=Paper=
{{Paper
|id=Vol-2459/paper4
|storemode=property
|title=MODL: A Modular Ontology Design Library
|pdfUrl=https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2459/paper4.pdf
|volume=Vol-2459
|authors=Cogan Shimizu,Quinn Hirt,Pascal Hitzler
|dblpUrl=https://dblp.org/rec/conf/semweb/ShimizuHH19
}}
==MODL: A Modular Ontology Design Library==
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2459/paper4.pdf
MODL: A Modular Ontology Design Library?
Cogan Shimizu1 , Quinn Hirt1 , and Pascal Hitzler1,2
1
Data Semantics Laboratory, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
2
Data Semantics Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
Abstract. Pattern-based, modular ontologies have several beneficial
properties that lend themselves to FAIR data practices, especially as
it pertains to Interoperability and Reusability. However, developing such
ontologies has a high upfront cost, e.g. reusing a pattern is predicated
upon being aware of its existence in the first place. Thus, to help over-
come these barriers, we have developed MODL: a modular ontology de-
sign library. MODL is a curated collection of well-documented ontology
design patterns, drawn from a wide variety of interdisciplinary use-cases.
In this paper we present MODL as a useful resource for the development
of high-quality, modular ontologies, discuss its use, and provide some
examples of its contents.
1 Introduction
The Information Age is an apt description for these modern times; between
the World Wide Web and the Internet of Things an unfathomable amount of
information is accessible to humans and machines, but the sheer volume and
heterogeneity of the data have their drawbacks. Humans have difficulty drawing
meaning from large amounts of data. Machines can parse the data, but do not
understand it. Thus, in order to bridge this gap, data would need to be organized
in such a way that some critical part of the human conceptualization is preserved.
Ontologies are a natural fit for this role, as they may act as a vehicle for the
sharing of understanding [5].
Unfortunately, published ontologies have infrequently lived up to such a
promise, hence the recent emphasis on FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interopera-
ble, and Reusable) data practices [24]. More specifically, many ontologies are not
interoperable or reusable. This is usually due to incompatible ontological com-
mitments: strong—or very weak—ontological committments lead to an ontology
that is really only useful for a specific use-case, or to an ambiguous model that
is almost meaningless by itself.
To combat this, we have developed a methodology for developing so-called
modular ontologies [14]. In particular, we are especially interested in pattern-
based modules [11]. A modularized ontology is an ontology that individual users
can easily adapt to their own use-cases, while still preserving relations with other
?
Copyright c 2019 for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Com-
mons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
versions of the ontology; that is, keeping it interoperable with other ontologies.
Such ontologies may be so adapted due to their “plug-and-play” nature; that is,
one module may be swapped out for another developed from the same pattern.
An ontology design pattern is, essentially, a small self-contained ontology that
addresses a general problem that has been observed to be invariant over different
domains or applications [9]. By tailoring a pattern to a more specific use-case, an
ontology engineer has developed a module. This modelling paradigm moves much
of the cost away from the formalization of a conceptualization (i.e. the logical
axiomatization). Instead, pattern-based modular ontolody design (PBMOD) is
predicated upon knowledge of available patterns, as well as being aware of the
use-cases it addresses and its ontological commitments.
Thus, in order to address the findability and accessibility aspects of PB-
MOD, we have developed MODL: a modular ontology design library. MODL is
a curated collection of well-documented ontology design patterns. The particular
research contribution is both the curation and documentation. Some of the pat-
terns are novel, but many more have been extracted from existing ontologies and
streamlined for use in a general manner. MODL, as an artefact, is distributed
online as a collection of annotated OWL files and a technical report containing
schema diagrams and explanations of each OWL axiom.3
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the relevance
of this work. Section 3 presents our Modular Ontology Design Library in detail
and in Section 4 we conclude and discuss future work.
