=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2443/paper05
|storemode=property
|title=Addressing Complexity of Contexts of IT Solutions for Older Adults
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2443/paper05.pdf
|volume=Vol-2443
|authors=Marite Kirikova,Ella Kolkowska,Piotr Soja,Agneta Muceniece
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/bir/KirikovaKSM19
}}
==Addressing Complexity of Contexts of IT Solutions for Older Adults==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2443/paper05.pdf
Addressing Complexity of Contexts of IT Solutions for
Older Adults
Marite Kirikova1, Ella Kolkowska2, Piotr Soja3, Ewa Soja4, Agneta Muceniece1
1
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Riga Technical University,
Latvia; 2Center for Empirical Research in Information Systems (CERIS), Örebro University
School of Business, Sweden; 3Department of Computer Science, Cracow University of Eco-
nomics, Poland; 4Department of Demography, Cracow University of Economics, Poland
Marite.Kirikova@rtu.lv; Ella.Kolkowska@oru.se;
Piotr.Soja@uek.krakow.pl; Ewa.Soja@uek.krakow.pl;
agneta.muceniece@edu.rtu.lv
Abstract. In the last decades a large number and variety of prototyped and
commercial IT solutions have been dedicated to older adults with the purpose to
make their activities as meaningful and diverse as possible; and to establish the
environment around them as comfortable as possible. However, in most cases
the requirements for the tools are derived from user surveys or are just a result
of some innovative ideas of researchers and practitioners. This might be one of
the reasons why the spectrum of possible IT solutions is much larger than the
spectrum of actually used solutions. In this paper we propose to view IT solu-
tions that are developed for older adults in the context, which is represented as a
socio-cyber-physical system. Enterprise modeling is proposed as a means for
context representation and analysis.
Keywords: Older adults, Context factors, IT solutions for older adults, Socio-
cyber-physical systems, Enterprise Architecture, ArchiMate
1 Introduction
According to Eurostat data, there is expected a considerable change in the proportion
of people in different age groups [1] with more people in the older adult group (65+
years old citizens) regarding both men and women. So the challenge is how to ensure
that this group of people can serve the society and be served by the society effective-
ly. The IT solutions supporting older adults are seen as one of the possible options
how to meet this challenge. There are already a number of solutions proposed for
older adults [2]. However the actual usage of the IT solutions is of much smaller scale
than their development activities.
In this paper we consider one of the reasons for relatively law usage of the pro-
posed tools, which is insufficient analysis of context factors. The research question
addressed in this paper is “Is it worth and possible to model contexts of IT solutions
for older adults as socio-cyber-physical systems?”. A socio-cyber-physical system is
chosen because we have learned from related work that the use of IT solution depends
Copyright © 2019 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Com-
mons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
51
on social, cyber and physical factors which all are integrated in situations of the use of
IT solutions [2], [3], [4], [5].
To answer above-stated research question we will use the following approach: (1)
Learn how contexts of IT solution for older adults are characterized in related work;
(2) Analyze what systems are involved in the context of these solutions, in general;
(3) Select the modeling techniques for modeling the context; and (4) Evaluate wheth-
er the models can simplify context analysis regarding development of IT solutions for
older adults.
In this paper general purpose ICT technologies will be considered as contextual
factors not as the IT solutions for older adults. Another purposeful abstraction of the
paper is that the context issues are only considered with the focus on types of systems
to be included in the context. This paper does not aim at analysis of the spectrum of
meta-models for context modeling, which is a well developed field itself and deserves
a separate discussion.
In Section 2 we discuss the background and related work regarding the spectrum of
IT solutions for older adults and review the context factors of usage of IT solutions by
older adults. In Section 3 we discuss how the contexts of IT solutions for older adults
could be modeled as socio-cyber-physical systems. The gains of modeling contexts as
socio-cyber-physical systems, on the basis of an example, are illustrated in Section 4.
In Section 5 we provide brief conclusions.
2 Background and Related Work
In this section we will briefly consider the spectrum of IT solutions that are positioned
as dedicated solutions for older adults. Regarding these IT solutions we will discuss
what context systems are relevant in usage of different IT solutions. The context sys-
tems are those systems that surround the IT solution; i.e. the systems that directly or
indirectly influence or are influenced by the IT solution. Afterwards we will consider
context factors by examining some related works that address contextual issues of IT
solutions for older adults.
