the role of engineering, understood in the original sense of the term: (engineering from lat. ingenium - ingenuity, invention, knowledge), which arose in Europ e in the XVI century , which should be understood not only computer engineering (software for design, engineering analysis, consulting), but primarily the use of scientific and technical knowledge for the adaptation of innovative technologies, organization of production processes and management in a particular enterp rise, taking into account its purp ose features. Section 1 describes the accepted concept of a cyber-physical system. In section 2, to substantiate the role of engineering in cyber-physical systems, the features of open systems with open elements, the class of which includes CPS, are considered. Section 3 addresses the challenges of sustainable CPS development.
Now there is no uniquely standard identifying of a cyber-physical system (CyberPhysical System - CPS).
In a number of works (for example, [
Active use of the term began within the project of the German government Industry 4.0 on industry computerization. Broad application of cyber-physical systems in different spheres of human activity, including industrial production, the transport, power, military systems, civil infrastructure, life support systems from medicine to smart houses and the cities is predicted.
Now in a general view, the cyber-physical system is defined as the information and
technological concept meaning integration of computing resources and physical
processes. In such system sensors, the equipment and information systems are connect e d
to the help of standard Internet protocols for fo recasting, self-adjustment, and
adaptation to changes. At this CPS are developed a network of rather autonomous
interacting technologies, but not as the separate self-contained unit [
In a number of works [3–12, etc.], CPS is understood as various class es of automatic control systems for natural and artificial objects of animate and inanimate nature. Within the framework of a fairly widespread terminology, CPS treats as geographically distributed automatic systems for collecting, processing, analyzing da ta and information about the state of the respective physical objects and processes or a system of coordinated management decision -making. In the applied aspect, CPS are presented as a set of automatic systems for collecting, processing, analyzing data, including geographically distributed. By application, CPS classifies sensor-based systems, data acquisition systems, wireless sensor networks that control some aspect of the environment and transmit the processed information to a central site. The CPS also includes the process control systems, distributed robotics, and avionics. In the future, some researchers associate cyberspace with physical processes [13–15 and others] to the CPS class.
Common to various interpretations is only the fact that CPS use s phenomenal (as
they are called by E.A. Lee and S.A. Seshia [
The most significant application of the concept of cyber-physical systems is
industrial production. Many works provide examples of the use of individual innovative
technologies in industrial enterprises, which provide monitoring and diagnostics,
automatic reporting on the state of monitored equipment, and data on malfunctions;
about consumables resources; loading equipment, etc., while the ideologist of the
modern industrial revolution K. Schwab [
Given the diversity of interpretations of the concept of CPS, this article proposes to adopt a concept based on combining industrial and information technologies with a physical element (decision makers on the choice and implementation of innovations), which can be considered the development of human-machine systems, i.e. relevant classes of automated systems for managing objects and processes. For example, a cyber-physical system for a manufacturing enterprise may include the following complex of technologies: CAD / CAE computer-aided design system, industrial robots and computer vision systems coordinating their interaction, 3d printing for prototyping and manufacturing small batches of products, virtual (AR) technology and augmented reality (VR) to create visual "instructions -hints" in the workplace, as well as to promote and sell products, a "big data" analysis tool to support online decision making, the integration of supplier-customer pairs into a single loop for managing end-to-end business processes and data exchange, and o ther technologies. At the same time, CPS should be developed as a network of interconnected technologies that are included in the life cycle of a production enterprise, and not as separate autonomous devices.
Such treatment corresponds to the definition of CPS which is accepted by the
deputy CEO of Ruselprom concern, the Dr. экон. sciences, professor S.A. Masyutin:
"The Cyber-physical system is an organizational and technical concept of
management of information flows, integration of computing resources int o physical processes
of production. In such system sensors, controllers and information systems are united
in a single network throughout all life cycle of a product. The cyber-physical network
can be, both within one enterprise and within a dynamic busine ss model as a part of
which several enterprises. Operations throughout all life cycle interact with each other
with the help of standard Internet protocols for management, planning,
selfadjustment and adaptation to changes. The Internet of things cannot e xist without
cyber-physical systems as CPS is the infrastructure of the Internet of things[
A similar understanding of CPS is given by E.A. Lee и S.A. Seshia[
The given example, certainly, primitively displays the predicted GPS as new
technologies for CPS (see, for example, [
At the same time, it can be predicted that the joint use and interaction of industrial
and information technologies in accordance with one of the basic laws of the theory
of systems proposed by L. von Bertalanffy [
Therefore it is useful for research and development of CPS to apply patterns and models of this theory. 2
Organismic approach and concept of an open system were offered L. von Bertalanffy as on the basis of studying of live organisms he found out that the mechanical con cept which is the cornerstone of classical science relying on theoretical physics and laws of thermodynamics cannot explain the surprising order, the organization, regulation, continuous changes observed in live organisms and new understanding of problems of controllability and sustainable development of systems is necessary.