2 Relevance
Pattern-based modular ontology development is not a conceptually new idea—
instead, it is a continuation of an already established paradigm. Both modular-
ization of ontologies [17] and pattern-based modelling [4] have been identified as
improvements to the ontology engineering process. These concepts have culim-
inated in mature paradigms (e.g. MOM [14, 11] and eXtreme Design [16, 1]),
both having been used in large-scale projects (e.g. GeoLink [15] and VALCRI
[3]). However, the ontology engineering community, especially those that utilize
patterns, have indicated an increased need for better tooling support [7, 2], of
which there are two complementary aspects: a dedicated development environ-
ment and a critical mass of Ontology Design Patterns (or ODPs for short).4
There is already a prototype that begins to address the need for a dedicated
development environment for pattern-based ontologies [6]. It also provides a set
of hard-coded patterns that were extracted (at the time of development) from
the ODP Portal.5 However, having the pattern library tightly coupled with the
3
https://dase.cs.wright.edu/content/modl-modular-ontology-design-library
4
Anecdotally, one of the more pervasive themes at both the 2018 and 2019 United
States Semantic Technologies Symposia (https://us2ts.org/) was a call from on-
tology engineers in both academia and industry for better tooling support.
5
http://ontologydesignpatterns.org/wiki/Submissions:ContentOPs
tool is disadvantageous for future development. Indeed, decoupling the tool is
desirable, for a number of reasons, as follows.
– Remove the onus of pattern development and upkeep off of the tool devel-
oper.
– Enable community driven improvements and tailoring of the library to the
end-users use-cases.
– Enable plug-and-play pattern libraries for different domains, etc.
On the other hand, MODL also addresses the crucial need for a critical mass
of ODPs. One may argue that this critical mass exists in the form of the ODP
portal. Unfortunately, though, it has suffered under the weight of its own mission.
Community enforced quality control has not succeeded in providing a ready-to-
use suite of quality patterns for use across multiple domains.
Furthermore, while the quality of a set of patterns is largely subjective,
MODL strives for consistency in documentation, uses best practices [13, 10],
and limited ontological commitments. In some cases this required polishing ex-
tant documentation, writing it from scratch, and tweaking or detecting errors
in the formalization. We also include all new schema diagrams [12] following a
single paradigm and style.
MODL therefore addresses, in some fashion, both aspects of improving tool-
ing support. In turn, we expect this to lower the barrier of entry to PBMOD,
which in turn lowers the barrier of entry for wider adoption semantic web tech-
nologies in application areas.
3 A Modular Ontology Design Library
In this section, we present in detail MODL. Section 3.1 explains our methodology
and the organization of MODL, Section 3.2 provides a brief overview on the
anticipated usecases of MODL, Section 3.3 provides an example pattern that has
been excerpted from the documentation (some of the language and structure,
e.g. subsections, have been adapted to fit this paper format), and finally, Section
3.4 provides information pertaining to accessibility, sustainability, and more.
3.1 MODL’s Methodology
MODL is a curated collection of well-documented ontology design patterns.
MODL, itself, can be considered to be the combination of two artifacts, the
collection of patterns, specified in OWL, and the accompanying documentation.
The separation is a little fuzzy, as the OWL serialization is also heavily anno-
tated for convenience. The mission of MODL is to make patterns both findable
and accessible. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that every pattern therein
is thoroughly documented. One drawback of the ODP Portal is that there are no
guidelines provided for documenting the patterns and, during submission, a form
is provided with many optional, ill-defined fields. That is not to say all of the
patterns documented therein are poorly documented—some patterns did indeed
have thorough documentation. Indeed, we would like to emphasize that the main
contribution of MODL is not the patterns in and of themselves. The ODP portal
and many of the included patterns are well-known, well-used, and grounded in
literature. Where possible, we preserved these efforts, from either the portal or
associated publication, and corresponding credit is given in the MODL docu-
mentation. Links to ancestor patterns are included in both the annotations and
documentation.
