=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2420/papeDT14
|storemode=property
|title=Process Attribute Visualization in 3D and Virtual Reality
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2420/papeDT14.pdf
|volume=Vol-2420
|authors=Manuel Gall,Stefanie Rinderle-Ma
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/bpm/GallR19
}}
==Process Attribute Visualization in 3D and Virtual Reality==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2420/papeDT14.pdf
Process Attribute Visualization in 3D and
Virtual Reality
Manuel Gall, Stefanie Rinderle-Ma
University of Vienna, Faculty of Computer Science, Vienna, Austria
manuel.gall@univie.ac.at, stefanie.rinderle-ma@univie.ac.at
Abstract. Being able to visually explore process attributes and their
values supports process analysts in process understanding and optimiza-
tion. The complexity of the analysis can range from a few to a variety
of attributes, e.g., machining times and sensor parameter in the man-
ufacturing domain. This paper introduces an innovative prototype to
visualize process attributes within a 3D representation. The 3D repre-
sentation can be displayed and explored on a monitor or a virtual reality
system.
Keywords: Process Attribute Visualization, Process Model, 3D Repre-
sentation, Virtual Reality
1 Introduction
More and more data from various sources such as databases, services, and real-
time information is present in nowadays business processes. Incorporating as
much information as available into a process seems a good thing at first. How-
ever, companies need to understand their processes to achieve their business
goals. In order to support the analysis in such cases we use process models for
visualization. Such visualizations often comprise a plethora of attributes, e.g.,
machining parameters in production processes. These attributes are crucial in
understanding processes models. Various approaches e.g. views and abstractions
[5, 1], where introduced to deal with processes containing multiple attributes.
Usually these approaches abstract from the attribute data. These abstractions
lead to a loss of information and certain relations between attributes cannot be
identified anymore.
To reduce the amount of information being lost as part of the visualization
process we developed a prototype called 3DViz. This prototype allows to in-
corporate multiple attributes within one representation by using the additional
z-axis.
2 Innovations
Analyzing and understanding a business process can be a complex and over-
whelming task. Some visualization approaches only show the control flow el-
ements and hide process attributes such as time within menus. However, at-
tributes can yield crucial information for process analysts. The most commonly
2 Manuel Gall, Stefanie Rinderle-Ma
visualized attribute is the Role attribute, however there are certainly many more
relevant attributes within business processes e.g. data elements and resources.
These attributes can have different manifestations, e.g., cost, time and location.
These manifestations are not predefined; they can be different in each process
model. One model uses only cost while another one requires a new attribute
and the next model has three or more attributes. This even gets worse as those
attributes might possess different data types like string or numerical values. Our
prototype allows for visualizing multiple attributes within a single representa-
tion.
2.1 3D Process Visualization
We introduce a novel 3D Process Visualization prototype called 3DViz. 3DViz
and an overview on the design choices are explained in the following section,
details can be found in the technical report [2]. The 3DViz concepts are pro-
totypically implemented1 . The prototype supports the visualization of process
models with multiple attributes.
3DViz allows for visualizing process models within a 3 dimensional space,
hence allowing for utilizing an additional axis for process model visualization.
The 3D models enable positioning of activities on the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis
and scaling of activities on these three axes. For activity positioning, 3DViz is
capable of attribute visualization on y-axis and z-axis. X-axis is restricted to a
processes control flow.
Currently, we support up to 5 different attributes within a process model.
We could utilize more visual styles e.g., brightness, texture, and orientation
to incorporate more attributes within one visualization. However, the principle
of graphic economy [3] describes that up to 6 categories per variable can be
discriminated. Our design choice was to utilize the styles positioning, scaling,
colour, and shape. This seems to be the best trade-off between graphic economy,
perceptual discriminability, and visual expressiveness.
In order to provide complexity management mechanisms we allow the user
to customize the amount of attributes and the visual styles used. Numerical
attribute values can be mapped to every axis for positioning and scaling. String
values are restricted to positioning within swimlanes on the y-axis and z-axis.
Figure 1 depicts a sample process with 3DViz. When analyzing a process
there are two important axes, the positioning axis and the scaling axis. In this
example positioning axis in Fig. 1 1jdepicts Roles as swimlanes on the z-axis
and Cost on the y-axis. Positioning Cost on the y-axis leads to a visualization
where activities with high costs are displayed above activities with lower costs
2j. The scaling axis is visualized with colors 3j. This axis shows that Time
is scaled on the x-axis and Data Usage is scaled on the y-axis. 4j depicts an
activity scaled on the y-axis. This activity possesses the highest amount of Data
Usage. Additionally a room (e.g., a seminar room or an office) is created around
the process model to ease navigation and orientation while exploring the model.
1
https://bit.ly/2wTT5za
Process Attribute Visualization in 3D and Virtual Reality 3
Fig. 1. Example process visualized with 3DViz.