2.1 The Spectrum of IT Solutions for Older Adults
We have analyzed several surveys on IT solutions for older adults. The information
about IT solutions learned from these sources is amalgamated in Table 1. Table 1
does not show a canonic classification of IT solutions. The items in the first column
are taken from different surveys and many of them semantically overlap. The purpose
of the table is not to demonstrate taxonomy of existing IT solutions. It was created to
show that many of established technologies actually require consideration of all three
systems: social, cyber and physical. It has to be taken into account that each of these
systems is governed by rules characteristic to those systems, and different modeling
methods might be needed to understand each type of systems and their interactions
[15]. In Table 1 there are only four types of technologies that do not require consider-
ation of physical space. This lets to assume that, in general, the modeling environment
52
for revealing requirements for IT solutions for older adults must be able to accommo-
date elements that characterize constituents and laws of all three system types; and the
relationships between the systems. It is also important that the use of IT solutions
should be considered having a holistic view of activities of older adults, e.g. by con-
sidering their daily routines [16], [17]. Modeling daily routines can be done using
conventional business process modeling tools [18]. However, when a context is care-
fully analyzed, the business process models must be linked to other models describing
the context of IT solutions.
Table 1. IT solutions for older adults (based on referenced sources).
Type of IT solutions Source Types of systems
interacting with the IT
solutions
Robotic technologies (social and physical assistants,
including monitoring robots, falling protection
robots, intelligent environments, etc. With respect to [6], [7], [14] Social, cyber, physical
robots as such, we found about 60 robots dedicated
for older adults [7]
Smart homes (defined as regular homes which are
augmented with various types of sensors and activa- [2] Social, cyber, physical
tors)
Mobile and wearable sensors [2] Social, cyber, physical
Applications: health and activity monitoring tools,
[2] Social, cyber, physical
wandering prevention tools, and cognitive orthotics
Home assistive technologies: physiological monitor-
ing, functional monitoring/emergency detection and
response, safety monitoring and assistance, security
[8], [14] Social, cyber, physical
monitoring and assistance, social interaction moni-
toring and assistance, and cognitive and sensory
assistance
Sympathetic design framework based devices for
socialization, eating, leisure activities; and sharing [9] Social, cyber, physical
the products older adults have made
Games [10] Social, cyber, physical
Robotic pets [11] Social, cyber, physical
Healthcare and active aging and healthy lifestyle
support tools(includes also rehabilitation and assis- [12], [14] Social, cyber, physical
tive technologies)
Financial activity support tools [13] Social, cyber
Special purpose machines [14] Social, cyber, physical
Social networking platforms [14] Social, cyber
Messaging services [14] Social, cyber
Information services [14] Social, cyber
53
2.2 The Context of IT Solutions for Older Adults
Necessity of context modeling has been well recognized in the area of IT solutions for
older adults, e.g. context modeling is performed to identify which data should be con-
sidered by sensors [2]. However, in most of cases the modeling is based on just inter-
views or questionnaires without thorough consideration of each involved system and
relationships between the systems. In Table 2 we have amalgamated issues of dedi-
cated IT solution usage by older adults that we have found in related research. For
each issue we point to system type(s) the issue belongs to and the enterprise(s) (sys-
tems of activities, organizations, institutions, companies) that relate to the issue.
Table 2. Contexts of IT solutions for older adults (based on referenced sources).
N Context issue Source Type(s) of systems the Enterprise(s) related to the
issue belongs to issue
Neighborhood (trans-
portation, housing, [4], [5], City planning, Gardening,
1 Physical
accessibility, gathering [17] Road management, etc.
space, etc.)
Family (family values, Social, physical, may
2 [17] Family as an enterprise.
family structure) be also cyber
Daily routines of older
[3], [17],
3 Individuality Social, cyber, physical adults, properties, profi-
[18]
ciency.
Company or institution
where an older adult is
3 Work outside the home [17] Social, cyber, physical
employed or associated
with.
4 Health support services [4] Social Healthcare system
Municipality and private
Community support
5 [3], [4] Social enterprises for older adults,
services
home care providers.