However, for many of the patterns included in MODL, we needed to fill some
gaps. For this we have elected to follow the guidelines set forth in [13]. These
guidelines are a result of a community wide survey that ranks the perceived im-
portance of ten different components of ODP documentation. For our purposes,
we have chosen to include the top seven. They are Schema Diagram, Example
of Pattern Instantiation, Compentency Questions, Axiomatization, OWL File,
Pointers to Related Patterns, and Metadata. The remaining three components
(Set of Example SPARQL Queries, Examples of Available Datasets for Popula-
tion, and Constraints Using ShEx 6 ) are being considered for future versions of
MODL.7
The schema diagrams for our documentation were manually created using
the algorithm found in [12, 21]. We elected to use a simplified visual syntax that
conveyed relations between concepts and also contains visual cues for identifying
concepts that should be used as hooks into the ODP. In this case, a “hook” is
some concept that is not fully fleshed out by the pattern, but recognizes that
there is some relation at some level. This hook can be another pattern, a module,
or a stub (described in more detail later).
The provided OWL files for each of the patterns are annotated with the
Extended Ontology Design Pattern Representation Language (OPLa)8 [10]. This
allows us to embed provenance metadata (e.g. where did this pattern originate?)
or provide pointers to related patterns (e.g. generalizations or specializations of
the pattern) in annotations.
Finally, each pattern uses the namespace associated with the persistent URI
for this resource9 . However, the patterns contained inside of MODL are intended
to be used as templates [8]. Further, the patterns in a MODL-like pattern library
are meant to be local and the collection bespoke to the domain. MODL itself is
meant as both example and seed. As such, the pattern URIs are not intended
to be resolvable. By instantiating a pattern or making a module, the original
pattern namespace becomes inconsequential. However, we acknowledge that this
may be a perspective that runs counter to some established view points; thus,
as MODL matures, we intend to include redirects to landing pages (e.g. using
6
http://shex.io/
7
Furthermore, there is some community indecision on embracing ShEx or SHACL, a
newer W3C recommendation. More information can be found at https://www.w3.
org/TR/shacl/.
8
https://github.com/cogan-shimizu-wsu/Extended-OPLa
9
https://archive.org/services/purl/purl/modular_ontology_design_library
Category Patterns
Explicit Typing
Property Reification
Metapatterns
Stubs
Aggregation, Bag, Collection
Sequence, List
Organization of Data
Tree
Spatiotemporal Extent
Space, Time, and Movement Spatial Extent
Temporal Extent
Trajectory
Event
AgentRole
Agents and Roles ParticipantRole
Name Stub
Quantities and Units
Partonymy/Meronymy
Description and Details
Provenance
Identifier
Table 1: This table contains the patterns included in MODL. They have been
partitioned into five categories (metapatterns; organization of data; space, time,
and movement; agents and roles; and description and details) which are loosely
defined by their general use-cases.
WiDoCo or similar) in the purl service via content negotiation, as it will certainly
further improve usability.
Table 1 lists the patterns included in MODL. They have been loosely orga-
nized into five categories: metapatterns; organization of data; space, time, and
movement; agents and roles; and description and details.
Metapatterns This category contains patterns that can be considered to be
“patterns for patterns.” In other literature, notably [4], they may be called struc-
tural ontology design patterns, as they are independent of any specific context, i.e.
they are content-independent. This is particularly true for the metapattern for
property reification, which, while a modelling strategy, is also a workaround for
the lack of n-ary relationships in OWL. The other metapatterns address struc-
tural design choices frequently encountered when working with domain experts.
They present a best practice to non-ontologists for addressing language specific
limitations. In general, these patterns are not meant to be truly instantiated.
One use of these patterns would be to utilize their axioms as a guide.
Organization of Data This category contains patterns that pertain to how
data might be organized. These patterns are necessarily highly abstract, as they
are ontological reflections of common data structures in computer science. The
pattern for aggregation, bag, or collection is a simple model for connecting many
concepts to a single concept. Analogously, for the list and tree pattterns, which
aim to capture ordinality and acyclicity, as well. More so than other patterns in
this library, these patterns provide an axiomatization as a high-level framework
that must be specialized (or modularized) to be truly useful.
Space, Time, and Movement This category contains patterns that model
the movement of a thing through a space or spaces and a general event pattern.
The semantic trajectory pattern is a more general pattern for modelling the
discrete movements along some dimensions. The spatiotemporal extent pattern
is a trajectory along the familiar dimensions of time and space. Both patterns
are included for convenience.