In 3DViz, control flow elements (cf. Fig. 1) are designed similarly to their
2D counterparts in BPMN. The motivation behind this decision is to provide a
familiar setup to reduce training efforts.
2.2 VR Visualization
Literature suggests that viewing a 3D model on a monitor might not be an
appropriate way to transport the visual fidelity introduced by a 3D model [4].
Therefore we opted for extending 3DViz beyond monitors. We allow to view and
interact with 3D models through an HTC Vive VR device.
From a visual point of view the model is represented in the same way as the
3DViz model. For this reason we want to refer to Figure 1 for a process model
visualization example. The main difference is the interaction with the model.
While 3DViz requires mouse and keyboard input for interactions, e.g., camera
movement, the VR approach allows camera movement when the VR device is
moved, i.e., moving the head forward while wearing the device will translate to
movement within the virtual world.
Within 3DViz a room is created around the process model. For the VR
approach the visualization of a room offers additional benefits. A room might
help to avoid dizziness and disorientation when exploring the process model.
In its current state the applicability of VR/AR is poor compared to Desktop
systems. However, when considering the development in recent years we believe
VR/AR will advance further and be better integrated in the normal day routine
of people.
2.3 Visualization Configuration
In the previous sections the visualization capabilities of the prototype are briefly
discussed and depicted in Figure 1. Figure 2 depicts the configuration menu. Nine
4 Manuel Gall, Stefanie Rinderle-Ma
different styles for attribute visualization are available. For each style the user
can select an attribute and a mapping e.g. on the z-axis the role is visualized with
discrete mapping. For the attribute mapping we allow for 3 different variants,
direct mapping, relative mapping and discrete mapping [2].
Fig. 2. Configuration of the visualization.
3 Evaluation
At an public event called ”Lange Nacht der Forschung” the 3D attribute visual-
ization was demonstrated. Based on a physical Lego showcase we visualized the
according process instances with respect to their attributes.
Additionally we conducted a survey addressing applicability and usability of
3D visualizations. From the 42 participants 39 (92.8%) answered that 3D vi-
sualizations are useful for process model visualization. Further we asked which
areas are particularly interesting when 3D visualizations are used. In total 33
(80.5%) participants answered that combining multiple attributes is an interest-
ing field. Allowing the user to change the viewing angel an rotate around the
process model was also very well received by 31 (75.6%) participants. However,
to our surprise only 11 (26.8%) thought that 3D representations are particularly
Process Attribute Visualization in 3D and Virtual Reality 5
useful to omit overlapping edges. More insights on survey design, demographic
data, results and discussion can be found in our technical report [2].
An evaluation targeting the performance of 3DViz was conducted [2]. The
data ranged from simple graphs 2 Activities and 1 Control-Flow-Element element
till large graphs with 1024 Activities and 512 Control-Flow-Elements. We saw
a linear growth in time needed to draw graphs. This is a very good result as
large graphs e.g. 1024 Activities and 512 Control-Flow-Elements only take 2.2
seconds for drawing. In all our examples we used 5 attributes to be visualized.
For the creation of these models we used a random process model creation tool
2
. This tool can be used to create large process models for demo visualizations.
4 Conclusion and Outlook
3DViz offers an innovative approach to visualize process models and their at-
tributes. Attributes can be visualized by scaling or positioning of nodes. Scaling
and positioning on the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis allows to incorporated multi-
ple attributes within one visualization. Integrating multiple attributes leads to
faster recognition of associations between attributes.
We are currently working on expanding 3DViz capabilities towards mining
and monitoring. Further we want to explore the visualization of multiple pro-
cesses in combination with constraint visualization.
The prototype, a tutorial, a short video and further information is available
on our website3 .
Acknowledgment This work has been funded by the Vienna Science and Tech-
nology Fund (WWTF) through project ICT15-072.
References
1. Bobrik, R., Reichert, M., Bauer, T.: View-based process visualization. In: Business
Process Management. pp. 88–95 (2007)
2. Gall, M., Rinderle-Ma, S.: Visualizing multiple process attributes in one 3d process
representation. Tech. Rep. arXiv:1903.00283, arXiv (2019)
3. Moody, D.L.: The physics of notations: Toward a scientific basis for constructing
visual notations in software engineering. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
35 (2009)
4. Schönhage, B., van Ballegooij, A., Elliëns, A.: 3d gadgets for business process visu-
alization a case study. In: Virtual Reality Modeling Language. pp. 131–138. VRML
’00 (2000)
5. Smirnov, S., Reijers, H.A., Weske, M., Nugteren, T.: Business process model ab-
straction: a definition, catalog, and survey. Distributed and Parallel Databases 30(1),
63–99 (2012)
2
http://gruppe.wst.univie.ac.at/ gallm6/ProzessGenerator/
3
https://bit.ly/2wTT5za