In open systems unlike closed (isolated from Wednesday) thermodynamic regularities which contradict the second beginning of thermodynamics are shown. According to this beginning, the general course of physical events in the closed systems occurs in the direction of an increase in entropy and achievement of a condition of the maximum disorder. At the same time in open systems in which there are a transfer and transformation of substance according to L. von Bertalanffy 's concept "… input of a negentropy", i.e. decrease in entropy is quite possible; and "… similar systems ca n keep the high level and even develop towards increase in an order of complexity" [26, page 42].
L. von Bertalanffy actually found new regularity which in open systems with active elements resists to the second law of thermodynamics – "ability to resist entropy (destroying a system) to trends and to show negentropy trends".
The open system unlike closed (isolated) und er the corresponding conditions
reaches a condition of mobile balance in which its structure remains to a constant. But
unlike usual balance this constancy remains in the course of continuous exchange and
the movement of a substance ([
One of the fundamentally important for understanding the process of development
of systems is the fundamental nonequilibrium, discovered by E. Bauer [
Due to these features, the system exhibits: the ability to resist entropic (systemdestroying) tendencies, to show adaptability, i.e. the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions and interference, bo th external and internal, the ability to develop behaviors and change its structure (if necessary), while maintaining the integrity and basic properties; ability and pursuit of goal setting.
The cited features have a variety of manifestations that can sometimes be identified as independent characteristics. Most of them are due to the presence of active elements that stimulate the exchange of material, energy and information products with the environment and exhibit their own "initiatives", so that such syst ems do not follow the pattern of increasing entropy (similar to the second law of thermodynamics, acting in closed systems, the so-called "second the beginning ") and even there are negentropic tendencies, that is, self-organization itself, development.
The features are contradictory. In most cases, they are of a dual nature, are both positive and negative, desirable and undesirable for the social system. On the one hand, among them, there are properties that are useful for the existence of the system, its adaptability to changing environmental conditions, but at the same time , these features cause uncertainty, non-stationarity of parameters, instability of the functioning of the system, unpredictability of behavior.
Features of open systems and explaining their regularity are due to the presence of active elements that stimulate the exchange of material, energy and information products with the environment and show their own "initiatives", an active principle. Due to this, in such systems , the regularity of entropy increase is violated and negentropic tendencies are observed, i.e. self-organization and development proper.
Thus, studies of open systems have shown that their development occurs: 1) on t h e basis of exchange with the environment of information, energy, material innovations (ie, openness of the system) and 2) through active elements that initiate their own innovations and ensure the interaction of innovations.
Understanding the features of open systems allows us to understand that the term “design” is not fundamentally applicable to living objects and systems that we refer to as open systems. A living system, the study of which became the basis of L. von Bertalanffy’s organismic approach, cannot be “assembled” from parts. It can only “grow”, develop, adjust, influence the process of moving towards the desired state by controlling this process.
A number of works on CPS emphasize the special importance of the cybernetic (managerial) component, which should provide a new quality of production management, a transition to a qualitatively new automatic machine-to-machine exchange of all with everyone in the framework of CPS projects, which is provided by new technologies - intelligent sensors and wireless communication etc.
Taking into account the peculiarities of cyber-physical systems, they can be considered as an opportunity to get the effect of emergence, that is, the appearance of new quality of production processes, and at the same time resist undesirable results when introducing emergent technologies, since CPS combines new technologies and physical an element (of a human being), nevertheless, is developed not as isolated technologies, but as systems in which it is supposed to manage a complex of technologies, and it is possible to hope that the management functions will retain it is the physical element, that is, the decision makers on the choice and implementation of technologies.
Researches of open systems have shown that their development occurs: 1) on the basis of exchange with the environment of information, energy, material innovations (ie, openness of the system) and 2) through active elements that initiate their own innovations and ensure the interaction of innovations.
At the same time, the most promising form ensuring the development of an ent
erprise is engineering in the original understanding of this term, which arose in Europe
in the 16th century (engineering, from the Latin Ingenium - ingenuity, invention,
knowledge), i.e. not only computer engineering (software for engineering analysis and
design) [
In this understanding, engineering can be considered as the similarity of living cells containing some “excess energy” according to E. Bauer, and in socio -economic systems - information, which initiates innovations for the development of the “organism” of an enterprise, realizing the organismic approach of L. von Bertalanffy.
E. Bauer formulated the principle of sustainable imbalance of living systems: “... living systems are never in equilibrium and perform, due to their free energy, constantly work against the equilibrium required by the laws of physics and chemistry under the existing external conditions” [28, C. 43].
This principle serves to fundamentally distinguish between a working living system and a working mechanical system or machine, which is expressed in th e inequality of potentials, in the created electrical gradient, whereas in a non -living closed system any gradients are distributed according to the entropy rule -dimensionally. This "extra" energy that exists in living cells at any level, Bauer calls "structural energy" and understands as deformation, disequilibrium in the structure of the living molecule.