Agents and Roles This category contains patterns that pertain to agents in-
teracting with things. Here, we consider an agent to be anything that performs
some action or role. This is important, as it decouples the role of an agent from
the agent itself. For example, a Person may be Husband and Widower at some
point, but should not be both simultaneously. These patterns enable the capture
of this data. In fact, the agent role and participante role patterns are convenient
specializations of property reification that have evolved into a modelling practice
writ large. In this category, we also include the name stub, which is a convenient
instantiation of the stub metapattern; it allows us to acknowledge that a name is
a complicated thing, but sometimes we only really need the string representation.
Description and Details This category contains patterns that model the de-
scription of things. These patterns are relatively straightforward, models for
capturing “how much?” and “what kind?” for a particular thing; patterns that
are derived from Winston’s part-whole taxonomy [23]; a pattern extracted from
PROV-O [18], perhaps to be used to answer “where did this data come from?”;
and a pattern for associating an identifier with something.
3.2 Using MODL
There are two different ways to use MODL—for use in ontology modelling and
for use in tools. In both cases, MODL is distributed as a ZIP archive of the pat-
terns’ OWL files and accompanying documentation. In the case of the Ontology
Engineer, it is simply used as a resource while building an ontology, perhaps
by using Modular Ontology Modelling or eXtreme Design methodologies. For
the tool developer, we also supply an ontology consisting of exactly the OPLa
annotations from each pattern that pertain to OntologicalCollection. As OPLa
is fully specified in OWL, these annotations make up an ontology of patterns
and their relations. One particular use-case that we foresee is a tool developer
querying the ontology for which patterns are related to the current pattern, or
looking for a pattern based on keywords or similarity to competency questions.
3.3 Excerpt from Pattern Documentation
Summary
Figure 1 depicts the schema diagram for the Provenance pattern, as included
in MODL. The EntityWithProvenance Pattern is extracted from the PROV-O
Fig. 1: This figure depicts the schema diagram for the EntityWithProvenance Pat-
tern which is essentially the core of the Provenance Ontology (PROV-O). Yellow
boxes are concepts. Light blue boxes with a dashed border are external to both
the pattern and MODL that the developer may want to also make into a module.
ontology. At the pattern level, we do not want to make the ontological committ-
ment to a full-blown ontology. It suffices to align a sub-pattern to the core of
PROV-O. [18]
The EntityWithProvenance class is any item of interest to which a developer
would like to attach provenance information. That is they are interested in cap-
turing, who or what created that item, what was used to derive it, and what
method was used to do so. The “who or what” is captured by using the Agent
class. The property, wasDerivedFrom is eponymous—it denotes that some set of
resources was used during the ProvenanceActivity to generate the EntityWith-
Provenance.
Axiomatization10
∃attributedTo.Agent v EntityWithProvenance (1)
EntityWithProvenance v ∀attributedTo.Agent (2)
∃generatedBy.ProvenanceActivity v EntityWithProvenance (3)
EntityWithProvenance v ∀generatedBy.ProvenanceActivity (4)
∃used.EntityWithProvenance v ProvenanceActivity (5)
ProvenanceActivity v ∀used.EntityWithProvenance (6)
∃performedBy.Agent v ProvenanceActivity (7)
ProvenanceActivity v ∀performedBy.Agent (8)
Axiom Explanations
10
Axiomatization is extensive while avoiding undesirably strong ontological commit-
ments. Most axioms for the MODL patterns follow the template of the OWLAx
Protégé plug-in [19].
1. Scoped Domain:The scoped domain of attributedTo, scoped by Agent, is En-
tityWithProvenance.
2. Scoped Range: The scoped range of attributedTo, scoped by EntityWithProve-
nance, is Agent.
3. Scoped Domain:The scoped domain of generatedBy, scoped by Provenance-
Activity, is EntityWithProvenance.
4. Scoped Range: The scoped range of generatedBy, scoped by EntityWithProve-
nance, is ProvenanceActivity.
5. Scoped Domain:The scoped domain of used, scoped by EntityWithProve-
nance, is ProvenanceActivity
6. Scoped Range: The scoped range of used, scoped by ProvenananceActivity, is
EntityWithProvenance.