Respect and recogni- Enterprises involving older
6 [4] Social
tion adults (e.g. associations).
ICT infrastructure and
general purpose software
Communication and
7 [4] Social, cyber application provision for
information
older adults: ICT compa-
nies, Social networks.
Accommodation manage-
8 Home interior [3], [14] Cyber, physical
ment.
Social, may be also
9 Funding availability [3] Funding agencies.
cyber
The context factors shown in Table 2 are revealed in social science studies. When the
context has to be sensed by IT solutions, the smaller granularity context factors may
54
be considered such as medical history, residence layout, etc. [2]. For handling these
factors some situation modeling languages and ontologies are developed as referenced
in [2]. These languages and ontolgies are beyond the scope of this paper. The needed
level of details of a context of IT solutions depends on the purpose of modeling and
the stage of IT solution creation (whether it is necessary to develop a vision, a proto-
type, a commercial product or other considerations). Hereby we address only types of
systems to be modeled, not the details of different contexts.
In Table 2 we can learn that, regarding contexts of IT solutions for older adults,
there are different system types and many different enterprises involved. We also can
notice that the aspect itself can be represented with less systems than the enterprises
related to the aspect (e.g. the aspect in Row 1 is just a physical system, but the enter-
prises caring for this aspect are social systems that obviously use also information
technology and thus the cyber systems are to be considered, too). So, the modeling
techniques for context representation have to be able to represent social, cyber and
physical systems as well as the relationships between these systems or their elements.
3 Enterprise Models for Context Representation and Analysis
From the previous section we can conclude that the enterprises models for contexts of
IT solutions for older adults, in general, must represent elements from all types of
systems, namely social, cyber and physical ones; and they should be able to represent
several enterprises simultaneously. There is a number of enterprise modeling ap-
proaches (methods, methodologies) available with different modeling languages asso-
ciated with these approaches [19], [20], [21]. There are specific architecture frame-
works developed for business systems (e.g. TOGAF [22]) and cyber physical systems
(e.g. RAMI4.0 [23]). In this paper we will discuss enterprise modeling of contexts of
IT solutions for older adults using enterprise architecture representation language
ArchiMate [24]. This language is aligned with TOGAF framework. It allows repre-
sentation not only of business but also physical systems.
ArchiMate language has its own framework which consists of 6 layers (strategy,
business, application, technology, physical, and implementation and migration). Each
layer can be modeled from three aspects: passive structure, behavior, and active struc-
ture. This is an essential characteristic of the language, because availability of model-
ing elements for these aspects at several layers gives an opportunity to show function-
al issues (what is transformed by what or whom) of social, cyber and physical sys-
tems. Additionally, there is one more aspect that can be related to all layers - moti-
vation. Further in this section we will discuss modeling elements of business, applica-
tion, technology, and physical layers regarding passive structure, behavior, and active
structure elements. We will not consider strategy layer and implementation and mi-
gration layer as these layers are representing rather changes in the systems (enterpris-
es) than the systems themselves. The motivation aspect is also left out of the discus-
sion, as it is rather change oriented than just a representation of IT solution contexts.
However, we admit that in enterprise modeling all ArchiMate elements are useful as
55
strategic, implementation and motivation issues are and should be considered in the
context models. These issues are just not in focus of this paper.
In Table 3 we show how ArchiMate modeling language suits for the representation
of context aspects and enterprises revealed in Table 2. We can see here that, theoreti-
cally, the ArchiMate language suits well for the representation of contexts of IT solu-
tions for older adults.
Table 3. ArchiMate's capacity to represent contexts of IT solutions for older adults.