The meaning of the principle of sustainable imbalance lies in the bio -physical aspects of the direction of energy movement in living systems. E. Bauer a rgues that the work done by this living cell structure is performed only by disequilibrium, and not by energy coming from outside, while in a machine the work is performed directly from an external energy source. The body uses the energy coming from outsid e not to work, but only to maintain the "excess energy" in living cells.
“Therefore, in order to preserve them, that is, the conditions of the system, it is necessary to constantly renew them, that is, to constantly expend work. Thus, the chemical energy of food is consumed in the body to create a free energy structure, to build, renew, preserve this structure, rather than directly turning into work ”[28, p. 55].
Bauer made this conclusion based on specific observations, which gives some grounds for analogies in open systems, the main laws of which were obtained on the basis of observations of biological objects and were confirmed by subsequent studies of socio-economic systems.
With regard to enterprises, E. Bauer's conclusion can be interpreted as the need to constantly maintain the redundancy of energy, or more precisely, information, in certain structures, constantly spending relevant work on this, which is the task of engineering, which should i.e. scientific and technical knowledge to create devices, ma terials, organization of production processes and management of production processes and the activities of the enterprise as a whole.
Moreover, engineering should be provided not just by some kind of subdivision such as the former design bureaus (design bureaus), but be the ideology of development at all levels of production and enterprise management. 3
The development of intelligent technologies will lead to the fact that more and more functions that previously only a person could perform would be transferred to artificial intelligence systems. At the same time, as a result, unpredictable consequences can arise, including those that can be both positive and negatively affecting the development of the enterprise, or even dangerous. K. Schwab predicts that technologies open up new opportunities, but at the same time predict the opposite effect of the introduction of technologies, especially in the conditions of their combination and the emergence of an emergent effect.
According to K. Schwab, in its scale, volume and complexity, “The fourth
industrial revolution have no analogs in the previous experience of mankind. New
technologies unite the physical, informational and biological worlds, capable of creating, on
the one hand, enormous opportunities, and on the other, a potential threat ”[
Despite the projected development of intelligent technologies, there are management functions such as targeting, planning, developing a system of values and criteria that ensure the sustainable development of an enterprise that currently cannot be automated, and some researchers who originally hoped to automate such intelligent functions, begin to doubt the possibility of their automation and in the future.
This allows us to hope that a person will keep control over the development of CPS, i.e. persons who develop management actions for the development of the enterprise.
A particular problem is the preservation of the sustainability of an enterprise when
introducing technologies that are a special kind of “disruptive innovations” by K.
Christensen [
It is also important to take into account that from the point of view of R. Akoff's classification [35, p. 33] in open information systems, both user elements and the systemas a whole are targeted aspirations. The goals of creating such systems both at the network level as a whole and at the level of its elements are the desire to achieve the maximum increase in the integration of all types of resources and freedom of information exchange. In this case, there are various relationships between goaloriented elements and between the elements and the system as a whole. Therefore, in a normally functioning organism, the purposefulness of individual component s is subordinated to the purposefulness of the organism as a whole. At the same time, at the level of socio-economic systems, both the system as a whole and its elements are targeted, which leads to the problem of resolving contradictions between active elements (components) and the system as a whole.
Considering the development of CPS of enterprises (organizations) considered in
managing the development of comparative analysis and selection of innovative
technologies, taking into account their features, capabilities, usefulness and consequences
of their implementation. This is beginning to be realized and models are being
developed for the selection and management of the introduction of innovative technologies
(for example, [
The article presents the concept of engineering as the basis of the enterprise's cyberphysical system, understood in the original sense of the term engineering, i.e. not only as computer engineering (software for design, engineering analysis, consulting), but primarily as the use of scientific and technical knowledge to adopt innovative technologies, organization of production and management processes, taking into account the purpose and characteristics of a particular enterprise.
To substantiate the concept, a study is conducted o n the development process of an enterprise when creating CPS. The concept of a cyber-physical system of an industrial enterprise has been adopted as a means that can: 1) ensure the emergence effect of the joint introduction of information and industrial technologies; 2) to resist undesirable results that may arise as a result of the interaction of technologies, based on the control of the physical element - man, persons, producing control actions for the development of the CPS enterprise.
The concept is based on the fact that the cyber-physical system of an enterprise is developed not as the use of disparate technologies, but as a systemin which the inclu sion of new technologies in the life cycle of an enterprise, integration of technologies and a physical element (decision makers on the choice an d implementation of innovations) and is focused on the fact that it is the physical element that will retain the control functions, i.e. person.
Further development of the presented work involves the study of the forms and methods of using the idea of engineering, ensuring the development of the production process and the enterprise as a whole, based on scientific and technical knowledge, the development of criteria for assessing the effect of emergence as a result of integrating information and advanced industrial technologies. from the point of view of product quality, which significantly depends on the specific types and conditions of production processes.
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