7. Scoped Domain:The scoped domain of performedBy, scoped by Agent, is
ProvenanceActivity.
8. Scoped Range: The scoped range of performedBy, scoped by ProvenanceAc-
tivity, is Agent.
Competency Questions
CQ1. Who are the contributors to this Wikidata page?
CQ2. From which database is this entry taken?
CQ3. Which method was used to generate this chart and from which spreadsheet
did the data originate?
CQ4. Who provided this research result?
3.4 Details
Persistent URI The persistent URI for this resource is https://archive.
org/services/purl/purl/modular_ontology_design_library. The Version
1.0 snapshot and its documentation may be found there. Additionally, it provides
helpful links to a technical report and the living data on GitHub, as discussed
below. We emphasize that this should not be considered to be a migration of the
ODP portal to GitHub, instead, simply where this resource lives, and as such is
not meant to supercede or replace the ODP portal.
Canonical Citation The canonical citation for this resource may be found on
arXiv [22]. The first version of the release has a DOI through Zenodo11
Documentation In addition to this document, we provide in-depth documen-
tation on the library. This documenation contains a primer on ontology design
patterns, as a concept, as well as common techniques used in their formalization.
Most importantly, for each pattern it provides a schema diagram, its axioma-
tization, and explanations for each of those axioms. As mentioned in Section
3.1, each pattern is thoroughly annotated with OPLa which provides further
documentation on its use and provenance.
11
10.5281/zenodo.3228128
Sustainability & Maintenance MODL straddles the realms of dataset and soft-
ware library; the resource is essentially a snapshot of data that lives. Due to this
potential for change, we intend to maintain MODL analogously to a software
project. Indeed, while the snapshots will be distributed as ZIP archives, the liv-
ing data is (at the time of this writing) hosted on GitHub.12 The Data Semantics
Laboratory13 will host MODL’s snapshots and appropriate documentation in-
definitely. The authors plan to drive further development of needed or requested
patterns. Furthermore, by using Git14 we inherit mechanisms for tracking is-
sues and versions and incorporating such community contributions into future
releases.
License Information This resource is released under the Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International Public License the details of which can be found
online.15 A copy of license text is included in the repository.
4 Conclusions
MODL is a curated collection of well-documented ontology design patterns. We
have created this resource to meet a community-recognized need for tooling in-
frastructure for ontology engineering. In particular, this resource makes ontology
design patterns both findable and accessible, shows how they are interoperable,
and promotes their reuse. Furthermore, we posit that future ontologies reusing
these patterns will promote their interoperability and reuse.
4.1 Next Steps
The next steps are many, as MODL is a multifacted, foundational resource. We
have identified several patterns that we deem necessary for covering additional
frequently encountered modelling needs, e.g. a process pattern or patterns. In
addition, there are many alternative patterns that could be considered for fu-
ture releases. As mentioned in Section 3.1, we also want to further flesh out the
documentation with respect to [13], as well as provide individual landing pages
describing the ODPs. One future use case that we foresee for this resource is the
mapping of competency questions to example SPARQL queries, which maybe
could be used as a gold-standard training set for an automated translator. Also
mentioned in Section 3.1, we intend to work closely with the digital humanities
community for their knowledge representation needs. Finally, we have noted the
extreme importance of working closely with tool developers; there is ongoing
work to create a Protégé plug-in that utilizes MODL as a base for modular
ontology modelling, as inspired by [6, 20]. Furthermore, we wish to explore au-
tomating the creation of a MODL-like resource. That is, provide a set of scripts
12
https://github.com/cogan-shimizu-wsu/modular-ontology-design-library
13
http://daselab.org/
14
https://git-scm.com/
15
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
or instructions that allow developers to create their own local repository of their
own frequently used patterns. Finally, we wish to layout a template for describ-
ing MODL-like resources using the Data Catalog Vocabulary16 and Schema.org’s
Dataset.17
Acknowledgement. Cogan Shimizu acknowledges support by the Dayton Area
Graduate Studies Institute (DAGSI). Quinn Hirt acknowledges funding from the
Air Force Office of Scientific Research under award number FA9550-18-1-0386.
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