N Context issue Enterprise(s) related to the ArchiMate elements for aspect
issue and enterprise representation
Aspect: All physical layer
Neighborhood (trans- elements (behavioral ele-
portation, housing, City planning, Gardening, ments missing)
1
accessibility, gathering Road management, etc. Enterprise: All Business, Ap-
space, etc.) plication, Technology layer
elements
Family (family values,
2 Family as an enterprise All ArchiMate elements
family structure)
All ArchiMate elements (more
Daily routines of older adults, developed business modeling
3 Individuality
properties, proficiency possibilities would be de-
sired)
Company or institution where
3 Work outside the home an older adult is employed or All ArchiMate elements
associated with
All business, application, and
4 Health support services Healthcare system
technology layer elements
Municipality and private
Community support All business, application, and
5 enterprises for older adults,
services technology layer elements
home care providers
Business layer elements, but
Respect and recogni- Enterprise involving older there are no specific ele-
6
tion adults (e.g. associations) ments to show respect and
recognition
All business, application, and
ICT infrastructure and general technology layer elements, but
Communication and purpose software application at the business layer there are
7
information provision for older adults: ICT no elements to show social
companies, Social networks. networks that are not related
to IT
8 Home interior Accommodation management All physical layer elements
All business, application, and
9 Funding availability Funding agencies
technology layer elements
56
Basically business layer elements are for representation of social aspects; applica-
tion and technology layer elements cover cyber aspects; but physical layer elements
correspond to physical aspects of the contexts. However, in some cases ArchiMate
language is not sufficient for representation of the contexts. So in Row 1 of Table 3
the behavioral elements of the physical layer are missing; in Row 3 better business
process modeling possibilities are required; in Row 6 there are no simple means how
to represent respect and recognition; and in Row 7 there are no means how to repre-
sent social networks at the business layer. The missing elements are pointed to in bold
in the third column of Table 3.
Business, application and technology layers have almost the same modeling ele-
ments in ArchiMate (except there some more network related elements in the tech-
nology layer). However, at the physical layer there are no behavioral elements. Ab-
sence of behavioral elements hinders a possibility to fully represent the physical con-
text. From this follows that context representation would be more successful if all
types of passive, active and behavioral elements (or their substitutes) would be avail-
able in all discussed layers (business, application, technology, and physical). For rep-
resentation of respect and recognition some elements from a motivational layer could
be borrowed. For business process modeling, the ArchiMate language could be com-
bined with some business process modeling tools supporting BPMN [25].
4 Onion Smartwatch Example
In this section we will use an example of visionary IT solution for older adults to
show how enterprise modeling of a context as a socio-cyber-physical system facili-
tates IT solution development. The example stems from documented daily routines of
about 70 years old visually impaired woman living in Latvian countryside [7].
Let us consider the excerpt of activities documented on Wednesday, 08.05.2019.
There will be a sequence of observed activities with the time for start and the end of
an activity: Put on barn closes (06:30-06:40); Go to barn (06:40-06:43); Feed rabbits
(06:43-07:12); Feed cats (07:12-07:15); Go home (07:15-07:18); Take shower (07:18-
07:28); Have breakfast (07:28-07:45); Prepare a working suit (07:45-07:55); Go to
work in the museum (07:55-08:00); ... ; Go to home (17:00-17:05); Have lunch
(17:05-17:30); Put on barn closes (17:30-17:37); ... ; Go to garden greenhouse (18:47-
18:50); Take tools (18:50-18:53); Go to the field (18:53-18:54); Propel the furrows
(18:54-19:53); Put the fertilizer in the furrows (19:53-20:20); Plant onions (20:20-
20:55); Close the furrows (20:55-21:05); ... ; Sleep (22:46-06:50).
When planting onions it was observed the woman has a difficulty to see, which an
upper part of an onion is and where the root part of it is. On the basis of this observa-
tion the idea of an onion smartwatch was generated. The onion smartwatch is the
wearable device that is taught to recognize things when they are shown to it; ‒ in this
case to give an approval sound if an onion is in a right position and the warning sound
if an onion is in a wrong position. The device may be trained also for other functions
depending on the needs of a particular older adult. Device as such could also be used
by younger people facing similar problems. However, to make a technology feasible
57
for older adults the context of usage of this technology by older adults must be taken
into account, i.e. not only technical features of an IT solution matter, but also social
factors are to be taken into account.
The primary context aspect here is Individuality (see Row 3 in Tables 2 and 3), so
all ArchiMate modeling elements can be used, and also the business process modeling
with BPMN can be applied. Additional contexts refer to how the IT solution can be
produced, funded, and obtained by the individual. So, several enterprises are to be
considered as a context of the IT solution (onion smartwatch).
In Fig. 1 a simplified enterprise model is shown represented in ArchiMate lan-
guage. The model shows 5 enterprises, namely, the individual process of onion plant-
ing using the smartwatch; the IT company that can produce smartwatches; the re-
search institution that comes up with the idea of the smartwach and seeks IT compa-
nies cooperation regarding their production, simultaneously requesting funds for the
IT company from the Funding organization. Also a municipality is represented in the
enterprise model as the distributor of produced smartwatches.
Fig. 1. Enterprise model for onion smartwatch and its context
The enterprise model in Fig. 1 represents all three types of systems (social, cyber
and physical ones). Different level of detail of representation would be needed for
different purposes of modeling. For instance, to develop requirements for smartwatch,
58
it would be necessary to examine on which part of a human arm the watch should be
located, taking into account dust level of the ground, convenience of showing an on-
ion to the equipment (or device), weight of the device and other parameters. Regard-
ing the enterprises, some collaboration elements might be introduced to specify how
they perform activities together.
Nevertheless, even from this simple model we can conclude that enterprise model-
ing in the socio-cyber-physical context is possible; and it is beneficial for the design
of IT solutions for older adults, because it gives an opportunity to model IT solutions
taking into account issues of all three types of systems and it gives an opportunity to
see the relationships between different enterprises involved in the context of an IT
solution. So it allows addressing a full scope of the complexity of the context.
A peculiarity of these models is that one and the same object can have several rep-
resentations in the enterprise model. For instance, a smartwatch will be the device at
the technology layer and the equipment at the physical layer; an individual will be a
role at the business layer and equipment at the physical layer; and an onion will be
data at the application level and a material at the physical layer. We can assume here
that a possibility to reflect (if needed) any object in all layers would be a desirable
feature of a modeling language. To achieve this, the ArchiMate language should be
extended with new elements so that practically all layers have the spectrum of ele-
ments that is a union of semantics of element types of business, application, technolo-
gy and physical levels.
The model present in Fig. 1 is very simple. Real enterprise models can grow quite
large and their maintenance can be time and effort consuming. Therefore it is neces-
sary to develop tools for smooth enterprise modeling and analysis for IT solutions for
older adults.
5 Conclusions
This paper concerns IT solutions for older adults and their context. A specific of this
type of IT solutions is a necessity to consider not only information technology per se,
but also social and physical issues of usage of IT solutions. Therefore we examined
here the spectrum of currently available IT solutions for older adults and tool usage
contexts to identify what type of enterprise modeling approaches could be applicable
for modeling contexts of IT solutions for older adults. After brief theoretical analysis,
the ArchiMate language was chosen for enterprise modeling and simplified enterprise
model shown for envisioned IT solution. Regarding the research question whether it
worth and possible to model contexts of IT solutions for older adults as socio-cyber-
physical systems, the theoretical considerations and practical experiments allow us to
conclude the following:
1. For many IT solutions for older adults, their contexts require consideration of
three types of systems (social, cyber and physical). There are few solutions that re-
quire consideration of two only or just one type of systems. Therefore it is worth to
model the contexts as socio-cyber-physical systems.
59
2. ArchiMate language is appropriate, in general, for representing socio-cyber-
physical systems, however, it cannot cover all issued and therefore it is suggested to
extend this language so that business, application and technology, and physical layers
would have the same representative power. It would give an opportunity to:
• represent transformations at physical layer and
• represent networks at business layer.
3. Enterprise modeling of socio-cyber-physical systems is partly possible with Ar-
chiMate; and it is beneficial, because it allows representing several enterprises of the
context of an IT solution and showing and analyzing the relationships between the
elements of these enterprises.
The research work presented in this paper is devoted to IT solutions for older
adults, and all literature used here comes from that domain. However, the necessity to
model simultaneously all three system types of socio-cyber-physical systems is im-
portant not only in the context of IT solutions for older adults, but also in more gen-
eral contexts, such as robotics, Internet of Things and others.
In this paper we analyzed the contexts of IT solutions as enterprises. One of direc-
tions of future work is to consider the contexts in line with the analysis of capabilities
[26] (or changes of capabilities) of older adults and compare or/and integrate these
results with those obtained in the research reflected in this paper.
Acknowledgment: This research has been financed in part by The Swedish Institute,
Sweden.
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